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Rockwell Medical(RMTI) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Net sales for Q3 2025 were $15.9 million, a 44% decrease from $28.3 million in Q3 2024, primarily due to the transition of the largest customer to another supplier [13] - Gross profit for Q3 2025 was $2.3 million, down 64% from $6.2 million in Q3 2024, with a gross margin of 14%, down from 22% in Q3 2024 [13][14] - Adjusted EBITDA for Q3 2025 was $50,000, an improvement from negative $200,000 in Q2 2025 and negative $400,000 in Q1 2025 [16] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a consistent adjusted gross margin performance within the guidance range of 16%-18%, despite the transition of the largest customer [6] - New long-term product purchasing agreements were signed with various medical centers, indicating growth potential in the customer base [8] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The largest customer represented 12% of net sales in Q3 2025, showing reduced dependence on any single customer due to diversification efforts [10] - The company is actively pursuing business development opportunities, including potential acquisitions, to strengthen its market position [22] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on optimizing its organizational structure and enhancing operational efficiency while maintaining high-quality customer service [5] - Strategic decisions made earlier in the year are translating into tangible results, with over 80% of customers operating under long-term agreements [4] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in achieving full-year guidance targets and sustainable profitability moving forward [6] - The company anticipates providing forward revenue guidance for 2026 early in the year, with expectations of growth driven by new customer relationships and product offerings [22] Other Important Information - Cash and cash equivalents increased to $23.7 million as of September 30, 2025, from $18.4 million at the end of Q2, providing opportunities for further investments [16][17] - The company is exploring expansion opportunities on the West Coast and in the home dialysis market, which is expected to grow significantly [38][40] Q&A Session Summary Question: Resolution timeline with former largest customer - Management expects the situation to resolve within the current quarter, with ongoing contract discussions [20] Question: Forward revenue guidance for 2026 - Guidance for 2026 is typically provided early in the year, with visibility expected during the fourth quarter earnings release [22] Question: Key prospects for bicarbonate disposables business - The introduction of the bicarbonate cartridge is expected to significantly grow sales, as it is a higher margin product [24] Question: Balancing restructuring and investments - The company is managing resource allocation carefully, focusing on growth opportunities while winding down less profitable operations [27] Question: Areas for improving gross margin - Immediate focus on labor costs for efficiency, with long-term goals to reduce material and distribution costs [29] Question: Facility closure background - A facility was closed as part of restructuring, consolidating manufacturing activities to reduce expenses [31]
Orchestra BioMed Holdings (NasdaqGM:OBIO) Update / Briefing Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Summary of Orchestra BioMed Holdings Q3 2025 Corporate Update Call Company Overview - **Company**: Orchestra BioMed Holdings (NasdaqGM:OBIO) - **Industry**: Medical Devices, specifically focusing on interventional cardiology and cardiac rhythm management Key Points and Arguments 1. **Business Model**: Orchestra BioMed aims to accelerate medical device innovations through strategic partnerships with global market leaders, focusing on high-impact therapies for unmet medical needs in hypertensive heart disease and artery disease [3][4] 2. **Flagship Programs**: The company has two main programs: AVIM Therapy for hypertension and Virtue SAB for coronary artery disease, both targeting multi-billion dollar markets [4][30] 3. **Pivotal Trials**: The company is currently enrolling patients in pivotal IDE trials for both therapies, designed to generate clinical data for regulatory approvals and commercial adoption [4][5] 4. **Funding Achievements**: Orchestra BioMed raised nearly $150 million in capital, including a $117.6 million strategic financing led by Medtronic and Ligand, and an additional $30 million from Terumo [5][14] 5. **Strategic Collaborations**: The company strengthened its collaboration with Medtronic and entered a new agreement with Terumo, enhancing its financial position and strategic options [5][15] 6. **Regulatory Designation**: AVIM Therapy received FDA breakthrough device designation, highlighting its potential to address significant unmet needs in hypertension management [30][31] 