ProPetro (NYSE:PUMP) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:57
ProPetro (NYSE:PUMP) FY Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: ProPetro Holding Corp. - **Ticker**: PUMP - **Industry**: Oil and Gas Services, specifically hydraulic fracturing and power generation - **Headquarters**: Midland, Texas - **Key Executives**: Matt Augustine (VP of Finance and Investor Relations), Shelby Fietz (Chief Commercial Officer) Key Points Financial Performance - **Q3 Revenue**: $294 million - **Adjusted EBITDA**: $35 million - **Free Cash Flow from Completion Business**: $25 million - **Revenue Mix**: 71% hydraulic fracturing, 18% wireline, 11% cement [6][8][19] Investment Thesis - Built on four pillars: sustainable free cash flow, exposure to the Permian Basin, technology innovation, and a strong balance sheet [4][6] - Over $1 billion invested since 2022 to refresh assets and technology [4] ProPower Business - New business line generating revenue since December 2024, with 220 megawatts contracted [7][13] - Focus on long-term take-or-pay contracts to build sustainable free cash flow [5][12] - Initial contract for 80 megawatts for 10 years with a large E&P operator in the Permian Basin [12] - Anticipated installed capacity of at least 1 gigawatt by 2030, with projected EBITDA of $265 million-$280 million from this business [14][15] Market Position and Strategy - ProPetro is the second leading horsepower provider in the Permian Basin, with a significant market share [35] - Focus on capital efficiency and maintaining a strong balance sheet while investing in growth [21][26] - Emphasis on industrialized operations and technology to reduce operating expenses and emissions [10][20] Industry Dynamics - Current market characterized by high attrition rates among smaller players, leading to consolidation [33][34] - Stable free cash flow generation despite fluctuations in oil prices, with a focus on maintaining operational efficiency [30][31] - Anticipated increase in activity levels as production in the Permian Basin is expected to roll over [32] Challenges and Opportunities - Need for education among customers regarding the efficiency and cost savings of ProPower solutions compared to traditional diesel generators [46][49] - Growing demand for power generation in the Permian Basin and data center sectors, with ProPetro positioned to meet this demand [39][40] - Competitive advantage due to established relationships with suppliers like Caterpillar and existing customer bases [11][18] Future Outlook - ProPetro aims to leverage its strong free cash flow from the completion business to fund growth in the ProPower segment [13][21] - Continued focus on diversifying customer base beyond oil and gas to include data centers and utility-like projects [38][42] - Anticipation of a re-rate in valuation due to improved free cash flow generation and market positioning [25][26] Additional Insights - The company has a history of successful mergers and acquisitions to bolster its service offerings [22] - ProPetro's operational efficiency and technology investments are expected to yield long-term benefits, particularly in a challenging market environment [23][24]
Innoviz Technologies (NasdaqCM:INVZ) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:47
Innoviz Technologies (NasdaqCM:INVZ) FY Conference November 20, 2025 10:45 AM ET Company ParticipantsOmer Keilaf - Founder and CEOConference Call ParticipantsNone - AnalystNoneOh, LinkedIn is much better.Omer KeilafOh, actually, yeah, I think LinkedIn is something I've really dealt with when COVID, when I couldn't travel. Now I can travel and talk to people.You can talk to people, and you can still post your videos on LinkedIn.Right, you're right.All right.I do that on Twitter, actually.Twitter. It is looki ...
