This next table shows the highs and lows of yields and the Federal Funds Rate (FFR) since 2007. A Long-Term Look at the 10-Year Treasury Yield Here is a long-term view of the 10-year yield starting in 1965, well before the 1973 oil embargo that triggered the era of 'stagflation' (economic stagnation coupled with inflation) Inverted Yield Curve An inverted yield curve is when longer-term Treasury yields are lower than their shorter term counterparts. The next chart displays the latest 10-2 spread. Typically, ...

Core Insights - The 10-year Treasury yield finished at 4.19% on December 12, 2025, with the 2-year note at 3.52% and the 30-year note at 4.85% [1] - The inverted yield curve, where longer-term yields are lower than shorter-term yields, is a reliable leading indicator for recessions, with the 10-2 spread turning negative before recessions [2][3] - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread date is approximately 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date yields an average of 18.5 weeks [4][6] Treasury Yield Trends - The 10-3 month spread also indicates recession lead times ranging from 34 to 69 weeks, with recent negative spreads observed from October 25, 2022, to December 12, 2024 [5] - The Federal Funds Rate (FFR) influences borrowing costs, impacting mortgage rates; however, recent trends show mortgage rates declining despite the Fed holding rates steady, with the 30-year fixed rate at 6.22% [7] Market Behavior - Federal Reserve policy has significantly influenced market behavior, particularly in relation to Treasury yields and the S&P 500 [8] - Various ETFs associated with Treasuries include Vanguard 0-3 Month Treasury Bill ETF (VBIL), Vanguard Intermediate-Term Treasury ETF (VGIT), and Vanguard Long-Term Treasury ETF (VGLT) [9]

Core Insights - The yield on the 10-year Treasury note was 4.14% as of December 5, 2025, with the 2-year note at 3.56% and the 30-year note at 4.79% [1] - The Federal Funds Rate (FFR) has a significant influence on Treasury yields, with the current FFR at 3.89% [2] Yield Trends - The 30-year Treasury yield reached a high of 5.35% and a low of 0.99%, currently at 4.79%, reflecting a basis point increase of 380 from its low [2] - The 10-year Treasury yield has fluctuated between a high of 5.26% and a low of 0.52%, currently at 4.14%, with a basis point increase of 362 from its low [2] Inverted Yield Curve - An inverted yield curve occurs when longer-term Treasury yields are lower than shorter-term yields, often serving as a leading indicator for recessions [5] - The 10-2 spread has been a reliable indicator, with negative spreads typically occurring before recessions, leading to an average of 48 weeks before a recession starts [8][11] Mortgage Rates - The Federal Funds Rate influences borrowing costs, including mortgage rates, which have recently declined despite the Fed holding rates steady, with the 30-year fixed mortgage rate at 6.19% [13] Treasury ETFs - ETFs associated with Treasuries include Vanguard 0-3 Month Treasury Bill ETF (VBIL), Vanguard Intermediate-Term Treasury ETF (VGIT), and Vanguard Long-Term Treasury ETF (VGLT) [14]

Core Insights - The yield on the 10-year Treasury note was 4.06% as of November 21, 2025, with the 2-year note at 3.51% and the 30-year note at 4.71% [1] - The inverted yield curve, where longer-term yields are lower than shorter-term yields, is a reliable leading indicator for recessions, typically turning negative before recessions [2][3] - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread is approximately 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date yields an average of 18.5 weeks [4][6] Treasury Yield Analysis - The 10-2 spread has shown multiple instances of turning negative before rising again, particularly noted before the 2009 recession [3][5] - The 10-3 month spread also indicates a similar pattern, with a negative spread observed from October 25, 2022, to December 12, 2024 [5] - The Federal Funds Rate (FFR) influences mortgage rates, with the latest 30-year fixed mortgage rate reported at 6.26%, one of the lowest levels in over a year [7] Market Behavior - Federal Reserve policy has significantly influenced market behavior, particularly in relation to Treasury yields and mortgage rates [8] - ETFs associated with Treasuries include Vanguard 0-3 Month Treasury Bill ETF (VBIL), Vanguard Intermediate-Term Treasury ETF (VGIT), and Vanguard Long-Term Treasury ETF (VGLT) [9]

Group 1 - The yield on the 10-year Treasury note was 4.14% as of November 14, 2025, with the 2-year note at 3.62% and the 30-year note at 4.74% [1] - The 10-2 spread is a reliable leading indicator for recessions, typically turning negative before recessions, with a lead time of 18 to 92 weeks [2] - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread date is 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date gives an average lead time of 18.5 weeks [4][6] Group 2 - The 30-year fixed mortgage rate is influenced by the Federal Funds Rate (FFR), which has recently seen mortgage rates decline despite the Fed holding rates steady, with the latest rate at 6.24% [7] - The 10-3 month spread also indicates recession lead times ranging from 34 to 69 weeks, with similar patterns observed as in the 10-2 spread [5] - ETFs associated with Treasuries include Vanguard 0-3 Month Treasury Bill ETF (VBIL), Vanguard Intermediate-Term Treasury ETF (VGIT), and Vanguard Long-Term Treasury ETF (VGLT) [9]

