葡萄牙自然与森林保护研究所初步统计显示，今年以来野火过火面积已超过去年全年。由于极端高温加 剧野火风险，葡萄牙本月一度进入全国警戒状态。据欧洲森林火灾信息系统数据，2017年葡萄牙野火灾 情最严重，当年野火烧毁了超过56.3万公顷土地，共造成119人死亡。 葡萄牙国家应急和民防局说，在该国中部地区延烧了11天的林火于24日得到控制，但25日仍有近千名消 防员待命，以防止这起该国有记录以来规模最大的林火势头再起。这起林火过火面积达64451公顷。 法新社援引葡萄牙官员的话报道，这起林火由雷击触发，波及葡萄牙科英布拉区、瓜达区和布朗库堡区 的7个市镇。民防系统25日没有监测到新火情爆发。 葡萄牙自然与森林保护研究所说，这起林火是该国有记录以来规模最大的森林大火。此前最大的林火发 生在2017年10月，烧毁了5.3万公顷土地。 受高温天气影响，葡萄牙今夏野火肆虐。根据欧洲森林火灾信息系统22日发布的数据，今年以来葡萄牙 野火已波及超过27.8万公顷土地。 责编：李磊、卢思宇 据葡萄牙媒体报道，野火摧毁房屋和作物，今年7月以来已造成4人遇难。政府已宣布多项紧急措施以援 助受灾地区，包括为被毁房屋重建提供资金以及向农民 ...

欧洲疾病预防控制中心20日发布报告说，欧洲今年发生的基孔肯雅热本土传播事件创有记录以来新 高；截至13日，西尼罗病毒感染病例为三年来最高。该机构警告，气候变化或令蚊媒疾病传播成为"新 常态"。 欧洲疾控中心数据显示，欧洲今年已发生27起基孔肯雅热本土传播事件，数量创新高。截至13日， 法国报告了111例基孔肯雅热病例，意大利7例，尚无死亡病例；欧洲8个国家已报告335例西尼罗病毒本 土感染病例，死亡病例19例，其中意大利情况最为严重，感染病例达274例；法国、意大利和葡萄牙合 计报告了17例登革热病例。 欧洲疾控中心说，西尼罗病毒在欧洲的分布持续变化，过去十年间，欧洲每年都有新增地区检测到 这种病毒。今年欧洲的西尼罗病毒感染病例为三年来最多，预计病例数量还将进一步上升。 此外，可传播基孔肯雅病毒的白纹伊蚊目前在欧洲的活动范围已从十年前的114个地区扩大至眼下 369个地区。可传播登革病毒、黄热病毒、寨卡病毒和西尼罗病毒等的埃及伊蚊自2022年就已在塞浦路 斯活动。 值得关注的是，法国东北部的阿尔萨斯地区今年首次报告了一例基孔肯雅热本土病例。欧洲疾控中 心说："这在该纬度地区实属罕见，凸显了（蚊媒疾病）传播风险 ...

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles highlights China's significant advancement in climate change research, surpassing the United States in both the number of published papers and citation quality [2][5][7] - In 2023, Chinese research institutions published approximately 14,000 papers related to climate change, exceeding the United States' 13,000 papers, marking a shift in global research leadership [5][7] - The global publication of climate change-related papers is projected to reach around 77,000 in 2024, with China contributing about 17,000 papers, accounting for 20% of the total [5] Group 2 - China's electric vehicle (EV) global sales share reached 55% as of Q4 2024, leading the market, with steady growth in Europe and Asia [5] - The domestic installed capacity of solar and wind power in China reached 50% in 2023, surpassing traditional coal power, indicating a significant shift towards decarbonization [5] - The Chinese leadership has set the "3060 goal," aiming for carbon emissions to peak by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, reflecting a strong commitment to climate action [7] Group 3 - The role of China in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is increasing, with Chinese representatives being appointed to key positions, such as co-chairing working groups on climate warming assessments [7] - The United States has shown a declining commitment to climate change research since the Trump administration, proposing significant budget cuts for related agencies [8]

撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 一氧化二氮 （N₂O） 是导致 全球变暖 和 气候变化 的因素之一，其在地球大气中的浓度已达到前所未有的水平。目前，N₂O 的排放源超过了其吸收汇，这凸显 了全面了解消耗 N₂O 过程的必要性。 表达 N₂O 还原酶 （ N₂O R） 的微生物将 N₂O 转化为对气候变化无影响的 氮气 （N₂） 。已知的 N₂O R 属于典型的 NosZ 还原酶， NosZ 还原酶分为两个进 化支系—— 支系 I 和 支系 II，被认为是 N₂O 还原的关键酶。 2025 年 8 月 20 日， 田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校 何广 博士作为第一作者，在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上发表了题 为： A novel bacterial protein family that catalyses nitrous oxide reduction 的研究论文。 该研究发现了一个催化 一氧化二氮 （N₂O） 还原反应的新型细菌蛋白家族—— 内酯酶型 N₂O 还原酶 （L-N₂OR） 。这一发现 扩展了 N₂O 还原酶，有助于加 深对 N₂O 消耗源的理解，对温室气体排放和气候变化模型具有重要意义， ...

