Group 1 - The article discusses the contrasting positions of India and China in the context of U.S. economic sanctions and tariffs, highlighting India's struggles against U.S. policies while China maintains a more stable stance [1][3][18] - The U.S. has imposed high tariffs on various important Indian goods, leading to a significant decline in exports, particularly in the mobile phone sector, which saw a 37.5% drop [3][13] - In contrast, China benefits from a strong domestic market and is a crucial trade partner for the U.S., making it difficult for the U.S. to take aggressive actions against China without facing economic repercussions [4][11] Group 2 - The article emphasizes that China's supply chain advantages and manufacturing capabilities provide it with leverage in negotiations with the U.S., making it challenging for the U.S. to find suitable alternatives [7][9] - Despite the U.S. "America First" policy, China has been able to enhance its self-sufficiency and expand its global market share, which has led the U.S. to adopt a more cautious approach towards China [9][11] - India's trade environment has deteriorated under the Trump administration, with the U.S. canceling preferential policies and demanding greater market access, which has intensified trade friction [13][17] Group 3 - The article notes that India's response to U.S. tariffs includes a strategic shift towards reducing dependence on the U.S. by exploring alternative trade routes and partnerships, such as with Russia [17][18] - It suggests that India must build a comprehensive supply chain and technological capabilities to effectively navigate the global economic landscape and withstand pressures from major powers like the U.S. [17][18] - The article concludes that while India is gradually moving towards a more independent development path, China's economic resilience allows it to play an increasingly significant role in the global economy [18]

Group 1 - The article argues that extreme tariff measures by the U.S. will ultimately harm both the U.S. and its trading partners, as supported by historical and empirical evidence [1][7] - Historical economists, from Bastiat to List, have emphasized the importance of moderate tariffs and free trade for economic development, indicating that excessive tariffs can weaken domestic production capacity [1][2] - A study by French economist Philippe Aghion and others found that tariffs do not correlate positively with total factor productivity, while fiscal subsidies and tax incentives do [2][3] Group 2 - The article highlights that prior to joining the WTO, high tariffs on imported cars did not lead to a strong domestic automotive industry in China, demonstrating that tariff protection does not foster industrial progress [3][4] - Post-WTO accession, China has gradually reduced its average tariff rate to 7.3% by 2023, indicating a shift towards lower trade barriers [4] - The development of industries in Shenzhen, such as mobile phones and renewable energy vehicles, is attributed to market competition rather than tariff protection [5][6]