标准的形成，实际上是由工程师、市场和政府所组成的三角关系决定的。 还记得以前出国的时候吗？规格不同的充电插头是行李箱中的必备品。看看家里的抽屉，多款插头和线是否也曾给你带来困扰？随着时间的推移，这些常 用设备逐渐趋向统一，插头和连接线变得更通用化。很大程度上，正是"标准"，定义了我们周遭的物质世界和生活方式。 中国标准化研究院牵头起草、2007年出版的《标准化工作指南》中提到，标准是指通过标准化活动，按照规定的程序经协商一致制定，为各种活动或其结 果提供规则、指南或特性，供共同使用和重复使用的一种文件。 在当代的经济生活中，标准是一种基础设施，虽然看不见摸不着，却十分重要。没有标准，工业生产、城市生活和商业来往便无从谈起。但标准又是因何 机缘而产生，怎样建立，经历过怎样的变革？它具体是怎样起作用的？《制造规则：国际标准建立背后的历史与博弈》一书，回顾了标准化的全球发展 史。 为了更安全，工程师们制定标准 上海交通大学质量发展研究院客座研究员林雪萍在本书序言中提到，标准的形成，实际上是由工程师、市场和政府所组成的三角关系决定的。 国际标准的变迁，在书中被划分成三个主要阶段。第一次浪潮中，工程师们制定了可以被制造 ...

Group 1 - The article discusses the impact of current global challenges such as tariff shocks, wildfires in Southern Europe, and the ongoing competition in artificial intelligence on the capital markets, likening it to a relentless heatwave [2] - It introduces a curated summer reading list for 2025, featuring ten books across various fields including economics, business, and culture, aimed at providing readers with "cool reflections" during the hot summer [2] - The book "Deep Reform: China's Economic Dilemmas and Breakthroughs" by Yin Yanlin focuses on the key contradictions in China's economic operation and seeks pathways for high-quality development through a problem-oriented approach [4] Group 2 - "The Big Cycle: Why Nations Go Bankrupt" by Ray Dalio addresses the imminent debt issues and potential collapse of the monetary system, summarizing the "big debt cycle" and its five stages based on a century of research on 35 currency markets [7] - "Money and Government: A Challenge to Mainstream Economics" by Robert Skidelsky emphasizes the unpredictability of economic activities and critiques the new classical economics, advocating for a better understanding of the roles of money and government in economic order [10] - "The Shadow of the Sun" by Ryszard Kapuściński provides a unique perspective on Africa, showcasing the continent's beauty and the struggles of its people through the eyes of a journalist who reported from various conflict zones [26]