Summary of PICC Group 3Q25 Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: PICC Group (1339.HK) - **Industry**: Insurance Key Takeaways 1. Premium Growth and CoR Improvement - In 3Q25, PICC's premium growth was steady at +4% year-over-year, consistent with 1H25 growth [2] - Auto premium growth aligned with industry levels, while agricultural, commercial properties, and liability lines showed muted growth [2] - CoR (Cost of Risk) improved significantly year-over-year due to reduced NAT CAT losses, attributed to enhanced risk prevention measures by the government and PICC [2] 2. Future CoR Expectations - Management anticipates further CoR improvements driven by: - Continued regulatory strengthening in the auto insurance sector with stricter expense monitoring starting in 2025 [2] - Gradual relaxation of NEV pricing factors launched in mid-September 2025 [2] - Expense rationalization in non-auto businesses commencing November 1, 2025, starting with commercial property and employer liability lines [2] 3. Life Insurance Growth - Bancassurance remained the primary growth driver in 3Q25, with regular premium growth increasing from approximately 50% year-over-year in 1H25 [3] - Focus on long-term products with premium payment terms of 5 to 10 years, shifting towards par/universal products [3] - Improvement in NBV (New Business Value) margin year-over-year noted [3] 4. Health Insurance Opportunities - Management is exploring the establishment of medicine catalogs for various health insurance tiers, particularly targeting middle-end health insurance [4] - The introduction of innovative drugs in catalog B is expected to enhance market potential and allow for higher pricing [4] 5. Investment Performance - In 3Q25, management reported that net assets increased quarter-over-quarter, driven by improved equity returns, particularly from growth-style stocks [5] - The broad-based growth stock index rose by 24% in 3Q25 compared to 16% in 3Q24, benefiting PICC's investment strategy [7] 6. Valuation and Target Price - Target price set at HK$7.50, based on a sum-of-the-parts (SOTP) approach, reflecting a 0.72x 2026E P/EV multiple [8] - Market capitalization reported at HK$299.839 billion (approximately US$38.528 billion) [5] 7. Risks - Key downside risks include: - Prolonged downturn in the P&C (Property and Casualty) sector [9] - A-share market slump [9] - Strengthened regulations in the life insurance industry [9] - Deterioration of the macroeconomic environment [9] 8. Upside Risks - Potential upside risks that could lead to stock trading above target price include: - Accelerated recovery in the P&C sector post-auto insurance reform [11] - A-share market rally [11] - Regulatory relaxation in the life insurance sector [11] - Improved macroeconomic conditions [11] This summary encapsulates the essential insights from the PICC Group's 3Q25 conference call, highlighting the company's performance, strategic outlook, and associated risks.

Summary of Foxconn Industrial Internet (FII) Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Foxconn Industrial Internet (FII) - **Ticker**: 601138.SS - **Market Cap**: Rmb1.3 trillion / $176.3 billion - **Current Price**: Rmb63.38 - **12M Price Target**: Rmb83.8, representing a 32.2% upside Key Industry Insights - **AI Servers Market**: FII is positioned as a leader in the AI servers segment, with significant market share gains attributed to its scale, global coverage, and supply chain influence during the AI technology revolution [1][2][25]. - **Revenue Growth**: FII's revenue from AI servers is expected to grow from 8% in 2022 to 68% in 2026E, indicating a strong shift towards AI-driven products [25]. Financial Performance and Projections - **Earnings Estimates**: - 2026E Net Income revised up by 8% to Rmb56.432 billion - 2027E Net Income revised up by 7% to Rmb70.725 billion - 2026E EPS projected at Rmb2.84, up from Rmb2.63 [11][12][14]. - **Revenue Forecasts**: - 2025E Revenue: Rmb945.957 million - 2026E Revenue: Rmb1,470.954 million - 2027E Revenue: Rmb1,955.424 million, with AI servers contributing 75% of total revenue [10][12][28]. - **Operating Metrics**: - Operating income margin expected to improve from 4.2% in 2024 to 4.5% in 2026E [12][14]. Market Position and Competitive Advantages - **R&D and Execution**: FII's strong R&D capabilities and early product deliveries have allowed it to penetrate leading US Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) [2][14]. - **Vertical Integration**: Partnership with TECO enhances FII's capabilities in AI data center construction, supporting client deployments of AI servers [2][14]. - **Cost Management**: Operating expenses are projected to grow at an 18% CAGR from 2025E to 2027E, leading to a reduction in the operating expense ratio from 2.9% in 2024 to 1.3% in 2027E [7][12]. Valuation and Price Target - **Target P/E Ratio**: Updated to 29.5x for 2026E, reflecting a market re-rating due to the strong fundamentals in the AI server segment [19][26]. - **Comparison with Peers**: FII's 2026E trading P/E is 24.1, compared to peers like Gigabyte (11.7) and Wistron (14.0) [22]. Risks and Concerns - **Market Concerns**: There are worries about the sustainability of FII's market share in AI servers due to client diversification preferences [2][27]. - **Operational Risks**: Potential risks include worse-than-expected demand for AI servers, slower capacity ramp-up in new factories, and lower-than-expected iPhone shipments [27]. Conclusion - **Investment Recommendation**: Maintain a Buy rating with a target price of Rmb83.8, supported by strong growth prospects in the AI server market and improved operational efficiencies [1][25][26].

