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换个逻辑,读懂世界的本质
3 6 Ke· 2025-09-18 07:14
Core Idea - The book "The Logic of the World" by Professor Ma Zhaoyuan explores the evolution of human understanding of the world, emphasizing the impact of ancient Greek civilization, the nature of uncertainty in mathematics, and the implications of AI on human existence and reasoning [1]. Group 1: Influence of Ancient Greek Civilization - Ancient Greek civilization has a unique historical position, shaping the way humans understand the world and laying the foundation for philosophy, science, and art [12][14]. - The scientific spirit originating from ancient Greece encourages a courageous confrontation with ambiguity, viewing it as a motivation for further exploration [12][15]. - The development of a complete logical system in ancient Greece allowed knowledge to be accumulated and transmitted stably, which was crucial for the subsequent scientific revolution [16]. Group 2: Mathematical Crises and Uncertainty - The book discusses three crises in mathematics that shifted the focus from the pursuit of certainty to the acceptance of uncertainty [22]. - The first crisis relates to the Pythagorean crisis regarding irrational numbers, the second to the study of infinitesimals, and the third to set theory, particularly the foundational difficulties posed by Bertrand Russell [22][23]. - Gödel's incompleteness theorem is highlighted as a pivotal moment in human cognitive history, indicating that any finite, describable system is inherently flawed [23]. Group 3: AI and Modern Understanding - The rise of AI and the rediscovery of Bayesian statistics provide new methodologies that align more closely with human subjective cognitive processes [25]. - The book aims to explore the implications of Gödel's work on AI, deterministic computation, information theory, and chaos theory, revealing a new logical framework that challenges traditional notions of certainty [26]. - The interplay between uncertainty and modern scientific inquiry is presented as a profound and promising topic, reshaping our understanding of computation, information, and logic [26].
和图灵机相关的这个数字,已经大到整个宇宙原子都容不下了
量子位· 2025-08-24 04:38
闻乐 发自 凹非寺 量子位 | 公众号 QbitAI 衡量图灵机最大运行步数的 海狸数 (busy beaver number)纪录,被刷新了! 一位神秘人突破了 第六个海狸数 的新下限,而且数值大到超乎想象—— 假如将宇宙里的每个原子都刻上数字,也无法完全容纳它。 也就是说,用咱平时熟悉的十进制根本没办法完全表示,得用超复杂的五幂运算来描述: 指数套指数再套指数 …… $$\delta\Delta\phi(t)=\delta\phi(t)\delta\phi(t)=\delta\phi(t)\delta\phi(t)$$ 这到底是个什么样的神秘数字呢? 研究图灵机极限能力的数字 海狸数,专业点说叫忙碌海狸数BB(n)。它背后藏着图灵在1936年就证明的停机问题: 例如,若选择规则数n=5,目标就是找到有5条规则的图灵机中运行时间最长才停机的那个,它在停机前执行的步数,就是BB(5)。 你永远没法用通用程序判断一台图灵机到底是运行有限步骤后就停机,还是会一直无限运行下去。 所以找这个数, 本质是在触碰计算机能解决问题的边界 。 图灵机的计算方式是在无限长的磁带上读取和写入0和1,磁带划分为很多个单元格,一个读 ...
超越宇宙极限:第六位海狸数再次突破,无法用常规数学符号表达
机器之心· 2025-08-24 04:02
选自quantamagazine 作 者 : Ben Brubaker 机器之心编译 当数字逃离人类的想象力:BB (6) 的故事。 现在给你一串数字,你能猜到一下个是多少吗:1、6、21、107,47176870…… 如果你没头绪,不必气馁。因为这些数字并不是随意凑出来的,它们就是所谓的 「忙碌海狸数」的前五项。它们构成的数列,与理论计算机科学中最令人头疼的 问题之一紧密相关。要想弄清这些数的具体值,是一项堪称不可攀登高峰的挑战。六十多年来,这个难题不仅吸引了顶尖数学家的持续攻坚,还让无数业余爱好 者为之痴迷,形成了一种独特的「数学文化圈」。 最近,这条探索之路上又出现了新的突破。忙碌海狸猎人们找到了一个全新的冠军程序,它的运行步数之大,以至于用标准的数学符号体系根本无法完整写出。 换句话说,他们已经抵达了 超出常规数学所能承载的境地。 在上世纪六七十年代,研究人员先后确定了前四个忙碌海狸数。而那个远远庞大的 第五个数 BB (5),直到去年才被彻底锁定 。完成这项壮举的,并不是某个顶尖 实验室,而是一支由业余数学爱好者组成的团队,他们通过一个名为 「Busy Beaver Challenge」的网络社区, ...