7. **Market Potential**: The global market opportunity for AVIM Therapy is estimated to exceed $17 billion, targeting high-risk hypertensive patients [31] 8. **Clinical Data**: Initial results from the SABER pilot study of Virtue SAB showed a target lesion failure rate of 2.8%, indicating strong clinical outcomes compared to existing treatments [25][26] 9. **Innovative Technology**: Virtue SAB utilizes a proprietary Sirolimus EFR formulation and a novel delivery system designed to optimize drug delivery without the need for permanent stents [22][23] 10. **Competitive Landscape**: The Virtue trial is positioned against Boston Scientific's Agent Paclitaxel-Coated Balloon, with the aim to demonstrate superior clinical outcomes [18][19] Additional Important Content 1. **Financial Health**: The company reported a cash balance of $96 million at the end of the quarter, with additional capital expected from strategic partners [36] 2. **Enrollment Expectations**: The company anticipates completing enrollment for the AVIM trial by mid-next year and is actively working on site activations for the Virtue trial [38][40] 3. **Long-term Strategy**: Orchestra BioMed is focused on maintaining operational control and exploring various strategic partnership structures to maximize the potential of its therapies [16][48] 4. **Market Dynamics**: The shift towards leave-nothing-behind treatment strategies in coronary artery disease is gaining momentum, with a market valued at approximately $7.5 billion annually [18][19] 5. **Physician Engagement**: There is growing excitement among physicians regarding the innovative technologies being developed, which is expected to facilitate enrollment in clinical trials [52][54] This summary encapsulates the critical insights from the call, highlighting the strategic direction, financial health, and clinical advancements of Orchestra BioMed in the medical device industry.
Alcon(ALC) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported third quarter sales of $2.6 billion, representing a 5% increase year-over-year [19] - Core gross margin was 62.9%, down 50 basis points from the previous year, primarily due to incremental tariffs [23] - Core diluted earnings were $0.79 per share, a decrease of $0.02 compared to last year [24] - Free cash flow generated in the first nine months was $1.2 billion, compared to $1.3 billion in 2024 [24] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Surgical franchise revenue increased by 5% year-over-year to $1.4 billion, with implantable sales at $432 million, up 2% [19][20] - Consumables sales in the third quarter were $745 million, also up 5%, reflecting improved global cataract procedure volumes [20] - Vision Care sales reached $1.2 billion, up 5%, driven by product innovation and price increases [21] - Ocular Health sales were $462 million, up 6%, led by eye drops for dry eye and glaucoma [22] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Global cataract procedure volumes grew approximately 3% in the quarter, an improvement but still below historical averages [16] - The global contact lens market grew approximately 4% in the quarter, with strong growth in the U.S. market offset by weaker international growth [16] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on building momentum in surgical equipment and ocular health, with significant investments in training and clinical support [6][8] - The launch of Unity VCS and Unity CS is expected to enhance surgical performance and efficiency [8] - The company is pursuing a proposed acquisition of Star Surgical, viewing it as complementary to its refractive laser business [17] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about improving market conditions and robust performance from recently launched products [18] - The company expects aggregate eye care markets to grow low single digits for the remainder of the year, reaffirming full-year guidance [26] - Anticipated headwinds include incremental tariff impacts and the full-year effect of recent acquisitions [29] Other Important Information - The company incurred $57 million in tariff-related charges in the first nine months of the year, with expectations of increased charges in Q4 [24][25] - The company is committed to maintaining disciplined cost management while driving margin expansion through operational leverage [29] Q&A Session Summary Question: Unity's cycle and U.S. market trends - Management indicated that the Unity cycle is on track and that U.S. cataract market growth improved in Q3, with expectations for continued recovery [35][39] Question: STAR transaction and competitive landscape - Management emphasized the attractiveness of the STAR transaction, highlighting its proven product and team, while acknowledging the competitive landscape [44][46] Question: Equipment growth and market dynamics - Management noted that equipment sales are expected to grow, driven by Unity and other product launches, but refrained from providing specific percentage estimates for next year [58][60] Question: Tripteer launch and market share - Management reported strong initial uptake of Tripteer, with positive feedback from the eye care community, and indicated that PanOptix Pro has exceeded expectations [92][101] Question: Tariff impacts and gross margin outlook - Management acknowledged the pressure from tariffs on gross margins but expressed confidence in operational actions to mitigate some of that pressure [73][75]