Summary of Lingyi (002600.SZ) Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Lingyi (002600.SZ) - **Industry**: Precision functional and structural components supplier, expanding into AI devices and servers Key Financial Highlights - **3Q25 Net Income Guidance**: Expected to be between Rmb960 million and Rmb1.2 billion, representing a year-over-year growth of 35% to 80% [1] - **Midpoint Net Income Guidance**: Rmb1.1 billion, which is 48% higher than previous estimates [1] - **Revenue Growth**: Anticipated 3Q25 revenue growth of 23% year-over-year to Rmb15.3 billion, driven by new business segments including AI/AR glasses and foldable phone components [2] - **Earnings Revision**: 2025 earnings revised up by 2%, with a slight decrease in gross margin by 0.1 percentage points due to product mix changes [3] Business Expansion and Strategy - **New Business Segments**: Lingyi is expanding from smartphones to AI devices and servers, capitalizing on increasing end-user adoption [2] - **Geographical Diversification**: Production sites are being diversified across India, Vietnam, the US, Brazil, Turkey, and Finland to mitigate geopolitical risks [2] Financial Projections - **2025 Revenue Estimates**: Revised to Rmb55.697 billion, with gross profit at Rmb9.130 billion and net income at Rmb2.665 billion [4] - **2026-2027 Estimates**: Largely unchanged, with 2026 revenue projected at Rmb69.218 billion and net income at Rmb4.059 billion [4] Valuation and Price Target - **12-Month Price Target**: Increased to Rmb21.1 from Rmb20.1, based on a target P/E multiple of 36.5x 2026E EPS [6] - **Target P/E Justification**: Derived from the correlation between P/E and EPS growth of peers, with a projected 40% year-over-year growth in 2027E EPS [6][10] Risks and Challenges - **Market Risks**: Potential slower adoption of foldable phones and AI terminals, increased competition from suppliers, and a weak macroeconomic environment could impact demand [14] Conclusion - **Investment Recommendation**: Maintain a "Buy" rating due to strong growth prospects driven by new product launches and geographical diversification strategies [1][2][10]

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - **Industry**: Chinese Banking Sector - **Date**: September 2025 Core Insights and Arguments 1. **Total Social Financing (TSF) and Loan Growth**: - New TSF in September 2025 was Rmb 3.5 trillion, a year-on-year decrease of Rmb -0.2 trillion compared to Rmb 3.8 trillion in September 2024, indicating a continued weakening trend observed since August [1][2] - New loans in September 2025 amounted to Rmb 1.3 trillion, a year-on-year decrease of Rmb -0.3 trillion [2] 2. **Retail and Corporate Loan Dynamics**: - Net new retail loans were Rmb 0.4 trillion, down Rmb -0.1 trillion year-on-year, primarily affected by a decline in short-term retail loans by -0.8% year-on-year, suggesting weak consumer demand despite subsidy policies [2] - Net new corporate loans were Rmb 1.2 trillion, a decrease of Rmb -0.3 trillion year-on-year, attributed to reduced credit demand due to anti-involution policies [2] 3. **Deposit Trends**: - New deposits totaled Rmb 2.2 trillion, a significant decrease from Rmb 3.7 trillion in September 2024 [3] - Retail deposits increased by Rmb 3 trillion, while deposits from non-bank financial institutions fell by Rmb -1 trillion [3] 4. **Monetary Indicators**: - Growth rates for M1 and M2 were reported at 7.2% and 8.4% respectively, with the M1-M2 gap narrowing by 1.6 percentage points, indicating improved fund activation [3] 5. **Impact on Net Interest Income (NII)**: - The slowdown in bank credit growth in Q3 suggests that net interest income is not expected to rebound rapidly, despite a narrower decline in Net Interest Margin (NIM) [2] 6. **Banking Sector Resilience**: - Banks with strong retail