Core Insights - The research report published by the New Zealand Earth Sciences Organization highlights that Cyclone Gabrielle triggered over 800,000 landslides in 2023, affecting an area of approximately 100 square kilometers, marking it as one of the most extreme landslide-inducing events on record [1] Summary by Categories Rainfall Impact - Cyclone Gabrielle brought intense rainfall that saturated soil moisture levels, causing many slopes to reach critical saturation points, making landslides inevitable [1] - Some areas experienced rainfall of up to 500 millimeters within 24 hours, exceeding historical records by more than 50% [1] Factors Influencing Landslides - Key factors influencing landslide locations include geological type, vegetation type, and slope steepness, with shrub and grassland areas being more prone to landslides compared to forested regions [1] - In regions like Hawke's Bay, the density of small shallow landslides in shrub and grassland areas reached as high as 327 occurrences per square kilometer [1] Vegetation and Landslide Protection - Native forests provide better protective capabilities against landslides compared to non-native tree species [1] - Areas where vegetation was disturbed 3 to 5 years prior to Cyclone Gabrielle were more susceptible to landslides [1] Climate Change and Future Trends - The study indicates that climate change has intensified the rainfall associated with Cyclone Gabrielle, and this trend is likely to continue [1] - The data and conclusions from this research will support the development of national landslide models to predict high-risk landslide areas and their potential impacts [1] - The research aims to provide scientific basis for future land use decisions to mitigate the impacts of such destructive disasters [1]

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the severe wildfire crisis in Spain and Portugal this year, with Spain requesting EU assistance for the first time in history due to unprecedented wildfire damage and fatalities [1][3]. Group 1: Wildfire Impact - Spain has experienced record-breaking wildfires, affecting approximately 380,000 hectares, the highest since records began in 2006, resulting in 3 deaths and additional fatalities among firefighters [2]. - Portugal has also faced significant wildfires, with over 201,000 hectares burned this year, surpassing the total for the previous year, prompting a national state of alert due to extreme heat [2]. Group 2: EU Response - Spain's government requested international aid through the EU Civil Protection Mechanism, marking the first such request since its establishment in 2001, leading to the deployment of firefighting aircraft and teams from various EU countries [3]. - Multiple countries, including France, Italy, and Germany, have provided ground technical support and firefighting equipment to assist Spain in combating the wildfires [3]. Group 3: Climate Change Factors - The article discusses the role of climate change, noting that Europe is warming at twice the global average rate since the 1980s, contributing to increased wildfire risks [5]. - The EU has reported that the total area burned across Europe this year is approximately 895,000 hectares, significantly higher than the 213,000 hectares recorded in the same period last year, with carbon emissions estimated at 31.9 million tons, nearly three times last year's figures [5].

Core Viewpoint - The current situation in the U.S. soybean industry is described as a "multiple disaster," with farmers facing unprecedented challenges due to trade policies, climate issues, and rising costs [1][3][5]. Trade Policy Impact - Since the trade war with China began in 2018, U.S. soybean exports to China have plummeted, with only 22.13 million tons expected in 2024 compared to China's total soybean imports of 105 million tons [1][3]. - The U.S. soybean association has highlighted that no other market can match China's demand, emphasizing the critical role of China in U.S. soybean exports [3]. Climate Challenges - Extreme weather conditions have exacerbated the difficulties faced by U.S. soybean farmers, with persistent rainfall leading to severe pest and disease issues [3][5]. - Farmers in states like Indiana and Ohio have reported significant seed losses due to flooding, forcing them to invest more in pest control [3]. Economic Pressures - The overall decline in the U.S. agricultural market, coupled with rising costs for seeds, fertilizers, and land, has created a dual pressure on farmers, making it difficult for many small farms to operate sustainably [5]. - Many farmers are reducing their investments in hopes of survival, which threatens future yield and quality, leading to a vicious cycle in the agricultural supply chain [5]. Government Response - The Trump administration's response to the crisis has been criticized as ineffective, with calls for China to resume soybean purchases lacking substantive measures to address the underlying issues [5][6]. - Reports indicate that Brazil is strengthening its agricultural cooperation with China, further jeopardizing the position of U.S. soybean farmers in the market [5]. Future Outlook - The future of U.S. agriculture, particularly for soybean farmers, is uncertain, with climate change and inadequate trade policies posing long-term challenges [6]. - There is a pressing need for practical policies and deeper international cooperation to address the agricultural crisis, which is vital for the overall economy [6].