FLEX LNG .(FLNG) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Presentation
2025-11-12 14:00
Financial Performance & Guidance - The company expects approximately $340 million in revenues and adjusted EBITDA of approximately $250 million[9, 10] - The average cost of the four drydockings was approximately $5.6 million per vessel[19] - The company completed $355 million of new financing, releasing $94 million[27] - All-time high cash position of $479 million[27] Market Dynamics - Global LNG exports year-to-date 2025 amounted to 350 MT, a 3% increase year-over-year[33] - European LNG imports increased by 26% year-over-year, reaching 102.6 MT, while Asian imports decreased[33] - US LNG exports have seen strong growth, with Freeport exports up 32% year-over-year and Plaquemines seeing significant increases[36, 37] Fleet & Operations - All four drydockings were completed on time and on budget[14] - The average fleet age is 60 years as of November 2025[27] Newbuild & Scrapping Trends - Newbuild prices have stabilized at approximately $245 million, curbing new orders year-to-date[38, 42] - LNG vessel scrapping is at a new high in 2025[43]
BitFuFu(FUFU) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Total revenue for the third quarter reached $180.7 million, doubling year over year and increasing 57% sequentially [3][16] - Adjusted EBITDA was $22.1 million, significantly up from $5.8 million in the same period last year [17] - Net income increased to $11.6 million from a loss of $5 million in the same period last year [17] - Basic and diluted earnings per share were $0.07, compared to a loss of $0.03 per share in the same period of 2024 [17] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Cloud mining revenue increased to $122.9 million, a 78% year-over-year increase and a 30% increase compared to the second quarter [17] - Self-mining revenue was $20.1 million, down slightly year-over-year but up almost 36% from the second quarter [17] - Mining equipment sales revenue increased to $35.8 million, representing almost 20% of total revenue [18] - New customers contributed approximately 33% of cloud mining revenue, while existing customers contributed approximately 67% [18] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The average price of Bitcoin increased by approximately 88% compared to the same period last year [16] - Total mining capacity increased to approximately 36 exahash, supported by 624 megawatts of hosting capacity [13] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to transition from a purely asset-light model towards an integrated approach that balances both asset-light operations and strategic asset-heavy investments [10] - The company is actively pursuing opportunities globally to build or acquire mining facilities [10] - A cooperation agreement focused on real-world assets (RWA) has been signed to bridge the cloud mining business with broader capital markets [13][14] - The company is preparing to launch two natural gas-powered mining pilots in Canada to evaluate cost and uptime advantages [14] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - The company remains optimistic about the market potential of cloud mining, projecting that cloud mining services could account for approximately 60% of the cryptocurrency mining market by the next decade [5] - The company has demonstrated resilience in its business model, maintaining growth even during bear markets [8] - The focus for the fourth quarter is on operational execution and customer experience [16] Other Important Information - Total quarterly costs were $173.5 million, which included depreciation and amortization expense of $7.5 million [19] - The company held $32.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $222.1 million in digital assets as of September 30, 2025 [20] - The average daily trading volume of the stock increased by 138% compared to the first quarter of 2025 [22] Q&A Session Summary - No Q&A session was conducted during the call, but participants were encouraged to email questions to the investor relations team for responses [2]