InterDigital (NasdaqGS:IDCC) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:17
InterDigital FY Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company Name**: InterDigital Corporation - **Ticker Symbol**: IDCC - **Industry Focus**: Wireless, visual, AI, and related technologies - **Founded**: 1972 - **Key Customers**: Apple, Samsung, Lenovo, Oppo [5][22] Core Points and Arguments - **Business Model**: InterDigital operates on an "IP as a service" model, focusing on long-term fixed-price agreements with customers, resulting in subscription-like revenue [9][22] - **Financial Performance**: - 2024 revenue exceeded $800 million - Adjusted EBITDA margin of 63% - Strong balance sheet with approximately $1 billion in cash [5][24] - **Patent Portfolio**: Over 34,000 patent assets, with a growth of more than 70% since 2017, averaging six new patents per day [20][21] - **Market Position**: Holds licenses for approximately 85% of the smartphone market and has significant penetration in PCs, tablets, and consumer electronics [30][31] Business Momentum and Growth Strategy - **Recent Agreements**: Since 2021, InterDigital has signed over 50 licenses with a total contract value exceeding $4 billion [21][22] - **Annualized Recurring Revenue (ARR)**: Increased from around $400 million in 2021 to approximately $588 million in 2025, targeting $1 billion by 2030 [23][27] - **Growth Pillars**: Focus on smartphones, consumer electronics, IoT, and emerging opportunities in streaming and cloud services [27][32] Industry Dynamics - **Technological Advancements**: InterDigital is involved in the development of standards for 5G and 6G technologies, collaborating with major industry players [10][19] - **Video Traffic Growth**: The company highlights the exponential growth of mobile network traffic, particularly driven by video content [12][13] - **Emerging Markets**: Significant opportunities in connected vehicles and cellular IoT, with a projected increase in connected cars and IoT devices [30][31] Legal and Competitive Landscape - **Litigation**: InterDigital has initiated legal actions against companies like Disney for patent infringement, achieving preliminary injunctions in Brazil and Germany [34] - **Competitive Position**: Recognized as one of the world's 100 most innovative companies by LexisNexis, indicating strong industry standing despite being less known to the general public [19][20] Capital Allocation and Future Outlook - **Cash Management**: InterDigital maintains a strong balance sheet with over $1.2 billion in cash, prioritizing organic investments in innovation and potential strategic acquisitions [35][36] - **Dividend Policy**: Since 2011, the company has returned nearly $2 billion to shareholders through buybacks and dividends, with a recent 17% increase in dividends [25][37] - **Future Goals**: Targeting a billion dollars in annualized recurring revenue by 2030, with a focus on maintaining high adjusted EBITDA margins [38][39] Additional Insights - **Management Team**: Led by experienced executives with backgrounds in major tech companies, enhancing credibility and strategic direction [6][7] - **Market Trends**: The shift towards video-on-demand services and the increasing importance of video compression technologies are critical to InterDigital's future growth [32][33] This summary encapsulates the key points from the InterDigital FY Conference, highlighting the company's strategic direction, financial performance, and industry positioning.
Mattr (OTCPK:MTTR.F) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:17
Summary of Mattr's Conference Call Company Overview - **Company Name**: Mattr - **Stock Exchange**: Toronto Stock Exchange (Symbol: MTTR) - **CEO**: Mike Reeves - **Revenue**: Over $1.3 billion in trailing 12-month revenue - **Focus**: Infrastructure products manufacturing, primarily in North America, with a global reach [1][2] Business Segments - **Connection Technologies**: Driven by electrification, focusing on engineered wire, cable, and assemblies. Brands include ShoreFlex (Canada) and AmerCable (U.S.) [2][3] - **Composite Technologies**: Transitioning from traditional materials to composite materials for liquid management. Key brands include Flexpipe (oil and gas) and Xerxes (underground fuel storage tanks) [4][5] Market Dynamics - **Growth Opportunities**: - Shift towards composite materials due to their longevity, faster installation, and corrosion resistance [5] - Aging infrastructure in North America necessitating expansion and refreshment [6] - Increasing demand for clean water and pollution management due to tightening regulations [6] Financial Performance and Strategy - **Transformation**: Significant restructuring over the past