Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the critical importance of cooling technologies in data centers, particularly in the context of rising AI computing densities and the need for efficient heat management solutions [5][24]. Cooling Technology Evolution - The main cooling technologies are categorized into air cooling and liquid cooling, with air cooling further divided into natural and forced air cooling, while liquid cooling includes direct and indirect methods [6][13]. - The demand for innovative cooling solutions is driven by increasing power densities in data cabinets, necessitating significant improvements in heat transfer rates to ensure stable and efficient data center operations [8]. Air Cooling Technology - Forced air cooling is the most widely used method in data centers, utilizing fans to enhance airflow and cooling efficiency, while air conditioning and fresh air cooling are the primary techniques employed [9][11]. - Fresh air cooling systems, such as Distributed Airflow Cooling Systems (DACS) and Blowing and Suction Ventilation Cooling Systems (BDVCS), have shown rapid development and can significantly reduce cooling costs, especially in temperate or cold regions [12]. Liquid Cooling Technology - Liquid cooling utilizes high thermal conductivity liquids to replace air for heat dissipation, making it particularly suitable for high-density and high-power data center environments [13][23]. - The two main types of liquid cooling are indirect and direct liquid cooling, with indirect cooling involving heat exchange through conduits and direct cooling allowing liquids to contact heat-generating components directly [14][17]. Direct Liquid Cooling Methods - Single-phase immersion cooling involves submerging IT equipment in an insulating liquid, effectively transferring heat to an external cooling source [19]. - Two-phase immersion cooling utilizes a coolant with a boiling point lower than the operating temperature of the equipment, allowing for efficient heat absorption through phase change [20]. - Single-phase spray cooling sprays a cooling medium onto heat-generating surfaces, achieving high cooling efficiency but requiring careful design to prevent contamination [21]. Market Demand and Trends - The demand for liquid cooling solutions is increasing as computational power continues to rise, with single-phase cold plate cooling currently dominating the market [23]. - The latest advancements in computing technology, such as NVIDIA's GB200 module, highlight the limitations of traditional air cooling, which struggles to manage the heat generated by high-performance systems [24]. - Policies in China, such as the "East Data West Computing" strategy, aim to reduce energy usage in data centers, further driving the adoption of liquid cooling technologies [24][25]. Economic Benefits - In AI training scenarios, approximately 30% of energy costs are attributed to cooling, with liquid cooling systems significantly reducing Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) compared to traditional methods [25]. - The implementation of liquid cooling can lead to substantial annual savings in electricity costs for medium to large data centers, reinforcing its position as a key development area in cooling technology [25].