CAE(CAE) - 2026 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Consolidated revenue for the quarter was $1.24 billion, a 9% increase compared to the same quarter last year [8] - Adjusted segment operating income rose to $155.3 million, up 4% from $149 million in the previous year [8] - Adjusted EPS was $0.23, slightly down from $0.24 in the same quarter last year [8] - Net finance expense increased to $56.9 million from $52.9 million, primarily due to additional financing costs related to acquisitions and lease expenses [8] - Net cash from operating activities increased to $214 million from $162.1 million year-over-year [9] - Free cash flow rose by 44% to $201 million compared to $140 million in the previous year [9] - Capital expenditures totaled $87.6 million, with approximately 85% allocated to growth initiatives [10] - Net debt position was approximately $3.2 billion, with a net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio of 2.66 times [11] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - In the civil segment, revenue grew 5% year-over-year to $670 million, but adjusted segment operating income decreased by 6% to $108.7 million, resulting in a margin of 16.2% [11] - Training center utilization dropped to 64% from 70% in the prior year, reflecting a seasonal slowdown [11] - In the defense segment, revenue increased by 14% year-over-year to $566.6 million, with adjusted segment operating income rising 41% to $46.6 million, achieving an 8.2% margin [12] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The civil adjusted backlog increased by 27% year-over-year to $8.5 billion, indicating a strong foundation for future growth [34] - The defense adjusted backlog reached $11.2 billion, supported by a robust pipeline of $6.1 billion in pending orders [37] - The civil book-to-sales ratio was 0.88 times for the quarter, while the trailing 12-month ratio remained above 1 at 1.22 times [33] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on a transformation plan that includes sharpening its portfolio, disciplined capital management, and operational excellence [4][6] - The defense business is highlighted as a key growth area, particularly with Canada's increased defense spending projected at CAD 81.8 billion over the next five years [5] - The transformation plan aims to enhance cash flow and return on assets while leveraging existing technology and customer relationships [14][18] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the company's strategic advantages and the potential for growth in both civil aviation and defense markets [13][40] - The outlook for civil aviation remains strong despite near-term challenges, with expectations for a recovery in pilot hiring and simulator sales [36][40] - In defense, momentum is building with higher-value contracts and modernization programs, maintaining a positive full-year outlook [37][40] Other Important Information - The company is undergoing significant organizational changes to streamline operations and improve performance [19][23] - Leadership changes include the retirement of the Chief Operating Officer and the consolidation of defense operations into two segments [19][21] Q&A Session Summary Question: Changes in capital approval thresholds - Management indicated that the threshold for capital approval has been tightened, focusing on ensuring investments align with current market conditions and performance expectations [44][45] Question: Surprises encountered during the transition - The CEO noted positive surprises in organizational energy and customer relevance, confirming the company's strong position [47] Question: Potential for margin improvement and free cash flow - Management stated that some initiatives will yield immediate results, while others may take longer to realize benefits [60] Question: Opportunities for optimizing capital employed - The CEO acknowledged the need to optimize capital employed in the civil segment, particularly given the current utilization rates [53][54] Question: Insights from the Canadian Aerospace Summit - The CEO emphasized the opportunity for CAE to participate in the growth of Canada's defense industrial base, highlighting the importance of training and mission readiness [56][57]
Enlight Renewable Energy .(ENLT) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Total revenues and income increased to $165 million, up 46.7% year over year from $113 million [25] - Revenue from electricity sales rose 27% to $139 million compared to $109 million in the same period last year [25] - Adjusted EBITDA grew by 23% to $112 million compared to $91 million for the same period in 2024 [26] - Net income increased by 33% to $32 million compared to $24 million last year [26] - Full-year 2025 guidance for revenue is now expected between $555 million and $565 million, and adjusted EBITDA is expected between $405 million and $415 million, representing increases of 6% and 4.5% respectively [29] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - New projects contributed $22 million to revenues from electricity sales, with significant contributions from Atwisko, Reyes Project, Pupin, and Tapolca [25][26] - Energy storage is identified as a major growth engine, with significant acquisitions in