本文节选自《制裁与经济战》结语"构建中国范式的制裁与经济战知识体系" ▍制裁与经济战中意志与认知的较量 在探讨制裁与经济战的理论和思维过程中，商品贸易内含的权力关系无疑是最常讨论和最直观的一个概念。商品的独特性和在市场上的支配地位直接影响两 国在经济依赖关系中的权力地位，这解释了为何粮食和能源在经济安全议题中如此重要。虽然这种权力关系是制裁与经济战的核心，但与古代围城战术不 同，现代的经济斗争并不仅仅在于简单的封锁，而更多地在于削弱和瓦解对方的反抗意志。 实际上，在现代国际斗争中，制裁的施加往往标志着胁迫手段的失败。如果深入探索，会发现外围国家默默地顺从，主动与中心国家保持一致，才是经济不 对称依赖下的国际关系常态。制裁与经济战的爆发反映了双方决策者对经济权力关系的不同解读。仅当双方对这种相互依赖关系中的权力动态有根本性的分 歧时，制裁才会真正实施。同样，如果目标国认为任何制裁措施也会对发起国造成损害，并期望发起国只是进行口头上的威胁，这样的分歧也能促成制裁的 实施。在这种情况下，双方的分歧和对抗可能加剧，使得制裁从一种口头威胁转变为具体行动。 理解制裁与经济战中双方的意志和决心，不仅涉及对市场机制的认识，还 ...

Core Viewpoint - The book "Sanctions and Economic Warfare" emphasizes the increasing relevance of studying economic sanctions and warfare in the context of globalization and geopolitical tensions, particularly between China and the United States [2][3]. Group 1: Globalization and Economic Warfare - The 21st century is characterized as a golden age for the study and practice of economic sanctions and warfare, driven by deepening globalization and complex interdependencies between nations [2]. - The current downward trend in globalization has led to rising international conflicts, yet the degree of interdependence among countries remains high, making sanctions a significant tool in geopolitical strategies [2]. - The ongoing struggle between sanctions and counter-sanctions is expected to disrupt international interdependence and division of labor, potentially limiting the applicability of sanctions in the future [2]. Group 2: China's Strategic Response - The urgency and strategic importance of researching sanctions and economic warfare are particularly pronounced for China, given the escalating political and economic competition with the U.S. [2][3]. - China recognizes the need to defend its political, economic, and strategic interests in the global system, necessitating the development of appropriate foreign policy tools, primarily relying on economic means rather than military or propaganda strategies [2]. Group 3: Theoretical Framework - The authors propose establishing a "Chinese paradigm" for sanctions and economic warfare theory, addressing deficiencies in existing Western frameworks, particularly those from U.S. academia [4][5]. - The critique of U.S. approaches highlights a misunderstanding of the effectiveness of economic sanctions, which often overlook the political motivations behind such policies [5]. - The book aims to build a theoretical system based on China's practical experiences and historical context, emphasizing the unique institutional advantages and strategic culture of China [6]. Group 4: Historical Context and Case Studies - The book includes extensive case studies from various historical contexts, such as ancient Chinese strategies against northern tribes, the Continental System during the Napoleonic Wars, and modern sanctions against Russia amid the Ukraine conflict [5][6]. - These historical examples serve to validate the theoretical propositions and provide insights into the dynamics of sanctions and economic warfare [5].

Group 1 - The 21st century is characterized as a golden age for the study and practice of sanctions and economic warfare [1] - Globalization has led to a complex and asymmetric interdependence among countries, creating favorable conditions for the use of sanctions and economic warfare [2][3] - The effectiveness of sanctions relies on the significant and asymmetric economic interdependence between the sanctioning and target countries [2] Group 2 - The current global environment is marked by a downturn in globalization, characterized by decoupling, protectionism, and rising nationalism [4] - The weaponization of economic interdependence is a significant feature of the post-globalization era, impacting how countries respond to sanctions [4] - The study of how smaller countries can navigate sanctions and avoid becoming collateral damage in great power conflicts is increasingly important [4] Group 3 - For China, the urgency and strategic importance of researching sanctions and economic warfare are evident due to increasing pressures from the U.S. and its allies [5] - China's response to sanctions is a pressing issue in its foreign economic policy, especially as localized sanctions may escalate into broader economic warfare [5] - The need for China to develop appropriate foreign policy tools is highlighted, with a focus on economic means rather than military or propaganda approaches [5] Group 4 - The trade and technology wars initiated by the U.S. during Trump's administration have heightened awareness in China regarding the importance of studying sanctions and economic warfare [6] - The concept of "empire" and the need for China to learn from the U.S. in terms of governance and strategy in economic warfare is emphasized [6] - The establishment of a Chinese paradigm for sanctions and economic warfare theory is deemed feasible due to existing deficiencies in the U.S. academic framework [6][7] Group 5 - The misunderstanding of the "effectiveness" of economic sanctions in U.S. academia is noted, with a call for a broader evaluation that includes both implemented and threatened sanctions [7] - The political motivations behind sanctions are highlighted, suggesting that political power is the ultimate goal rather than mere economic welfare [8] - The interdisciplinary nature of sanctions and economic warfare is acknowledged, requiring an understanding of political, economic, and strategic principles [9] Group 6 - Historical and contemporary case studies of sanctions and economic warfare are presented, covering various significant events and their implications [10] - The impact of the ongoing geopolitical conflicts, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, on the study of sanctions and economic warfare is discussed [12] - The potential for China to learn from the sanctions strategies employed by the U.S. and Europe against Russia is emphasized, as well as the importance of understanding its own economic vulnerabilities [12]