franchises (e.g., China Merchants Bank) or extensive branch networks (e.g., Agricultural Bank of China, Postal Savings Bank of China) may have better sustainability in stabilizing NIM due to their ability to maintain deposit growth while benefiting from declining deposit costs [3] Additional Important Insights - The contribution of net new government bond issuance to new TSF declined to 34% from 53% in August, reflecting a shift in financing sources [1] - The overall economic environment remains challenging, with consumption demand and corporate credit demand both showing signs of weakness [2][3] This summary encapsulates the key points discussed in the conference call regarding the current state of the Chinese banking sector, highlighting trends in financing, loans, deposits, and the implications for net interest income.

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry and Company Involved - **Companies**: Tesla Inc (TSLA) and Apple Inc (AAPL) - **Industry**: Automotive and Robotics Core Insights and Arguments 1. **Apple's Entry into Robotics**: Apple is reportedly developing its first moving product, a motorized tabletop robot, which signifies a major shift for the company into the robotics sector. This could have significant implications for the manufacturing base and supply chain, particularly concerning components like bearings, semiconductors, and rare earth materials [6][2][7] 2. **Physical AI Market Potential**: The transition of AI from digital to physical realms is expected to create a market that could exceed global GDP, estimated at $115 trillion. This shift will likely lead to increased collaboration between tech firms and industrial companies [6][7] 3. **Collaboration with BYD**: Apple is expected to collaborate with BYD for the manufacturing of its AI-enabled robots. This partnership highlights the growing intersection of technology and manufacturing, particularly in the robotics space [6][2] 4. **Competition for Talent**: The entry of major tech firms like Apple into robotics will intensify competition for AI and manufacturing talent, which is crucial for the development of advanced robotics [7] 5. **Implications for Tesla**: Tesla, under Elon Musk's leadership, has been a pioneer in the robotics space with projects like robotaxis and Optimus. The emergence of competitors like Apple in this field could increase competition for resources and talent [7] Additional Important Content 1. **Market Capitalization and Stock Performance**: As of October 14, 2025, Tesla's market capitalization is approximately $1.51 trillion, with a stock price of $429.24 and a price target set at $410.00. The stock has shown a 52-week range of $488.54 to $212.11 [4] 2. **Earnings Projections**: Tesla's projected EPS for the fiscal years ending in 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027 are $2.41, $1.48, $2.57, and $4.39 respectively, indicating a growth trajectory [4] 3. **Risks and Valuation Methodology**: The valuation for Tesla includes various components such as core auto business, network services, and energy, with a detailed breakdown of potential risks and upside opportunities [16][20] 4. **Technological Advancements**: The need for real-world data for training AI models is emphasized, indicating a growing demand for technology that captures real-world video data for robotic training [6] 5. **Market Dynamics**: The report discusses the competitive landscape in the automotive and robotics sectors, highlighting the potential for increased market share and innovation driven by advancements in AI and robotics [7][6] This summary encapsulates the key points discussed in the conference call, focusing on the implications of Apple's entry into robotics, the competitive landscape for Tesla, and the broader market dynamics in the automotive and technology sectors.