Europe, including the Berdegow project in Germany and the Edison project in Poland [9][10] - The global mature storage portfolio reached 11.8 gigawatt-hours, reflecting an annual revenue potential of $650 million to $700 million once operational [10] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Revenue distribution: 47% from Israel, 27% from Europe, and 26% from the U.S. [26] - The company has secured $4.8 billion in project finance and corporate debt over the past 12 months, enhancing financial flexibility [28] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to triple its business size every three years, with a projected annual revenue run rate of about $2 billion by the end of 2028 [17] - The strategy includes a focus on energy storage to address the growing demand in Europe, particularly in Germany and Poland [9][43] - The company is committed to maintaining a disciplined approach to growth, ensuring strong returns on investments with expected returns on equity above 15% [17][18] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the company's ability to navigate challenges and capitalize on market opportunities, particularly in renewable energy [5][16] - The anticipated growth in AI investments is expected to drive unprecedented demand for electricity, positioning renewable energy as a key solution [16] - The regulatory environment is improving, with favorable developments expected to support growth [17] Other Important Information - The company has made significant progress in securing eligibility for federal tax credits, with over 9 gigawatts of projects safe-harbored [22] - The Snowflake A project in Arizona reached a financial close of $1.5 billion, marking a significant milestone for the company [11][27] Q&A Session Summary Question: How did solar and wind resource availability compare to typical seasonal assumptions? - Management noted additional wind in some Israeli assets and solar performance was in line with expectations, with extra revenue from battery storage projects [30] Question: What enabled the acceleration in safe harboring projects? - The strategy involved significant physical work both onsite and offsite, allowing the company to complete the 9-gigawatt safe harboring target ahead of schedule [31][32] Question: What are the growth rates expected for operating capacity moving forward? - Continued growth is expected, with a build-out of projects safe-harbored between 14-17 gigawatts, and the company is prepared to manage interconnection and permitting risks [33][34] Question: Can you discuss the EBITDA guidance and long-term targets? - The company aims for project-level EBITDA to be above 70%, with adjustments on the corporate side affecting overall margins [38] Question: What is the current exposure to India tariffs and mitigation strategies? - The company is focused on sourcing PV cells from countries not subject to ongoing investigations, providing flexibility to mitigate country-specific risks [39] Question: Are the recent acquisitions in Europe part of a new strategy? - The acquisitions are part of a diversified approach, allowing the company to grow consistently across different regions and technologies [41][42]
Yatra(YTRA) - 2026 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - For Q2 FY 2026, revenue grew 48.5% year over year to INR 3,508 million (approximately $39.5 million) [3][9] - Adjusted EBITDA surged 218% year over year to INR 212 million (or $2.4 million) [4][9] - Profit for the period increased significantly to INR 98.8 million (or $1.1 million), compared to a loss of INR 0.3 million (or $0.1 million) in the prior year [4][10] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Corporate travel segment onboarded 34 new clients, adding an annual billing potential of INR 2.6 billion (or $29.5 million) [5] - Air ticketing adjusted margin increased 14.7% year on year to INR 1,016 million (or $11.4 million) [9] - Hotels and packages adjusted margin rose 28.6% year on year to INR 514.5 million (or $5.8 million) [9][11] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The corporate travel market in India is expected to reach around $20 billion by FY 2027, with online penetration at just about 20% in FY 2024 [4][5] - Total gross bookings across all segments increased 16.2% year on year to INR 2,050.48 million (or $231.0 million) [11] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to capture growth opportunities through expanded corporate client base and enhanced technology offerings [8] - Focus on digital adoption in both leisure and corporate travel segments, with a commitment to disciplined cost management and profitable scaling [8] - Ongoing restructuring efforts to streamline corporate structure across multiple jurisdictions [7][25] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted strong demand and consistent execution across corporate and consumer platforms, with a positive outlook for travel consumption