Group 1 - The article discusses the shift from satellite city development in developed countries like the UK and Japan back to urban centers, contrasting this with the ongoing satellite city construction in developing nations [3][4]. - Satellite cities were initially designed to alleviate urban issues such as congestion and pollution by creating smaller towns around major cities, a concept introduced by E. Howard in the late 19th century [2][5]. - The UK government initiated the "Greater London Plan" post-World War II, which involved creating concentric circles of satellite towns to manage population and industrial dispersal [5][6]. Group 2 - The success of Milton Keynes as a satellite city is highlighted, attracting numerous international companies and providing significant employment opportunities [6][11]. - Despite initial successes, satellite cities in the UK faced challenges such as lack of amenities leading to "new town blues," and many residents continued to commute to London for work, exacerbating traffic issues [11][12]. - The UK government recognized the failures of the satellite city model and shifted focus back to revitalizing urban centers, leading to new development strategies that prioritize city center growth [13][14]. Group 3 - Japan's experience with satellite cities began in the 1950s, aiming to address urban issues in Tokyo through the establishment of new towns and green belts [17][18]. - The three types of new towns in Japan included "sleeping towns," industrial towns, and sub-center towns, each serving different functions [18][19]. - Economic downturns in the 1990s led to a decline in many satellite cities, prompting Japan to refocus on urban centers and reduce financial support for new towns [21][22]. Group 4 - The article notes a global trend where urbanization rates are slowing, and cities are transitioning from expansion to focusing on existing urban areas, leading to a renewed interest in attracting talent back to city centers [25][26]. - The importance of urban centers for high-end service industries is emphasized, as they rely on dense populations and comprehensive infrastructure, contrasting with the sparse nature of satellite cities [25][26]. - The article concludes that as cities evolve, the focus will increasingly be on enhancing urban living conditions and attracting innovation, making the future of satellite cities uncertain [26].

Urbanization Trends - Many countries are transitioning from the "incremental era" to the "stock era" of urbanization, with city centers now competing to attract talent and businesses that had previously moved to suburban areas [1][18] - The concept of "garden cities" proposed by E. Howard in the late 19th century is being revisited, emphasizing the establishment of satellite towns around major cities to alleviate urban issues [1] Case Study: London - Post-World War II, London faced significant urban challenges, leading to the "Greater London Plan" which proposed the construction of four concentric circles of development to manage population density [2][4] - The first circle focused on controlling industrial activity and reducing population density, while the outer circles were designated for suburban and rural development, with the fourth circle being the primary area for satellite city construction [3][4] - The satellite city initiative successfully accommodated 2.25 million people and created 1.11 million jobs, attracting numerous international companies [4][5] Challenges of Satellite Cities - Early satellite cities in the UK faced issues such as lack of shopping and entertainment facilities, leading to "new town blues" and a reliance on commuting to central London for employment [7] - The shift of resources to satellite cities resulted in significant socio-economic issues in central London, including crime and poverty in areas like East London [7][8] Shift Back to City Centers - In response to the challenges faced by satellite cities, the UK government shifted focus back to revitalizing central London, emphasizing the importance of urban core cohesion for economic growth [10][11] - New development strategies have emerged, with areas like Canary Wharf and Shoreditch being transformed into vibrant business hubs [9][10] Urbanization in Japan - Japan's post-war urbanization mirrored that of London, with the government implementing policies to develop satellite cities around Tokyo to alleviate urban pressures [12][16] - The three types of new cities in Japan included "sleeping cities," industrial cities, and sub-center cities, each serving different functions [13][14] Economic Shifts and Reurbanization - The decline of many satellite cities in Japan led to a re-evaluation of urban planning, with a trend of population returning to city centers as urban living became more desirable [16][17] - The rise of a "low-desire society" in Japan has shifted preferences towards convenience and urban amenities, further driving the trend of reurbanization [17] Global Urbanization Patterns - As urbanization rates exceed 70%, the demand for new satellite cities diminishes, leading to a focus on maximizing existing urban spaces [18][19] - The success of urban centers in attracting high-end service industries highlights the need for dense, well-connected urban environments to foster innovation and economic growth [19]