Summary of Victory Giant Tech (300476.SZ) Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Victory Giant Tech (VGT) - **Ticker**: 300476.SZ - **Market Cap**: Rmb216.647 billion (approximately US$30.377 billion) [2] Key Financial Estimates - **Earnings Estimates**: - 2025: Rmb5.1 billion (down 8%) - 2026: Rmb11.7 billion (down 9%) - 2027: Rmb19.6 billion (down 7%) [1] - **3Q25 Net Profit Estimate**: Rmb1.34 billion (QoQ +10%) [1] - **Target Price**: Rmb407.0 (down from Rmb447.0) based on a 30x 2026 P/E ratio [1][2] Revenue Drivers - **NVDA Revenue Growth**: Expected to grow by 2% QoQ to Rmb2.4 billion, influenced by a high base in 2Q25 and product transitions [1]. - **New Capacity Impact**: New capacity in Huizhou and Thailand is anticipated to drive revenue in 3Q25 but may negatively affect profitability due to yield ramp-up and depreciation & amortization (D&A) pressures [1]. Growth Projections - **Sales Revenue Growth**: - 2025: 97.4% - 2026: 90.6% - 2027: 51.7% [7] - **Core NPAT Growth**: - 2025: 343.4% - 2026: 128.6% - 2027: 67.3% [7] Valuation Justification - **Earnings CAGR**: Projected 96% from 2025 to 2027 driven by: 1. Strong demand for GenAI-related PCBs 2. Potential improvements in average selling price (ASP) and gross margin (GM) due to favorable product mix 3. New business opportunities in datacenter switches and ASICs [10] Risks - **Key Downside Risks**: 1. Lower-than-expected share allocation in GenAI-related PCBs due to yield issues 2. Pricing and competition pressures in the automotive supply chain 3. CSP capital expenditure reductions and weak economic conditions affecting demand 4. Rising material costs 5. US-China geopolitical risks [11] Investment Recommendation - **Recommendation**: Maintain Buy rating, with a potential buying opportunity expected post the deceleration in 3Q25 net profit growth [1]. Additional Financial Metrics - **2025 Estimated P/E**: 42.3 - **2026 Estimated P/E**: 18.5 - **2027 Estimated P/E**: 11.1 [7] Conclusion Victory Giant Tech is positioned for significant growth driven by advancements in AI-related technologies and new capacity expansions. However, investors should remain cautious of potential risks that could impact profitability and market performance.

Summary of the Conference Call on Huicheng Co., Ltd. and New Wind Technology Company and Industry Overview - **Company**: New Wind Technology, a company established in 2019, focuses on DRAM packaging and testing, with a complete capability from wafer testing to packaging testing [2][5][6] - **Industry**: The memory chip market, particularly DRAM, is the largest chip market globally, with China's demand exceeding 600 billion RMB [2][8] Key Points and Arguments Shareholding Structure and Control - Huicheng and its partners hold approximately 57% of New Wind Technology, with Huicheng directly holding 18.44% and indirectly holding 27.5% through funds [2][3] - Recent transactions involved Huicheng purchasing 18.44% of shares for 90.48 million RMB and acquiring an additional 44.57% from existing major shareholders, totaling 63.01% of shares transferred [3] Future Plans and Financing - New Wind plans to initiate 400 to 500 million RMB in equity financing and 100 to 200 million RMB in bank debt financing by Q4 2025 to support capacity expansion [3][14] - The company aims to increase its production capacity from 20,000 wafers per month in 2025 to 40,000 in 2026 and ultimately to 100,000 to 120,000 by 2027 [6][10] Market Position and Customer Base - New Wind's primary customer is Changxin Storage, which is expected to increase its production capacity from 250,000 wafers per month to 400,000 by 2026 [8] - The company aims to become one of the top suppliers to Changxin, leveraging its close relationship and geographical advantages [8][11] Technological Advantages - New Wind has significant advantages in 3D DRAM packaging, excelling in key metrics such as flatness, hole size, and warpage [2][11] - The company is also expanding into customized UFS products and 3D CUBE products, targeting a market size expected to reach hundreds of billions [12] Revenue Growth Potential - If New Wind captures 20% of the domestic DDR and LPDDR packaging market, it could generate an additional 1.65 billion RMB in revenue [13] - The company is expected to achieve significant growth through capacity expansion and the introduction of high-value-added products [13] Strategic Partnerships - Huicheng has signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Huadong Technology to jointly develop storage chip packaging services, enhancing