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深证上游产业指数上涨1.32%,前十大权重包含赣锋锂业等
Jin Rong Jie· 2025-05-12 13:43
Core Viewpoint - The Shenzhen Upstream Industry Index has shown a recent increase, indicating potential investment opportunities in the upstream sector of the market [1] Group 1: Index Performance - The Shenzhen Upstream Industry Index rose by 1.32%, closing at 3951.01 points, with a trading volume of 16.078 billion yuan [1] - Over the past month, the index has increased by 5.14%, while it has decreased by 4.57% over the last three months and is down 0.09% year-to-date [1] Group 2: Index Composition - The Shenzhen Upstream Industry Index is composed of companies from the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors, providing diverse investment options for investors [1] - The index is based on a reference date of December 31, 2002, with a base point of 1000.0 [1] Group 3: Top Holdings - The top ten weighted stocks in the Shenzhen Upstream Industry Index include: - Ganfeng Lithium (5.27%) - Shanjin International (4.81%) - Yun Aluminum (4.64%) - Tianqi Lithium (4.54%) - Shenhuo Co. (4.0%) - Feilihua (3.7%) - Tongling Nonferrous Metals (3.66%) - China Rare Earth (3.62%) - Zhongmin Resources (3.17%) - Tianshan Aluminum (3.13%) [1] Group 4: Sector Allocation - The sector allocation of the index holdings is as follows: - Industrial metals: 34.91% - Rare metals: 32.53% - Precious metals: 10.22% - Coal: 6.42% - Other non-metal materials: 5.57% - Oil and natural gas: 3.86% - Other nonferrous metals and alloys: 3.39% - Oil and gas extraction and field services: 3.10% [2] Group 5: Sample Adjustment - The index samples are adjusted semi-annually, with adjustments occurring on the next trading day after the second Friday of June and December each year [2] - The sample adjustment typically does not exceed 20%, with special circumstances allowing for temporary adjustments [2]
江西新余市市场监管局助力打造“美丽新余”名片
Group 1 - The Jiangxi Xinyu Market Supervision Administration is actively promoting the construction of a low-carbon, green ecological, and civilized "Beautiful Xinyu" brand by leveraging its measurement and standardization functions [1] - The administration encourages companies like Ganfeng Lithium and Tianqi Lithium to participate in the establishment of greenhouse gas emission accounting standards for the lithium salt industry, promoting low-carbon development [1] - A special campaign against excessive packaging of goods has been launched, focusing on products such as mooncakes, rice dumplings, and tea, to effectively curb excessive packaging practices [1] Group 2 - The city has taken the lead in formulating green ecological standards for tourism services, receiving the first "Jiangxi Green Ecology" certification, and successfully passing the first batch of brand construction pilot project inspections [2] - Over 20 green standards have been developed or participated in by local enterprises since the start of the 14th Five-Year Plan, covering areas such as green manufacturing and lithium-ion battery recycling [2] - Ganfeng Lithium's standard for evaluating green factories in the lithium salt processing industry has been recognized as a typical case for application promotion by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2024 [2] Group 3 - The administration is enhancing the management of restaurant oil smoke by requiring new restaurants to install oil smoke purification devices, with 864 new establishments complying this year [3] - A total of over 20 small biomass boilers have been eliminated in the city to support air quality improvement efforts [3] - The "Clean Plate Campaign" is being promoted in schools and restaurants to encourage waste reduction, with over 50,000 promotional posters distributed to restaurants [3]
东方金诚:评定江西赣锋锂业集团股份有限公司主体信用等级为AAA
Jin Rong Jie· 2025-05-12 03:26
Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the news is that Jiangxi Ganfeng Lithium Co., Ltd. has been rated AAA by Oriental Jincheng International Credit Rating Co., Ltd., indicating a stable credit outlook for the company and its upcoming green medium-term notes [1][2] - Jiangxi Ganfeng Lithium operates a vertically integrated business model covering lithium resource development, lithium salt deep processing, lithium metal smelting, lithium battery manufacturing, and comprehensive recycling of lithium batteries, which enhances its synergy and overall strength [2] - The company is a significant global producer of lithium compounds and lithium metal, with abundant resource reserves and large-scale lithium processing capacity, ensuring a complete product supply [2] Group 2 - The sales volume of the company's lithium chemical products has been steadily increasing, supported by stable cooperation with major customers [2] - The revenue and gross profit from the company's lithium battery business, which includes power batteries, consumer batteries, and energy storage batteries, have shown continuous growth in recent years [2] - The company's equity has grown rapidly, significantly enhancing its capital strength [2] Group 3 - The company faces geopolitical and exchange rate fluctuation risks due to its primary lithium resources being located overseas, particularly concerning the potential cancellation of lithium mining concessions in Mexico [2] - The company reported losses for the period from January to September 2024, and the lithium supply-demand situation is expected to remain loose in the short term, putting pressure on profitability [2] - Significant capital expenditure is anticipated for future projects like the Mariana lithium salt lake construction, which may lead to short-term liquidity fluctuations [2]
减产比例仅1/4 !A股锂业去产能“拉锯战” “低锂价时代”生存之道分化
Core Viewpoint - The lithium carbonate futures market is experiencing significant price declines due to seasonal demand drops and insufficient capacity reduction, leading to oversupply in the industry [1] Group 1: Industry Overview - The lithium carbonate futures contract for May 8 hit a new low of 63,200 yuan per ton, approaching the cost line for integrated mining companies [1] - In 2024, domestic production of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, and lithium chloride is projected to reach 701,000 tons, 414,000 tons, and 24,000 tons, respectively, representing year-on-year increases of 35.35%, 29.54%, and 37.14% [3] - The average capacity utilization rate of 12 sample companies in the lithium sector was estimated at 65.4%, remaining at a relatively high historical level [1][3] Group 2: Company Performance - Among the 12 sample companies, only three, including Cangge Mining, are expected to see slight production declines, while the other nine are projected to increase output [1][3] - Companies like Ganfeng Lithium, Shengxin Lithium Energy, and Yahua Group are expected to see varying degrees of production increases [3] - Ganfeng Lithium's total lithium salt capacity is around 300,000 tons, but its actual utilization rate may only be about 56% when excluding recently completed projects [5] Group 3: Supply and Demand Dynamics - Despite some Australian mines announcing production cuts, domestic lithium salt production continues to grow, outpacing demand growth, which complicates the supply-demand relationship [5] - The industry is still in a "tug-of-war" state without self-regulatory production cuts, unlike the steel and photovoltaic sectors [1] Group 4: Strategic Responses - Companies are adopting cost-reduction strategies in response to the "low lithium price era," with Ganfeng Lithium accelerating the development of low-cost salt lake projects [6][8] - Zhongmin Resources has diversified its operations to mitigate risks, planning to complete a copper mining project by 2026 [9][10] - Cangge Mining's net profit decline of only 24.6% in 2024 was significantly supported by investment income from its copper business, highlighting the benefits of diversification [9]
一季度国内光伏新增装机同比增超30%,新能源ETF(159875)上涨1.42%,冲击4连涨
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-05-08 05:49
Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article highlights the significant growth and favorable valuation of the New Energy ETF, which has seen a notable increase in trading volume and fund size, indicating strong investor interest [3] - The New Energy ETF has a turnover rate of 2.42% during trading, with a transaction volume of 22.09 million yuan, and an average daily transaction volume of 36.57 million yuan over the past year, ranking it among the top two comparable funds [3] - The fund's size has increased by 42.11 million yuan in the past month, and its shares have grown by 51 million in the last six months, demonstrating substantial growth [3] Group 2 - The underlying index tracked by the