four years, divesting eight businesses and acquiring one [3] - **Capital Expenditure**: Normalized capital spending expected to be around 1% for maintenance and 2%-3% for growth in 2026 [9] - **EBITDA Margins**: Expected to exceed 20% with revenue growth rates above 10% and free cash flow conversion rates above 70% [11] Challenges and Risks - **Economic Conditions**: Anticipated challenges in 2026 due to economic slowing in Canada and potential trade frictions [7][8] - **Debt Management**: Increased net debt due to the acquisition of AmerCable, with a focus on debt reduction moving forward [12][14] - **Tariff Risks**: Monitoring potential tariffs on copper and the implications for manufacturing costs and margins [18][33] Competitive Landscape - **Connection Technologies**: Competing with TE Connectivity and 3M in the heat shrink tubing market, with a fragmented competitive environment in wiring cable [21][22] - **Xerxes Business**: Strong demand for underground fuel storage tanks driven by the replacement cycle of aging tanks and new convenience store constructions [25][26] Future Outlook - **Data Center Construction**: Growing revenue stream from data centers, with expectations of continued growth over the next 12 months [20][21] - **Manufacturing Optimization**: Ongoing investments in automation to improve production efficiency and meet rising demand [31] Conclusion - Mattr is positioned for growth in critical infrastructure markets, with a focus on efficiency and strategic capital allocation. The company is navigating potential economic and regulatory challenges while capitalizing on market opportunities in electrification and composite materials [16][36]
Air T (NasdaqCM:AIRT) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:17
Summary of Air T (NasdaqCM:AIRT) FY Conference Call Company Overview - **Company Name**: Air T - **Ticker Symbol**: AIRT - **Industry**: Aviation and Aircraft Asset Management - **Key Personnel**: Dan Philpe (Senior Vice President, Corporate Development), Nick Swenson (CEO) Core Business Model - Air T focuses on building aviation companies through acquisitions and starting new businesses, primarily in aircraft asset management [2][3] - The company typically acquires one to two businesses per year, emphasizing a patient and strategic approach to acquisitions [3] - Air T operates with a decentralized management structure, allowing individual business units to make local decisions [4][10] Financial and Shareholder Insights - Senior management owns 20% of the company, with CEO Nick Swenson owning 49% [5] - The company has conducted stock buybacks, removing 22% of its stock from the market over time [5] - Air T aims to improve shareholder communication and transparency [6] Business Units and Operations - Air T owns three feeder airlines for FedEx, which are cash-generative and asset-light [8] - The company has a diversified portfolio, including businesses focused on aircraft engines, airframes, and maintenance services [21][22] - Recent acquisitions include World ACD, a co-op database for cargo information, and Crestone, which manages aircraft joint ventures [19][24] Recent Developments - Air T is in the process of acquiring Regional Express, the third-largest airline in Australia, which is expected to close soon [36] - The company has developed a significant asset management platform, allowing it to manage aircraft and generate fee income [28][30] Financial Performance - The company reported a working capital high due to inventory levels in its de-icing manufacturing business [17] - Air T's capital structure includes $35 million in trust-preferred securities with an 8% coupon [16] - The company is approaching $1 billion in assets under management (AUM) for its aircraft joint ventures [29] Market Position and Strategy - Air T aims to capitalize on the aging aircraft market, with many older aircraft still in operation due to issues with newer technology [40] - The company is focused on making the end-of-life aircraft market more institutionalized and understandable [41] - Air T plans to grow its leasing capabilities and potentially acquire younger aircraft as it scales [41] Digital Initiatives - Air T has invested in digital solutions, including Amber Hill Technologies, which provides ERP solutions for maintenance and repair facilities [32][33] - The company is experiencing growth in annual recurring revenue (ARR) from its software and data businesses [31] Conclusion - Air T is strategically positioned in the aviation industry with a focus on aircraft asset management and a diversified portfolio of businesses. The company is committed to enhancing shareholder value through acquisitions, operational efficiency, and improved communication.