due to tax reductions in India [6][8] - The corporate travel market is growing at approximately 8-9%, with the company growing at nearly double that rate due to technology adoption [15] - Management expressed confidence in moving forward with restructuring despite regulatory complexities [25] Other Important Information - The company has introduced a generative AI-powered travel assistant to enhance user experience [6] - Cash and cash equivalents stood at INR 2,207.8 million (or $24.9 million) as of September 30, 2025 [11] Q&A Session Summary Question: Corporate travel trends in India market - Management indicated that the corporate travel market is growing at about 8-9%, with the company growing at nearly double that rate due to technology adoption [15] Question: M&A potential to accelerate MICE business - Management continues to evaluate M&A opportunities but did not provide specific details at this time [16] Question: Status of restructuring efforts - Management stated that there are still steps to complete on their end, with an uncertain timeline due to multiple regulators involved [17][25] Question: Profitability of consumer business compared to corporate travel - The consumer business accounts for about a third of overall gross bookings and is expected to see gradual profitability improvement [24] Question: Timeline for restructuring completion - Management estimated that restructuring should take less than a year, but it is subject to regulatory approvals [26] Question: Plans to address valuation gap with peers - Management is working on introducing fungibility to shares to align US and Indian valuations [31][33]
Circle(CRCL) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Circle Internet Group (NYSE:CRCL) Q3 2025 Earnings Call November 12, 2025 08:00 AM ET Speaker0Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. My name is Krista, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome you to the Circle Group Circle Internet Group Third Quarter twenty twenty five Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speakers' remarks, there will be a question and answer session.Thank you. I would n ...
Zentalis Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGM:ZNTL) 2025 Conference Transcript
2025-11-12 14:00
Summary of Zentalis Pharmaceuticals Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Zentalis Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGM:ZNTL) - **Lead Candidate**: Azenosertib, an orally available non-chemotherapy treatment for Cyclin E1-positive platinum-resistant ovarian cancer [2][3] Industry Context - **Market Need**: High unmet need in the PROC (platinum-resistant ovarian cancer) setting, with no approved therapies for patients with Cyclin E1 overexpression [8][11] - **Current Standard of Care**: Single-agent chemotherapy with response rates between 4% and 13% [11] Key Points on Azenosertib - **Efficacy**: - Response rates over 30% and duration of response exceeding six months at a dose of 400 mg [3][12] - Over 350 patients treated at doses of 300 mg and above, with over 200 in the PROC setting [3] - **Safety Profile**: Manageable safety profile with tolerability comparable between 300 mg and 400 mg doses [4][12] - **Biomarker Development**: Companion diagnostic developed to identify patients for enrollment in trials [9][32] Clinical Trials - **Denali Trial**: - Part 2 designed for registration and accelerated approval pathway [5][14] - Focus on patients with one to three prior lines of therapy [14] - Expected top-line data by the end of 2026 [17][18] - **Phase 3 Trial**: Planned concurrent enrollment with Denali Part 2B, aiming for at least 80% enrollment for accelerated approval [16][25] Market Opportunity - **Patient Population**: Approximately 21,500 patients in the PROC setting with Cyclin E1 overexpression, representing about 50% of the market [8][10] - **Financial Potential**: Comparison to Elahere, which generated over $330 million in sales in the first half of the year, indicating strong market demand for biomarker-selected therapies [10] Competitive Landscape - **Other Treatments**: Acknowledgment of competition from antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and CDK2 inhibitors [26][27] - **Differentiation**: Azenosertib offers a non-chemotherapy option for patients who have had limited success with existing treatments [27][34] Regulatory and Development Strategy - **FDA Interaction**: Ongoing discussions with the FDA regarding trial design and accelerated approval pathways [15][24] - **Funding**: Cash runway supports development through late 2027, ensuring continued progress towards trial milestones [19] Conclusion - Zentalis Pharmaceuticals is focused on addressing a significant unmet need in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with azenosertib, leveraging a strong clinical development strategy and a clear understanding of the patient population and market dynamics [18][19]