Core Insights - The article narrates a story about Chris Espinosa, one of Apple's earliest employees, who faced challenges in designing a calculator program for the Macintosh due to Steve Jobs' high standards and constant feedback [1][6][9] - Espinosa's innovative solution involved creating a "Steve Jobs Self-Made Calculator Kit," allowing Jobs to directly manipulate the design parameters, which ultimately led to a successful calculator interface for the Macintosh [11][12][22] Group 1: Background of Chris Espinosa - Chris Espinosa joined Apple at the age of 14, making him one of the youngest employees [2] - He initially left Apple to attend the University of California, Berkeley, but was persuaded by Jobs to return and join the Macintosh team [3][4] Group 2: Design Challenges and Solutions - Espinosa faced repeated criticism from Jobs regarding the design of the calculator, leading to a frustrating iterative process [9][10][21] - The breakthrough came when Espinosa created a toolkit that allowed Jobs to customize the design himself, which proved to be an effective communication method [11][12][22] Group 3: Impact and Legacy - The calculator design, finalized based on Jobs' preferences, was included in the first Macintosh released in 1984 and remained in use for nearly 20 years [16][22] - This incident highlighted a unique aspect of Jobs' management style, where he preferred hands-on interaction over verbal communication, influencing future software design practices at Apple [17][21][23]

Core Insights - The article discusses the timeline from the first demonstration of various technologies to their widespread usage, highlighting that newer inventions tend to achieve acceptance more quickly than older ones [2][3] Group 1: Railroads - The first railroads in England appeared around 1600, with the Merthyr Tramroad opening in 1802 and the Stockton & Darlington Railway in 1825, marking significant milestones in the adoption of steam locomotives [7][8] - The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830, is considered the start of widespread acceptance of railroads, taking 36 years from demonstration to widespread use [9] Group 2: Automobiles - The first gasoline automobile, the Benz Patent Motor Car, was invented in 1885 and went into production in 1886, leading to the introduction of assembly line production by Ford in 1913, which drastically reduced production time [11][12][13] Group 3: Airline Travel - It took 12 years from the Wright brothers' first flight in 1903 to the first scheduled airline service in 1913, with significant advancements occurring in the following decades [14][15][16] Group 4: Radio - The first radio broadcast occurred in 1895, but it took 13 years for commercial radio stations to emerge, with widespread usage also occurring in the same year [19][21][22] Group 5: Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone call in 1876, with commercial use starting in 1878 and widespread adoption achieved by 1880, just four years later [24] Group 6: Television - Electronic television was invented in 1927, with the first regular broadcasts starting in Germany in 1935 and widespread adoption in the US delayed until after WWII [25][28][29] Group 7: Color Television - Color television had a long development period, with CBS starting broadcasts in 1951, but widespread acceptance did not occur until 1961 [30][36] Group 8: Personal Computers - The first personal computer using a microprocessor was the Micral in 1973, with widespread adoption occurring just two years later in 1975 [37][42] Group 9: The Internet - The Internet's precursor, ARPANET, began in 1966, with commercial use starting in 1989 and widespread acceptance achieved by 1990 [44][45] Group 10: World Wide Web - The World Wide Web was developed in 1991, with commercial use and widespread adoption occurring within two years [46][47] Group 11: Artificial Intelligence - The field of artificial intelligence began with the Dartmouth Summer Research Project in 1956, with the first commercial product appearing in 1980 and widespread usage not occurring until 2010 [48][50][51]

公众号记得加星标⭐️，第一时间看推送不会错过。 如果一台个人电脑的大脑，其价格比一顿晚餐还便宜，会怎么样？1975 年，一群前摩托罗拉工程师 证明了这是可能的，并因此永远改变了计算产业。他们推出的 25 美元 MOS Technology 6502 处理 器，不仅为 Apple II、Commodore PET 和 Atari 2600 提供了动力，其设计理念也至今仍在新一代 精简指令集（RISC）CPU 中回响。 装在 DIP-40 塑料封装中的 MOS 6502。日期代码显示它制造于 1985 年 11 月。图片由 Dirk Oppelt via Wikimedia Commons 授权使用 (CC BY-SA 3.0) 撼动业界的廉价芯片 来源 ：内容来自 allaboutcircuits 。 1975 年 6502 处理器广告。图片由 MOS Technology via Wikimedia Commons 授权使用 (公共领域) 1975 年在 WESCON 展会上，6502 首次亮相，立刻成为了行业传奇。由于场馆内禁止现场销售， Peddle 的团队在附近的一家酒店套房里摆摊，从装满芯片的罐子里以 ...

