Core Insights - The core focus of the article is on the successful completion and significance of the Meridian Project Phase II, which enhances China's capabilities in monitoring space weather and understanding the solar-terrestrial environment [5][10]. Project Overview - The Meridian Project, officially known as the Ground-based Comprehensive Monitoring Network for Space Environment, is a major national scientific infrastructure aimed at monitoring space weather events that primarily propagate along the meridian direction [5]. - The project aims to provide real-time support for space weather forecasting by monitoring changes in the solar-terrestrial environment with high temporal and spatial resolution [5][10]. Technical Advancements - Phase II of the Meridian Project has achieved a significant leap from "having" to "being strong," establishing a complete monitoring chain from the sun to various layers of the Earth's space environment [10]. - The project has deployed 282 sets of advanced monitoring equipment, including globally unique devices such as the largest integrated aperture radio telescope and the most powerful incoherent scatter radar [11][10]. Network Structure - The monitoring network is structured around a "one chain, three networks, and four focuses" framework, which includes a comprehensive monitoring chain and a grid-like network covering key geographical areas [6][10]. - The project utilizes a unified management and collaborative operation system to ensure continuous and comprehensive monitoring across all stations [8]. Challenges and Solutions - The construction faced significant challenges, including harsh environmental conditions and the need for new technology integration between Phase I and Phase II [7][12]. - Solutions included upgrading existing equipment, standardizing data output, and integrating historical data into a new database [12]. Future Directions - The Meridian Project aims to expand its reach globally and develop a joint monitoring system that combines satellite and ground-based observations for more accurate space weather forecasting [13]. Team Composition - The project team consists of nearly 800 researchers from 16 different institutions, with a diverse range of expertise in various fields of space science [14]. - The team emphasizes nurturing young talent and fostering a collaborative environment to drive innovation and scientific breakthroughs [15][18].

Core Viewpoint - The successful launch of the Fengyun-3H satellite enhances China's capabilities in weather forecasting, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change monitoring, contributing significantly to global climate change efforts [1][2][3] Group 1: Satellite Features - Fengyun-3H satellite weighs approximately 2780 kilograms and operates at an altitude of 830 kilometers in a sun-synchronous orbit with an inclination of 98.7 degrees [1] - It is equipped with nine advanced remote sensing instruments, including a high-spectral greenhouse gas monitoring instrument, which will enable high-precision global greenhouse gas detection with a 100-kilometer width [1][2] Group 2: Monitoring Capabilities - The satellite will monitor ice and snow cover, sea surface temperature, and provide remote sensing information necessary for short-term climate forecasting and climate change assessment [2] - It will enhance the ability to respond to natural disasters and environmental issues, improving comprehensive capabilities for weather disaster prevention and mitigation [2] Group 3: Global Contribution - China operates a unique multi-satellite network for near-Earth meteorological observation, providing a complete global observation network with operational satellites in various orbits [3] - The Fengyun-3H satellite will replace the Fengyun-3D satellite in the afternoon monitoring role and work in conjunction with other operational satellites to ensure high-quality data support for meteorological services [3]

Core Viewpoint - The successful launch of the Fengyun-3 08 satellite enhances China's capabilities in global climate monitoring and weather forecasting, marking a significant advancement in the Fengyun satellite family [2][6][19] Group 1: Launch Details - The Fengyun-3 08 satellite was successfully launched on September 27, using the Long March 4B rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, marking the 596th flight of the Long March series [1] - Upon entering orbit, the Fengyun-3 08 satellite will be designated as Fengyun-3 H, replacing the Fengyun-3 D satellite in its operational role [2][14] Group 2: Technological Advancements - The Fengyun-3 H satellite is equipped with nine advanced payloads, including a newly developed hyperspectral greenhouse gas monitoring instrument capable of high-precision monitoring of CO2 and methane globally [2][4] - It features a wide 100-kilometer observation width and higher precision than existing international carbon satellites, significantly improving data acquisition on carbon emissions and exchanges at various regional levels [4] Group 3: Applications and Services - The satellite will provide six categories of products, including cloud radiation, atmospheric parameters, and space weather data, enhancing meteorological forecasting capabilities [11][13] - It will support real-time monitoring of auroras and ionospheric phenomena, contributing to space weather forecasting [9][7] Group 4: Global Impact - The Fengyun satellite system now serves 133 countries and regions, becoming a crucial part of the World Meteorological Organization's global observation system [17] - The Fengyun-3 H satellite will provide valuable data and technological support for international efforts in disaster prevention, climate change response, and ecological monitoring [19]