competitiveness in the DRAM packaging market [3][26] Competitive Landscape - New Wind is one of only five companies in China capable of 3D DRAM packaging, positioning it favorably against competitors [8][19] - The company is focused on optimizing its processes and maintaining a competitive edge in the evolving 3D DRAM market [19] Future Outlook - The storage industry, particularly the DRAM sector, is expected to experience prolonged demand due to the rise of AI technologies, which will increase the need for high-end storage solutions [21] - New Wind's expansion plans and strategic partnerships are anticipated to contribute positively to its long-term growth and market position [22][31] Other Important Insights - New Wind's current production capacity is fully utilized, and while it is expanding, it has not yet reached economies of scale, which may delay profitability [23] - The company does not currently plan to consolidate with Huicheng but will continue to operate independently while benefiting from strategic synergies [15][22]

Summary of China Life Insurance Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: China Life Insurance - **Date**: October 15, 2025 Key Points Industry and Company Strategy - China Life Insurance is focusing on a transformation strategy towards participating insurance, with new single premium income maintaining a stable and higher-than-expected proportion in the first three quarters of 2025, indicating strong customer acceptance [2][4] - The regulatory push for high-quality development in health insurance allows for the design of participating critical illness insurance, which is expected to foster innovation in the industry [2][6] - The company plans to launch related products to meet customer demand for critical illness protection, positively impacting its health insurance business [2][6] Financial Performance - New single premiums have achieved positive growth, aligning with expectations, and the company aims to maintain this growth without pursuing high-speed growth, focusing instead on sustainable development [2][3][6] - The proportion of new single premiums from participating insurance remained stable, exceeding last year's expectations due to smooth transformation and high customer acceptance [4] - The company has effectively managed its overall liability costs through a balanced and diversified investment strategy, achieving good investment returns [5][9] Product Strategy - Participating insurance will continue to be the main strategic direction, with product types like participating pension annuities being retained and adjusted to meet diverse customer needs [2][7] - The company is adapting payment terms and insurance periods to enhance product competitiveness [2][7] Channel Performance - The impact of the integration of sales and reporting on individual insurance channels is manageable, with stable activity and issuance rates [2][7] - Agent income may be temporarily affected, but overall it remains controllable, and the company will continue to enhance channel quality to adapt to market demands [2][7][8] Investment Strategy - China Life has increased equity asset allocation across various sectors, including Hong Kong stocks and high-dividend sectors, achieving significant results in the third quarter [5][17] - The company maintains a neutral and flexible allocation strategy in response to rising long-term interest rates, ensuring stability in natural duration [14][15] Regulatory Environment - Recent regulatory guidance aims to promote high-quality development in health insurance, which is expected to benefit the industry and lead to new product designs [6][22] - The company is preparing to gradually introduce new products in response to regulatory changes [6][24] Future Outlook - Despite challenges in the first half of 2025, the company anticipates maintaining positive growth in new single premiums and plans to set reasonable performance targets for the upcoming year [6][24] - The company is committed to enhancing shareholder returns and maintaining stable dividend levels, with a focus on long-term growth [20][21] Miscellaneous - The effective duration gap of the company's assets and liabilities is approximately 1.5 years, with ongoing adjustments based on market conditions [11] - The average dividend yield of high-dividend stocks in the company's portfolio is around 5% [20] This summary encapsulates the key insights from the conference call, highlighting the strategic direction, financial performance, product strategies, and future outlook of China Life Insurance.