来源：环球网 外媒称，沃兹尼亚克的人生轨迹与硅谷盛行的亿万富翁神话形成鲜明对比。他将快乐和符合伦理道德的 科技放在首位，强调真正的创新应以对人类的影响来衡量。（青云） 据悉，沃兹尼亚克并非首次公开这一立场。1980 年苹果公司上市时，他向早期员工派发了数百万股股 票，这一行为与许多科技巨头的敛财倾向形成鲜明对比。 外媒称，沃兹尼亚克的反物质主义立场根植于他的工程伦理。作为电子工程师和发明家，他独自设计了 Apple I 和 Apple II，始终将创新视为其自身的利益。据 TheStreet 估计，沃兹尼亚克的净资产在 2025 年 约为 1 亿美元，远低于他本应达到的水平。他选择将财富用于慈善事业，包括资助教育和科技项目。 此外，沃兹尼亚克还对行业人物进行了更广泛的批评。在 2025 年 3 月的世界移动通信大会（MWC） 上，他严厉批评了埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk），暗示极度财富可能会"冲昏头脑"。他此前也曾表示，自 己为苹果估值过万亿美元感到自豪，但并不痴迷于衡量成功的标准。 【环球网科技综合报道】8月18日消息，据外媒webpronews报道，苹果联合创始人史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克 （Steve Wo ...

Core Insights - The article discusses the revolutionary impact of the 6502 microprocessor, developed by MOS Technology, on the personal computer and gaming industries, highlighting its affordability and performance compared to competitors [5][6][42]. Group 1: Historical Context - The 6502 microprocessor was first delivered to customers in September 1975 and became a cornerstone for several iconic computers and gaming systems, including the Apple II and Commodore 64 [6][9]. - Chuck Peddle and Bill Mensch, key figures in the development of the 6502, left Motorola due to dissatisfaction with the pricing and production of the 6800 processor, leading to the creation of the 6502 at MOS Technology [7][37]. Group 2: Technical Innovations - The 6502 was notable for its simplified instruction set and a manufacturing process that achieved a yield ten times higher than competitors, significantly lowering costs [5][23]. - The chip contained 3,510 transistors and was produced using a 5-volt NMOS process, which allowed for a smaller chip size and higher performance [16][23]. Group 3: Market Impact - The introduction of the 6502 led to a drastic reduction in microprocessor prices, with the 6502 priced at $25 compared to competitors like Intel's 8080 and Motorola's 6800, which were priced around $200 [3][5]. - The success of the 6502 prompted Motorola to lower the prices of its 6800 microprocessor and led to legal disputes over patent rights, highlighting the competitive tension in the semiconductor industry [38][39]. Group 4: Legacy - The 6502's architecture and affordability made it the preferred choice for early home computers and gaming consoles, establishing a legacy that continues to influence the industry [41][42]. - The article concludes by emphasizing the significance of the 6502 as a landmark achievement in the history of microprocessors, marking its 50th anniversary [5][42].

公众号记得加星标⭐️，第一时间看推送不会错过。 当一个胖乎乎的极客将一个特定的芯片塞进一个特定的计算机电路板并启动它时，宇宙突然停 顿了一下。这个极客就是Steve Wozniak，这台电脑就是 Apple I，芯片就是MOS Technology 开发的 8 位微处理器 6502。 该芯片及其变体后来成为 Apple II、 Commodore PET、Commodore 64和BBC Micro等开创性计算 机的主脑，更不用说任天堂娱乐系统和雅达利 2600（也称为雅达利VCS）等游戏系统了。 芯片的创造者之一Chuck Peddle回忆起 1975 年在贸易展上推出 6502 时的情景。"我们有两个装满 芯片的玻璃罐，"他说，"我让我的妻子坐在那里卖它们。" （2016 年，佩德尔承认，当时他只有足 够多的处理器装在罐子的上层——里面大部分都装着无法工作的芯片。）大批人蜂拥而至。原因是： 6502 不仅比竞争对手速度快，而且价格便宜得多，售价 25 美元，而英特尔 8080 和摩托罗拉 6800 的售价都接近 200 美元。 与佩德尔共同研发出 6502 的Bill Mensch表示，实现成本降低的关键 ...