转自：长安街知事 12月8日，《北京日报》第十版理论周刊发表文章《后来者优势的本质，正是我们与发达国家之间的差距——2035年之前实现年均5%-6%的增长是可能 的》，作者为北京大学新结构经济学研究院院长、国发院名誉院长、南南学院名誉院长林毅夫。 全文如下—— 中国经济持续快速增长的内在逻辑 自改革开放以来，中国经济为何能发展得如此迅速？分析任何问题都应探究其本质。要了解中国经济为何能快速发展，就要先探究发展的本质。 7月28日在新疆吐鲁番市鄯善县拍摄的1GW"光热+光伏"一体化项目（无人机照片）。新华社发 发展的结果表现为人民收入水平的不断提高，而收入水平不断提高的前提是生产力水平的不断提高，这就需要新质生产力不断涌现。如何实现生产力水平 的不断提高和新质生产力的不断涌现？要求现有的产业技术不断创新，附加值更高的新产业不断涌现。这是新质生产力的来源，也是发展的决定因素。这 一点对于发展中国家和发达国家是相同的。 然而，发达国家与发展中国家之间有一处重大不同。美国、西欧等老牌发达国家自工业革命以来，其技术和产业一直处于世界最前沿，所以这些国家要想 继续创新，就必须自行发明新技术，创造新产业。发明的投入巨大、风 ...

发展的结果表现为人民收入水平的不断提高，而收入水平不断提高的前提是生产力水平的不断提高，这 就需要新质生产力不断涌现。如何实现生产力水平的不断提高和新质生产力的不断涌现？要求现有的产 业技术不断创新，附加值更高的新产业不断涌现。这是新质生产力的来源，也是发展的决定因素。这一 点对于发展中国家和发达国家是相同的。 12月8日，北京大学新结构经济学研究院院长、国发院名誉院长、南南学院名誉院长林毅夫在北京日报 刊文《后来者优势的本质，正是我们与发达国家之间的差距——2035年之前实现年均5%-6%的增长是可 能的》。全文如下—— 中国经济持续快速增长的 内在逻辑 自改革开放以来，中国经济为何能发展得如此迅速？分析任何问题都应探究其本质。要了解中国经济为 何能快速发展，就要先探究发展的本质。 然而，发达国家与发展中国家之间有一处重大不同。 美国、西欧等老牌发达国家自工业革命以来，其技术和产业一直处于世界最前沿，所以这些国家要想继 续创新，就必须自行发明新技术，创造新产业。发明的投入巨大、风险极高，若成功则一本万利，但大 多数的发明尝试以失败告终。因此，从工业革命至今，发达国家的人均GDP增长缓慢。 发达国家之所以必须 ...

Core Viewpoint - The speech by Professor Lin Yifu at the Fudan Chief Economist Forum highlights the potential economic challenges faced by developed countries, particularly the U.S., and emphasizes the need for China to focus on its own development to counter external pressures [1][5][12]. Group 1: Economic Outlook - Developed countries are likely to experience a "lost 20 years" since the 2008 financial crisis, with the U.S. GDP growth rate declining from an average of 3.3% (1960-2008) to 2.1% (2008-2024) [5][7]. - The Eurozone's average growth rate has dropped from 3.1% (1960-2008) to 1.1% (2008-2024), indicating a significant slowdown [5][6]. - The U.S. stock market, exemplified by the Dow Jones index reaching over 46,000 points, suggests a potential bubble similar to the 2000 internet bubble and the 2008 housing market crash [10][11]. Group 2: U.S.-China Relations - The U.S. is likely to continue its strategy of suppressing China's growth due to its perception of China as a rising threat, particularly as China's GDP approaches that of the U.S. [12][13]. - The U.S. may reconsider its stance when China's per capita GDP reaches half of that of the U.S., which would signify a significant shift in economic power [13][14]. Group 3: China's Economic Potential - China has the potential for an 8% economic growth rate before 2035, driven by its "latecomer advantage" and the opportunities presented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution [18][19]. - The current per capita GDP of China is approximately one-fourth of that of the U.S., indicating a substantial room for growth [16][18]. Group 4: Factors Affecting Growth - The decline in China's actual growth rate is attributed to external pressures from the U.S. and a lack of economic confidence, rather than internal systemic issues [21][22]. - Misconceptions about the causes of economic slowdown, such as the belief that state-owned enterprises are crowding out private enterprises, need to be addressed to restore confidence [22][24]. Group 5: Policy Recommendations - To achieve faster economic growth, China should adopt more aggressive monetary and fiscal policies, breaking away from traditional theoretical constraints that limit such actions [28][29]. - Historical examples demonstrate that proactive fiscal policies can effectively stimulate economic growth and should be leveraged to address current challenges [33].