Summary of the Conference Call for 招商积余 Company Overview - **Company**: 招商积余 - **Period**: First half of 2025 Key Points Financial Performance - **Revenue Growth**: Revenue increased by 8.9% year-on-year, reaching 91 billion CNY, with a profit of 4.74 billion CNY, up 8.9% [2][4] - **Accounts Receivable**: Accounts receivable decreased by 10.13%, totaling 37.53 billion CNY, due to effective management and strict credit control [2][4] Market Expansion - **Residential Market**: Achieved a significant breakthrough in residential market expansion with new annual contract value increasing by 23%, totaling 2.08 billion CNY [2][6] - **Strategic Focus**: Plans to strategically expand in office, public parks, schools, and government sectors, with office spaces having the highest gross margin [2][8] Profitability and Cost Management - **Gross Margin**: Expected improvement in residential gross margin, while non-residential may slightly decline due to high energy costs in the second half of the year [2][7] - **Cost Control Measures**: Implemented centralized procurement, internal controls, and reduced management expenses to stabilize and potentially enhance gross margins [2][7][13] Debt and Financial Structure - **Debt Reduction**: Debt decreased from 833 million CNY to 691 million CNY, with a reduction in the debt-to-asset ratio by 0.55 percentage points [2][9] - **Financial Strategy**: Plans to continue reducing debt through increased earnings to optimize financial structure for a light-asset operation model [2][9] Professional Services Growth - **Value-Added Services**: Significant growth in professional value-added services, supported by the parent company, particularly in real estate pre-service areas [2][14] - **Core Revenue Sources**: Main revenue growth driven by primary property sales, second-hand housing, and new home renovation services, while new business areas like pet services remain small [2][15] Project Management and Competitive Advantage - **Project Expansion**: Strong competitive edge in the Feishu project expansion due to early market entry and extensive management experience across various sectors [3][16] - **Successful Projects**: Secured high-profile projects such as the global headquarters of 招商银行, showcasing capabilities in high-standard property management [3][17] Inventory Management - **Inventory Composition**: Approximately 1.1 billion CNY in inventory, primarily consisting of 900 million CNY in development costs related to a historical land issue in 衡阳 [2][18] Pricing Strategy - **Pricing Flexibility**: Currently, no flexible pricing model is offered, as services are tailored to specific client needs rather than standardized options [10][11] Challenges and Considerations - **Property Fee Adjustments**: Difficulty in adjusting property fees due to market pressures, with a balance between price reductions and increases based on service content [10] This summary encapsulates the essential insights from the conference call, highlighting the company's financial performance, market strategies, and operational challenges.

Summary of the Conference Call for Sai Electric Company Overview - Sai Electric's main business includes three segments: high-speed trains, locomotives, and urban rail, with each segment contributing 30%, 30%, and 40% to the revenue respectively [2][4][5] - The company expects to achieve a profit of approximately 2.5 billion RMB from its main business, with steady growth anticipated [2][5] Key Business Insights - **Locomotive Replacement Demand**: The plan to phase out old diesel locomotives is expected to be completed by 2027, creating significant demand for replacements. Currently, there are about 3,000-4,000 old locomotives that need updating, with historical annual delivery around 800 units [2][5] - **Emerging Business Segments**: Emerging businesses include power semiconductors, photovoltaic inverters, and deep-sea robots. Although these segments currently contribute less to profits, they have substantial revenue potential and profit elasticity [2][6] Financial Performance and Projections - **Power Semiconductor Business**: Expected revenue of 4.4 billion RMB in 2024 with a net profit of 1.2 billion RMB, yielding a net profit margin of 27%. The market share in high-voltage applications is 50%, and in low-voltage applications for passenger vehicles, it is nearly 15% [2][6][8] - **Future Growth**: By 2027, the total output value of the power semiconductor segment is projected to triple, reaching approximately 13-14 billion RMB, with revenues expected to exceed 10 billion RMB and net profits surpassing 2 billion RMB [2][8] - **Overall Profit Expectations**: The company anticipates an overall profit of 3.7 billion RMB in 2024, with expectations to reach 4.1-4.2 billion RMB this year, indicating double-digit growth [2][12] Market Position and Competitive Advantages - **Photovoltaic Inverter Market**: Sai Electric ranks among the top three in the photovoltaic inverter market, with expected revenue of 2 billion RMB in 2024. The company is poised to expand its market share rapidly due to the booming energy storage market [2][9] - **Deep-Sea Robot Market**: The company holds the largest global market share in deep-sea robots, generating approximately 1 billion RMB annually. Although current profitability is low, upcoming policies are expected to drive significant market growth [2][10] Shareholder Returns and Valuation - The current H-share price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is around 10 times, indicating a potentially undervalued status. The dividend payout ratio is expected to increase from 38% in 2024 to 50% [2][12] - The company has initiated share buybacks and plans to continue enhancing shareholder returns, supported by decreasing capital expenditures and increasing free cash flow [2][12] Conclusion - Sai Electric is positioned for growth in both its core and emerging business segments, with strong demand drivers in the locomotive replacement market and significant potential in power semiconductors and renewable energy sectors. The company’s financial health and shareholder return strategies suggest a positive outlook for future performance [2][3][12]