CoStar Group (NasdaqGS:CSGP) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:02
CoStar Group FY Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: CoStar Group (NasdaqGS: CSGP) - **Date of Conference**: November 20, 2025 - **Key Speakers**: Chris Lown (CFO), Rich (Head of Investor Relations) Industry Insights Apartments Market - **Growth**: The apartments business has experienced 13 consecutive quarters of double-digit revenue growth, with a revenue increase from over $50 million to over $1.2 billion since acquisition over 10 years ago [5][6][7] - **Market Position**: CoStar is the market leader, significantly larger than its closest competitor, with a total addressable market (TAM) exceeding $9 billion [7][8] - **Technology Integration**: The introduction of Matterport Plus has enhanced customer experience, allowing virtual tours that lead to lower bounce rates and higher engagement [6][8][35] - **Sales Strategy**: A renewed focus on expanding the sales force by approximately 20% to better capture market opportunities [14][16] Competitive Landscape - **Market Dynamics**: CoStar faces competition primarily from Zillow and a few smaller players, but believes there is ample opportunity for growth due to low market penetration (15%-20%) [12][21] - **Differentiation**: CoStar emphasizes its technological edge and superior consumer experience as key differentiators in the market [12][13][21] AI and Technology - **AI Integration**: CoStar views AI as a transformative force in the industry, enhancing customer experience and operational efficiency [12][28][49] - **Data Utilization**: The company has over 2.4 trillion records, primarily proprietary, which provides a competitive advantage in data organization and analysis [46][47] Financial Performance - **Revenue Growth**: The apartments segment has shown consistent growth, with a focus on expanding into smaller property markets [5][21] - **Sales Efficiency**: The sales team is described as highly efficient, utilizing a metrics-focused approach to drive performance [19] Matterport Technology - **Adoption Rates**: 90% of users click on listings with Matterport, indicating its effectiveness in driving engagement [40][76] - **B2B Strategy**: CoStar is shifting its focus to a B2B model for Matterport, targeting larger clients rather than individual photographers [42] Homes Market - **Unique Positioning**: CoStar differentiates itself by focusing on helping listing agents and home sellers, rather than competing directly with buyer-focused platforms [52][53] - **Subscriber Growth**: The platform has over 26,000 subscribers and 130,000 paid listings, establishing itself as a market leader [56] Capital Allocation - **Buyback Program**: CoStar has accelerated its $500 million buyback program, indicating a strategic shift in capital allocation [78][79] Conclusion CoStar Group is positioned as a leader in the real estate technology space, with a strong focus on technology integration, market expansion, and capital efficiency. The company is leveraging AI and proprietary data to enhance its offerings and drive growth across its various platforms.
Repay (NasdaqCM:RPAY) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:02
Summary of Repay (NasdaqCM:RPAY) FY Conference Call - November 20, 2025 Company Overview - **Company**: Repay - **Founded**: 2006 - **Business Model**: Embedded payments solution within enterprise software, focusing on consumer payments and business payments [2][3] Key Segments - **Consumer Payments**: Represents approximately 85% of the business, focusing on consumer invoices, particularly in sectors like auto lending and mortgage lending [23] - **Business Payments**: Accounts for about 15% of revenue but is a faster-growing segment, emphasizing accounts payable (AP) automation [35] Core Insights and Arguments - **Growth Recovery**: After experiencing negative growth for the first time in its history due to client losses, the company has shown sequential growth throughout 2025, with expectations to continue this trend into Q4 [10][11] - **Normalized Growth Guidance**: For Q4, Repay anticipates a normalized gross profit growth of 6%-8%, with expectations to exit the year closer to the lower end of that range [12] - **Market Opportunity**: The total addressable market is estimated at over $5.6 trillion, with significant opportunities in automating business payments, particularly in the accounts payable sector [17][35] - **Digital Transformation**: The company is capitalizing on the shift towards digital payments, with over 50% of payables still being processed via paper checks, indicating a substantial opportunity for automation [18] Operational Changes and Investments - **Sales Strategy**: Investments are being made in enterprise sales and sales development representatives (SDRs) to enhance client engagement and accelerate implementation cycles [13][14] - **Technology Investments**: Focus on leveraging AI to improve operational efficiencies and reduce implementation times, with expectations for returns on these investments to materialize by mid-2026 [15][16] - **Dynamic Wallet Feature**: A new solution that integrates consumer invoices into digital wallets (Apple Pay, Google Pay) is expected to enhance user engagement and payment adoption [25][26] Financial Performance and Projections - **EBITDA Margins**: The company has maintained high EBITDA margins, with a free cash flow conversion guidance of over 50% exiting 2025, despite some margin compression due to competitive pressures [46][48] - **Capital Allocation**: Repay has focused on share buybacks and debt repayment, with $38 million spent on buybacks and $74 million on debt reduction in 2025 [49] Market Conditions and Risks - **Consumer Market Stability**: The consumer market, particularly in used auto and accounts receivable management, has stabilized, with no significant changes expected in the near term [24][53] - **Non-Discretionary Transactions**: The nature of Repay's transactions is largely non-discretionary, which may provide some resilience against macroeconomic downturns [55] Future Milestones - **Execution Focus for 2026**: The company aims to demonstrate continued organic growth and successful client implementations as key indicators for future performance [56][57] Additional Insights - **Competitive Advantage**: Repay's full-stack processing capabilities, including its own clearing and settlement engine, provide a strategic advantage by controlling the entire transaction experience [37][38] - **Real-Time Payments**: The company is exploring the integration of real-time payment solutions like FedNow, although adoption is still in early stages [42][44] This summary encapsulates the key points discussed during the conference call, highlighting Repay's strategic direction, market opportunities, and financial outlook.