Core Insights - The yield on the 10-year Treasury note was 4.11% as of November 7, 2025, with the 2-year note at 3.55% and the 30-year note at 4.70% [1] - The inverted yield curve, where longer-term yields are lower than shorter-term yields, is a reliable leading indicator for recessions, typically turning negative before recessions [2][3] - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread is approximately 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date yields an average of 18.5 weeks [4][6] Treasury Yield Analysis - The 10-2 spread has shown a consistent negative trend from July 5, 2022, to August 26, 2024, with the last negative spread recorded on September 5, 2024 [3] - The 10-3 month spread also turned negative recently, indicating potential recession signals, with lead times ranging from 34 to 69 weeks [5] Mortgage Rate Trends - The Federal Funds Rate influences borrowing costs, and while typically a rising FFR leads to higher mortgage rates, recent trends show mortgage rates declining despite the Fed holding rates steady [7] - The latest Freddie Mac survey reported the 30-year fixed mortgage rate at 6.22%, marking one of the lowest levels in over a year [7] Market Behavior and Federal Reserve Influence - Federal Reserve policies have significantly impacted market behavior, particularly in relation to Treasury yields and the S&P 500 [8] - Various ETFs associated with Treasuries, such as Vanguard 0-3 Month Treasury Bill ETF (VBIL), Vanguard Intermediate-Term Treasury ETF (VGIT), and Vanguard Long-Term Treasury ETF (VGLT), are available for investors [9]

Group 1: Treasury Yields and Economic Indicators - The 10-year note yield reached 4.11% and the 2-year note yield reached 3.60%, marking their highest levels in nearly three weeks and over a month respectively [1] - The inverted yield curve, where longer-term Treasury yields are lower than shorter-term yields, is considered a reliable leading indicator for recessions, with the 10-2 spread turning negative before recessions [3][4] - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread date is approximately 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date yields an average lead time of 18.5 weeks [5][7] Group 2: Mortgage Rates and Federal Funds Rate - The Federal Funds Rate influences borrowing costs for banks, which in turn affects mortgage rates; however, recent trends show mortgage rates declining despite the Fed holding rates steady [8] - The latest Freddie Mac survey indicates the 30-year fixed mortgage rate at 6.17%, the lowest level in over a year [8] Group 3: Historical Context and False Positives - Historical analysis shows a false positive in 1998 where the 10-2 spread went negative without leading to a recession, contrasting with multiple instances before the 2009 recession [4][6] - The 10-3 month spread also indicates a similar pattern of false positives and negative spreads prior to recessions, with lead times ranging from 34 to 69 weeks [6]

Group 1: Treasury Yields and Economic Indicators - The yield on the 10-year Treasury note ended at 4.02% on October 24, 2025, with the 2-year note at 3.48% and the 30-year note at 4.59% [1] - An inverted yield curve, where longer-term Treasury yields are lower than shorter-term yields, is considered a reliable leading indicator for recessions, with the 10-2 spread turning negative before recessions [2][3] - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread date is approximately 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date yields an average lead time of 18.5 weeks [4][6] Group 2: Mortgage Rates and Federal Funds Rate - The Federal Funds Rate influences borrowing costs for banks, which typically leads to higher mortgage rates when the FFR increases; however, recent trends show mortgage rates declining despite the Fed holding rates steady [7] - The latest Freddie Mac Weekly Primary Mortgage Market Survey reported the 30-year fixed mortgage rate at 6.19%, marking its lowest level in a year [7] Group 3: Treasury ETFs - ETFs associated with Treasuries include Vanguard 0-3 Month Treasury Bill ETF (VBIL), Vanguard Intermediate-Term Treasury ETF (VGIT), and Vanguard Long-Term Treasury ETF (VGLT) [9]

Group 1: Treasury Yields and Economic Indicators - The 10-year Treasury note yield fell below 4.00% for the first time in over a year, ending at 4.02%, while the 2-year note reached its lowest level since September 2022 at 3.46% [1] - An inverted yield curve, where longer-term Treasury yields are lower than shorter-term yields, is considered a reliable leading indicator for recessions, with the 10-2 spread turning negative before recessions [3][4] - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread date is approximately 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date yields an average lead time of 18.5 weeks [5][7] Group 2: Mortgage Rates and Federal Funds Rate - The Federal Funds Rate (FFR) influences borrowing costs for banks, which typically leads to higher mortgage rates when the FFR increases; however, recent trends show mortgage rates declining despite the Fed holding rates steady [8] - The latest Freddie Mac Weekly Primary Mortgage Market Survey reported the 30-year fixed mortgage rate at 6.27% [8] Group 3: Market Behavior and Federal Reserve Influence - Federal Reserve policy has significantly influenced market behavior, particularly in relation to Treasury yields and the S&P 500 [9]

Group 1: Treasury Yields Overview - The yield on the 10-year Treasury note ended at 4.05% on October 10, 2025, while the 2-year note was at 3.53% and the 30-year note at 4.63% [1] - A long-term view of the 10-year yield shows significant historical context, starting from 1965, prior to the 1973 oil embargo [2] - The inverted yield curve, where longer-term yields are lower than shorter-term yields, is a reliable leading indicator for recessions, with the 10-2 spread turning negative before recessions [2][3] Group 2: Recession Indicators - The average lead time to a recession based on the first negative spread date is approximately 48 weeks, while using the last positive spread date yields an average of 18.5 weeks [4] - The 10-3 month spread also indicates a lead time to recessions ranging from 34 to 69 weeks, with similar patterns observed as in the 10-2 spread [5] - The most recent negative spread for the 10-3 month occurred from October 25, 2022, to December 12, 2024, with fluctuations between positive and negative since February 26 [5][6] Group 3: Mortgage Rates and Federal Funds Rate - The Federal Funds Rate (FFR) influences borrowing costs for banks, which in turn affects mortgage rates; however, recent trends show mortgage rates declining despite the Fed holding rates steady [7] - The latest Freddie Mac survey indicates the 30-year fixed mortgage rate at 6.30% [7] Group 4: Market Behavior and Federal Reserve Influence - Federal Reserve policy has been a significant factor in market behavior, particularly regarding Treasury yields and their relationship with the S&P 500 [8]