Core Viewpoint - The unexpected shutdown of France's largest nuclear power plant, Gravelines, was caused by an unprecedented influx of jellyfish, specifically the "giant barrel jellyfish," which clogged the cooling system's filters, leading to the temporary shutdown of four reactors [1][2]. Group 1: Incident Overview - On August 11, the French electricity company announced that the Gravelines nuclear power plant had to temporarily shut down four of its six reactors due to a significant and unforeseen presence of jellyfish in the cooling system [1]. - The Gravelines plant has a total installed capacity of 5.4 gigawatts, accounting for approximately 6% of France's total electricity production [1]. - The incident occurred between the night of August 10 and the morning of August 11, resulting in all six reactors being offline, although no safety impact was reported [1]. Group 2: Jellyfish Invasion Context - The occurrence of such a large-scale jellyfish bloom near the Gravelines plant had never been documented before [2]. - Experts indicated that the jellyfish's swimming capabilities are insufficient to navigate around obstacles, leading to their accumulation in the cooling water intake due to ocean currents and wind [2]. - Similar incidents have been reported historically in other countries, including the U.S., Canada, Sweden, and Japan, where jellyfish invasions have led to nuclear plant shutdowns [3]. Group 3: Broader Implications - The increase in jellyfish populations is linked to human activities, such as overfishing, which reduces their natural predators, and climate change, which raises sea temperatures conducive to jellyfish proliferation [4]. - Rising sea temperatures accelerate the development of jellyfish larvae, contributing to their overpopulation, which poses threats to marine ecosystems by competing with fish for food and consuming fish eggs and larvae [4]. - Experts warn that climate change is creating new risks for critical infrastructure, as demonstrated by the Gravelines incident, highlighting the need for resilient infrastructure to withstand such ecological changes [5][6].

Core Viewpoint - The agricultural sector in Jordan, particularly in the Jordan Valley, is facing significant challenges due to climate change, including increased temperatures and reduced rainfall, which are impacting crop yields and forcing farmers to adapt their practices [1][2][3][4]. Group 1: Climate Impact on Agriculture - The Jordan Valley, known as Jordan's "basket of vegetables," is experiencing extreme heat, with temperatures potentially reaching 50 degrees Celsius, affecting the types of crops that can be grown [1][2]. - Farmers are reporting that winter temperatures have also risen, delaying planting times and requiring more care for crops due to insufficient rainfall [2]. - The frequency and intensity of heatwaves in Jordan have increased over the past decade, with 2020 recording the highest number of heatwaves since records began [2][3]. Group 2: Economic Consequences for Farmers - Many farmers are facing financial difficulties due to rising costs of fertilizers and labor, while crop prices are declining, leading to increased debt levels among farmers [2][3]. - The reduction in irrigated land due to climate impacts has forced some farmers to abandon agriculture and migrate to urban areas [2][4]. Group 3: Adaptation Strategies - The agricultural sector is implementing technical guidance for farmers, such as drip irrigation and drought-resistant crops, to mitigate the effects of climate change [4]. - However, the effectiveness of these adaptation efforts is limited without reliable international climate funding, which poses a threat to food security and rural stability [4].

Core Insights - The extreme heat in the Middle East, particularly in Jordan, has significantly impacted agricultural production, especially the beekeeping industry, with honey production expected to decline by approximately 40% this year compared to previous years [1][2] Group 1: Impact on Beekeeping Industry - The president of the Jordan Beekeepers Professional Association, Muwaaz Kazem, reported that the country typically produces around 800 tons of honey annually, with July and August being peak months for beekeepers [1] - Due to the high temperatures exceeding 45 degrees Celsius, the number of beehives has decreased, prompting beekeepers to place water buckets near hives to help cool the bees [1] - The decline in honey production is attributed to climate change, which has led to adverse effects on the beekeeping sector, particularly for small to medium-sized operations that face reduced income and increased expenses [1] Group 2: Broader Agricultural Challenges - The extreme heat has posed significant challenges to overall agricultural production in Jordan, with experts noting that high temperatures and drought conditions have slowed crop growth, reduced yields, and increased pest occurrences [1] - Nizar Haddad, an agricultural expert from the Food and Agriculture Organization, emphasized that extreme weather conditions directly impact agriculture, particularly in water-scarce regions, affecting both livestock and crop production [2]