Lifecore Biomedical (NasdaqGS:LFCR) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 16:02
Lifecore Biomedical FY Conference Summary Company Overview - Lifecore Biomedical has transitioned from a food conglomerate to a standalone Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (CDMO) [3][4] - The company specializes in sterile injectables, which is the fastest-growing segment of the CDMO market, with a growth rate of approximately 10% [3] Key Points Transition and Leadership - The leadership team has been completely revamped, bringing in significant experience with nearly 150 years combined in the CDMO and pharmaceutical industry [8] - The company has improved its cash flow, investor relations, and media visibility, increasing the number of covering research analysts from two to five [5][6] Financial Performance and Projections - Lifecore reported $130 million in revenue and $20 million in EBITDA last year [25] - For the current stub period, the guidance is $74-$76 million in revenue and $12-$14 million in EBITDA [25] - The company aims for a low double-digit compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the next three to four years, targeting a 12% CAGR and expanding EBITDA margins from 15% to 25% [26][27] Market Position and Opportunities - Lifecore has a strong foundation in hyaluronic acid (HA), which is critical for its business and customer retention [16][18] - The company has a pipeline of 12 late-stage programs expected to launch between 2026 and 2029, with multiple potential launches each year [12][26] - Lifecore is positioned to benefit from the trend of onshoring and reshoring pharmaceuticals, which has been accelerated by recent geopolitical events [14][30] Capacity and Utilization - Lifecore has approximately $300 million in annual revenue-generating capacity, currently operating at 20% utilization [20][34] - The company has invested $90 million in capital expenditures over the past five years to prepare for future growth [19] Regulatory and Compliance - Lifecore has a clean regulatory track record, which is crucial for building customer trust in the CDMO space [32][33] - The company recently underwent a successful FDA audit with only minor observations [9] Strategic Initiatives - A new commercial strategy has been implemented, focusing on aggressive business development and marketing to maximize opportunities [10][11] - The company is also implementing an ERP system expected to go live in Q1 2026, which will enhance operational efficiency [6][47] Customer Relationships - Lifecore has established long-term relationships with customers, some lasting 20-40 years, particularly in the ophthalmic and orthopedic sectors [4][18] - The company has closed 14 new opportunities since the leadership change, with nine in the last 12 months [11] Capital Allocation and Future Investments - Lifecore ended the last quarter with $42.5 million in liquidity, including $18.9 million in cash [54] - Future capital expenditures are expected to be in the range of $7.5 million to $10 million annually, split between maintenance and growth [55] Conclusion - Lifecore Biomedical is positioned for predictable growth with a strong commercial foundation and a robust late-stage pipeline. The company is optimistic about its future, aiming to become a significant player in the CDMO market while improving healthcare outcomes [60]
Vitesse (NYSE:VTS) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 15:37
Summary of Vitesse Energy Conference Call Company Overview - **Company Name**: Vitesse Energy - **Ticker**: VTS - **Business Model**: Primarily a non-operated oil and gas company participating in wells in North Dakota's Bakken Play and Colorado's DJ Basin [2][3] Key Industry Insights - **Market Position**: Vitesse holds over 50,000 net acres in North Dakota and engages in acquisitions to manage capital spending [3][4] - **Production Metrics**: Current production is approximately 17,000 BOE per day, with 65% of production from oil, contributing to 90% of revenue [10][21] - **Technological Advancements**: The industry is seeing longer laterals (up to four miles) which improve production efficiency and economics [5][12][19] Financial Strategy - **Dividend Policy**: Vitesse prioritizes maintaining a dividend of over 10%, viewing it as crucial for capital allocation [4][6] - **Capital Allocation**: The company plans to reduce capital spending in response to market conditions, focusing on maintaining cash flows and dividend payments [7][24] - **Hedging Strategy**: Approximately 45% of oil and gas production is hedged, with a floor around $64 and a ceiling around $66, to mitigate price volatility [20] Recent Developments - **Acquisition of Lucero Oil and Gas**: This acquisition allows Vitesse to operate some wells, marking a shift from being solely