美国彭博社 11 月 17 日文章，原题：丹麦有一套解决移民问题、击溃极右翼势力的 " 妙招 " 幸福的公民、 舒适的生活、诸多知名的大企业……这些都让丹麦闻名于世，但它们并非德国、奥地利、英国政客前来 学习"丹麦模式"的主要原因。这些政客想知道：一个中左翼政府如何通过强硬手腕实施移民政策并赢得 选举，同时还能击败极右翼势力？最重要的是，对于其他国家，"丹麦模式"是否同样适用？ 重心转向以就业为目的的移民 政策的推进上争取更多施政空间。事实证明，这一系列移民制度改革，被认为有效缓解了来自民粹主义 右翼势力的选举挑战。 政策存在一定缺陷 "丹麦模式"是否完全适用于其他国家，却有待考量。一个成功的例子是最近在荷兰大选中温和派取得了 胜利。温和派的路线是首先不回避选民对移民的敌意，与此同时承诺增加的税收会用于投资和基础设施 建设来保障本国民众的利益。 然而，"丹麦模式"的很多措施很难被人口十倍多、选举方式也截然不同的国家轻易复制。并且"丹麦模 式"确实存在缺陷。其政策手段强硬，外国人若想要获得丹麦公民身份，流程极为繁琐，并且有关部门 在边境接受新移民时，可没收其贵重物品，以支付其在丹麦的生活费用。目前，丹麦政府正着 ...

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding innovation-driven economic growth [2] - Mokyr received half of the prize for identifying prerequisites for sustained growth through technological advancement, while Aghion and Howitt shared the other half for their theory on sustained growth through creative destruction [2] Group 1: Contributions to Economic Theory - Aghion is recognized as a leading figure in economic growth theory, having reintroduced Schumpeter's paradigm of creative destruction into mainstream macroeconomic theory through the Aghion-Howitt model [2] - The concept of creative destruction suggests that large-scale innovations replace outdated technologies and production systems, leading to new economic structures [5] Group 2: Policy Recommendations - Aghion emphasized the importance of government support for employees and businesses to adapt to new economic environments, advocating for education, training, and income insurance [5][6] - He highlighted the "Danish model," where individuals losing jobs can receive nearly 90% of their salary for two years, coupled with retraining programs, contrasting it with the lack of such protections in the U.S. [5] Group 3: U.S. Economic Measures - Aghion critiqued the U.S. response to the pandemic, noting that while the Biden administration attempted to provide relief, the absence of a robust social safety net remains a significant issue [7][8] - He suggested that the pandemic may shift public opinion towards more supportive social policies in the U.S., creating opportunities for new social safety measures [8] Group 4: European Innovation Challenges - Aghion pointed out that Europe lacks leading players in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector due to insufficient investment in innovation [9] - He called for European countries to unite and promote large-scale projects, arguing that the current regulatory environment hinders investment and innovation [10]

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding innovation-driven economic growth [1] - Aghion's work, particularly the Aghion-Howitt model based on "creative destruction," has reintegrated Schumpeter's economic growth paradigm into mainstream macroeconomic theory [1] Group 1: Nobel Prize Winners - Joel Mokyr received half of the prize for identifying prerequisites for sustained growth through technological advancement [1] - Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt jointly received the other half for their theoretical work on achieving sustained growth through creative destruction [1] - Aghion is recognized as a leading figure in economic growth theory and has been a strong candidate for the Nobel Prize for years [1] Group 2: Economic Theories and Policies - The concept of "creative destruction," originally proposed by economist Schumpeter, suggests that large-scale innovations replace outdated technologies and production systems [4] - Aghion emphasizes the importance of government support in helping employees and businesses adapt to new economic environments, particularly through education, training, and income insurance [4] - Aghion's analysis of the "Danish model" highlights how effective social protection can mitigate the negative impacts of job loss, contrasting it with the less supportive system in the U.S. [4] Group 3: U.S. Economic Measures - The Biden administration has attempted to address economic challenges through a series of relief measures, but the lack of a robust social safety net remains a significant issue [6] - Aghion notes that the U.S. needs to rethink its social system to better protect individuals from unemployment and economic crises [6] - There is a potential shift in American attitudes towards social welfare, especially following the pandemic, which may create opportunities for new social safety measures [7] Group 4: European Innovation Challenges - Aghion points out that Europe is underinvesting in innovation and needs to unite to promote large-scale projects [8] - He criticizes Europe's regulatory environment for being overly focused on preventing anti-competitive practices rather than fostering investment [8] - The current crisis has highlighted Europe's inefficiencies in innovation, indicating a need for a more proactive investment approach [8]

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding innovation-driven economic growth [1] Group 1: Contributions of Awardees - Joel Mokyr received half of the prize for identifying prerequisites for sustained growth through technological advancement [1] - Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt jointly received the other half for their theory on sustained growth through creative destruction [1] - Aghion is recognized as a leading figure in economic growth theory, having revitalized Schumpeter's paradigm of economic growth through the Aghion-Howitt model [1] Group 2: Economic Policy Insights - Aghion emphasized the importance of government support for employees and businesses to adapt to new economic environments, particularly through education, training, and income insurance [3] - He highlighted the "Danish model," where individuals losing jobs can receive nearly 90% of their salary for two years, coupled with retraining programs, contrasting it with the lack of such protections in the U.S. [3] - Aghion noted that while the U.S. has strong innovation capabilities, it lacks adequate social protection systems, which can lead to severe consequences for individuals losing jobs [4][5] Group 3: European Innovation Challenges - Aghion pointed out that Europe is currently underinvesting in innovation and needs to unite to promote large projects [7] - He criticized existing anti-competitive measures in Europe that hinder investment and suggested that Europe needs to shift from being a "police" to an "investor" in innovation [7] - The crisis has highlighted Europe's inefficiencies in innovation, with a significant decline in industrial capacity and innovation compared to the past [7]