Group 1 - China's economic growth has been remarkable, achieving an average of 9.7% from 1978 to 1995 and projected to maintain an average of 8.3% until 2024, making it the fastest-growing country during these periods [1][3] - By 2024, China's GDP per capita is expected to reach $13,445, nearing the high-income threshold of $14,005, indicating significant economic progress [1] - China's growth has positively impacted not only East Asian economies but also contributed to global economic recovery [1] Group 2 - The sustained high growth in China post-reform is attributed to continuous improvements in productivity and the emergence of new high-value industries, leveraging the advantages of latecomers [3] - The shift towards labor-intensive industries after 1978 allowed China to effectively utilize its comparative advantages, which is a key reason for its rapid economic development [3] Group 3 - The recurring "China collapse theory" stems from historical failures of many developing countries that adopted capital-intensive import substitution strategies, leading to resource misallocation and corruption [4][5] - Contrary to mainstream economic theories that advocate for marketization and privatization, China's gradual dual-track reform has resulted in stable and rapid growth, avoiding the stagnation seen in other countries [5] Group 4 - Future economic prospects for China remain optimistic, with potential for over 8% growth until 2035 and 6% growth until 2049, despite challenges like aging population and trade tensions [6] - If growth expectations are met, by 2049, China's GDP per capita could reach half of that of the U.S., and its economic size could be double that of the U.S., enhancing its global economic position [6]

Core Viewpoint - The speech by Lin Yifu emphasizes the potential for continued economic growth in China, despite facing challenges such as aging population and US-China trade tensions, suggesting a growth rate of 5% to 6% until 2035 and 3% to 4% from 2036 to 2049 [3][4][5] Group 1: Economic Growth Potential - Lin Yifu highlights that China's growth potential can be measured by the gap in GDP per capita compared to the US, indicating that China has a significant "latecomer advantage" [3][4] - Historical data shows that from 1978 to 2024, China maintained an average growth rate of 8.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $13,445, nearing the high-income threshold [4][5] - Despite challenges, Lin Yifu believes that China's advantages in talent, domestic market, and complete industrial chain can support a sustained growth rate of around 5% [3][4] Group 2: Historical Context and Economic Strategy - Lin Yifu discusses the historical context of China's economic growth, noting that from 1978 onwards, China shifted from a heavy industry focus to labor-intensive industries, leveraging its comparative advantages [4][8] - The narrative of "China collapse theory" is addressed, with Lin Yifu arguing that many developing countries failed due to misaligned economic strategies, while China succeeded through a gradual dual-track reform approach [5][6] - The book "Interpreting China's Economy" is presented as a comprehensive analysis of China's economic development, emphasizing its theoretical, historical, and practical coherence [7][8] Group 3: Publication and Impact - The book "Interpreting China's Economy" has been published in multiple languages and is considered essential reading for understanding China's economic landscape [7][10] - The upcoming edition, set for release in January 2025, will be the fifth version, reflecting ongoing developments in China's economy [10]

Core Viewpoint - The impact of US tariff policies on Chinese exports is significant but not as severe as some institutions predict, due to China's large economic scale and policy flexibility [1][2]. Group 1: Economic Growth and Challenges - China's export to the US reached $524.656 billion in 2024, accounting for 14.65% of total exports [2]. - The government is implementing policies to boost domestic consumption, such as subsidies for replacing old appliances and a $200 billion plan by JD.com to support domestic sales [2]. - There is a need to enhance consumer willingness to spend, which is currently hindered by unstable income expectations [2][3]. Group 2: Investment and Consumption Dynamics - Investment remains a key driver of economic growth, particularly in technology innovation and industrial upgrading, contrary to the view that China should shift from investment-driven to consumption-driven growth [2][3]. - China's actual consumption potential is not fully realized, necessitating a wider range of quality products and improved market confidence to stimulate spending [2]. Group 3: Historical Context and Future Projections - China has maintained an average growth rate of 9.7% for 16 years until 1995 and 8.3% from 1995 to 2024, with a per capita GDP of $13,445 in 2024, nearing high-income status [3][4]. - Unless a global economic crisis akin to the 1929 stock market crash occurs, achieving a 5% growth rate remains highly probable, with potential for 5.3% growth without US tariff influences [3][4]. Group 4: Structural Advantages and Reform - The key to China's sustained high growth post-reform is the continuous improvement of productivity and the emergence of new productive forces through technological innovation [4][5]. - China's gradual dual-track reform has allowed it to maintain stable growth, contrasting with other countries that faced stagnation or crises after market reforms [5].

Core Viewpoint - Lin Yifu emphasizes that China's economic advantages lie in talent, a large domestic market, and a complete industrial chain, which are crucial for addressing new challenges in the economy [1][3]. Group 1: Economic Growth and Challenges - Lin Yifu discusses the recurring "China collapse theory," attributing it to the misallocation of resources and corruption stemming from government interventions in developing countries post-World War II [1][2]. - He argues that the mainstream economic theory's prescription of marketization and privatization has led to stagnation and crises in many countries, while China's gradual dual-track reform has facilitated stable and rapid growth [2][3]. - Despite challenges such as an aging population and trade tensions with the U.S., China is projected to maintain a growth rate of 5% to 6% until 2035, leveraging its advantages [3][4]. Group 2: Future Projections - If growth expectations are met, by 2049, China's per capita GDP could reach half of that of the U.S., and its economic size could be twice that of the U.S., altering the dynamics of U.S.-China relations [4]. - Lin Yifu highlights that China's continued development will not only support its modernization goals but also contribute to global stability [4]. Group 3: Historical Context and Economic Miracle - From 1978 to 1995, China experienced an average growth rate of 9.7%, and from 1995 to 2024, an average of 8.3%, making it the fastest-growing economy without systemic financial crises [6][7]. - By 2024, China's per capita GDP is projected to be $13,445, nearing the high-income threshold, showcasing its significant impact on the East Asian economy and global recovery [6][7]. - The key to China's sustained growth lies in its ability to enhance productivity and leverage its latecomer advantage through technology absorption and innovation [7].