non-operated [21][22] - **Legal Settlement**: Vitesse settled a lawsuit with Hess regarding royalty payments, resulting in improved contract terms [27] Market Outlook - **Oil Price Predictions**: The company anticipates oil prices to remain in the high $50s to low $60s, with potential for a slowdown in operations if prices drop below $50 [23][24] - **Future Opportunities**: Vitesse aims to leverage its strong balance sheet to capitalize on acquisition opportunities as the market adjusts [24][25] Additional Insights - **Data Utilization**: Vitesse employs a vast data system to analyze operator performance and optimize capital investment decisions [11][14] - **AI Integration**: The company is integrating AI to enhance data accessibility and operational efficiency across departments [14] Conclusion Vitesse Energy is strategically positioned in the Bakken Play with a focus on maintaining dividends and managing capital efficiently amidst fluctuating oil prices. The recent acquisition and technological advancements in drilling are expected to enhance production capabilities and financial stability moving forward.
Research Solutions (NasdaqCM:RSSS) FY Conference Transcript
2025-11-20 15:37
Summary of Research Solutions (NasdaqCM:RSSS) FY Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Research Solutions, Inc. (RSSS) - **Industry**: Scientific research and document delivery - **Business Model**: Transitioning from a transactional model to a SaaS platform model focused on research and development (R&D) [2][9][20] Key Points and Arguments Business Transformation - The company is undergoing a significant transformation from providing peer-reviewed scientific research articles to offering a sophisticated SaaS product called Article Galaxy, which streamlines the research process for corporate clients [2][3][4] - Article Galaxy allows researchers to access scientific papers through a single search, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs [3][4] Product Offerings - **Article Galaxy**: A platform for accessing scientific research papers, now includes rental capabilities and rights management features [4][5] - **Scite**: An AI-powered discovery product acquired by the company, which enhances the research process by providing insights beyond paywalls [8][20] - **DocDel (Document Delivery)**: The transactional business segment, which is currently facing challenges due to customer churn [6][9][15] Financial Performance - The company reported a 20% organic growth in Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR), which is now over $21 million [16][19] - The platform business has a gross margin of approximately 85%, while the transactional business has a gross margin of 24-25% [13][16] - The overall corporate blended gross margin has improved from 40% to over 50% in the past two years [17] Market Opportunity - The Total Addressable Market (TAM) for the B2B segment is estimated at $4 billion, with significant growth potential in the B2C segment as well [12][21] - The company serves a diverse range of verticals, including pharmaceuticals, biotech, and academic institutions, with about half of its revenue coming from the healthcare sector [11][12][21] Customer Dynamics - The company has approximately 1,500 customers, with a typical customer lifetime value of 6-8 years [11][21][42] - Renewal rates are around 90%, with top-tier customers achieving renewal rates of 97-98% [41][42] - Challenges in the transactional business are attributed to customer churn and the increasing availability of open-access content [33][36] Strategic Focus - The company aims to be the "Bloomberg terminal" for research, providing comprehensive solutions across the research workflow [20] - There is an ongoing discussion about share buybacks as a strategy to enhance shareholder value, especially given the current trading multiples [23][24] AI Integration - AI is viewed as both a threat and an opportunity; the company is focused on integrating AI into its workflow to enhance its offerings while ensuring compliance with copyright regulations [27][28][29] Future Outlook - The company expects continued growth in its platform business, while the transactional business may remain flat due to market dynamics [10][15] - The management is optimistic about the long-term growth potential and is focused on executing its strategic plan [19][21] Additional Important Insights - The company has made two acquisitions in the past five years to enhance its discovery capabilities [7][20] - The management is implementing a new software tool to proactively manage customer relationships and reduce churn [43] - The competitive landscape is evolving, with many new entrants in the research AI space, but the company believes it has a unique position due to its access to comprehensive content [29][30]