New Energy ETF, the CSI New Energy Index, is currently valued at a historical low with a price-to-book ratio (PB) of 1.99, which is below 87.04% of the time over the past three years, indicating attractive valuation [3] - In the first quarter, China's newly installed photovoltaic capacity reached 59.71 GW, representing a year-on-year growth of 30.5%, with March alone seeing an installation of 20.24 GW, a remarkable increase of 124.39% year-on-year [3] - Analysts suggest that the photovoltaic sector is poised for a recovery in fundamentals, driven by a gradual rebound in demand and supply-side constraints, alongside potential benefits from upcoming reform policies [3] Group 3 - As of April 30, 2025, the top ten weighted stocks in the CSI New Energy Index include CATL, LONGi Green Energy, Sungrow Power Supply, China National Nuclear Power, Three Gorges Energy, TBEA, Eve Energy, Huayou Cobalt, Tongwei Co., and Ganfeng Lithium, collectively accounting for 44.26% of the index [3]
筑底完成,龙头率先复苏 | 投研报告
Core Insights - The electric vehicle sector showed a recovery in Q1 2025 after a decline in Q4 2024, with significant improvements in revenue and net profit [1][2][4] Group 1: Financial Performance - In Q1 2025, the sector's revenue reached 790.2 billion yuan, reflecting a 9% increase year-on-year but a 26% decrease quarter-on-quarter [1][2] - The net profit attributable to shareholders in Q1 2025 was 40.9 billion yuan, marking a 38% increase year-on-year and a 41% increase quarter-on-quarter [1][2] - The gross margin in Q1 2025 was 17%, a slight decrease of 1 percentage point year-on-year but an increase of 4 percentage points quarter-on-quarter [4] Group 2: Profit Contribution by Segment - In Q1 2025, the profit contribution from batteries was 38%, down 4 percentage points year-on-year, while the contribution from complete vehicles was 37%, down 7 percentage points [1][2] - The profit share from midstream materials remained stable at 8%, while lithium carbonate saw a 10% increase in profit contribution to 4% [1][2] Group 3: Market Trends and Outlook - The overall market for electric vehicles remained robust, with global sales reaching 5.82 million units in Q4 2024, a 33% increase year-on-year [2] - The industry is expected to grow by 25% in 2025, driven by a 25% increase in domestic electric vehicle sales and more than double growth in emerging markets and Europe for energy storage [4][5] - The report highlights a positive outlook for leading battery manufacturers and material suppliers, with specific recommendations for companies like CATL, BYD, and others [5]
国家战略下的材料突围:2025-2030"十五五"新材料万亿级机遇解读
材料汇· 2025-05-05 14:59
点击 最 下方 "在看"和" "并分享,"关注"材料汇 添加 小编微信 ,遇见 志同道合 的你 正文 行业背景 创新材料作为中国制造业转型升级的核心基石,正从战略支撑产业升级为国家竞争力的关键支柱。2024年,中国 创新材料产业规模已突破6万亿元,保持20%的年增速,成为全球增长最快的新材料市场。这一迅猛发展背后,是 国家战略的强力驱动——"十五五"规划将创新材料列为战略性新兴产业核心领域,配套出台《重点新材料首批次 应用示范指导目录(2024年版)》,涵盖299种新材料,为行业发展提供明确指引。 行业已进入质量跃升期: 半导体材料国产化率从2020年的15%提升至2024年的 25% ;新能源材料领域,磷酸铁 锂正极材料国产化率达 95% ,支撑宁德时代、比亚迪全球市占率超60%。但同时, 高端光刻胶、航空发动机材 料等仍面临"卡脖子"困境,国产化率不足10%。 当前行业呈现三大特征: 政策密集赋能、技术加速突破、应用场景拓展 。特别是在"双碳"目标和数字经济驱动 下, 固态电池材料、高温超导材料、钙钛矿光伏材料 等前沿领域正催生千亿级新赛道。 市场现状分析 产业规模与结构分布 中国创新材料市场已形成多元化 ...
赣锋锂业(01772) - 2024 - 年度财报
2025-04-30 13:07
Lithium Production and Supply Chain - The company is a leading lithium ecological enterprise with over 40 lithium compounds and lithium metal products, providing a comprehensive product offering to meet diverse customer needs[6]. - The company has established a stable and high-quality raw materials supply system through long-term procurement agreements for lithium resources, primarily sourced from the Mount Marion Project in Australia[10][12]. - The lithium compounds business segment includes battery-grade lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, widely used in electric vehicles and portable electronics, serving global leaders in battery manufacturing[13]. - The company's lithium metals production capacity ranks first globally, producing various forms of lithium metals for battery anode materials and pharmaceutical applications[14]. - The company has a vertically integrated business model covering upstream lithium resource development, midstream processing, and downstream battery production and recycling[6]. - The company has direct or indirect interests in lithium resources globally, enhancing its upstream supply chain[163]. - The Mount Marion spodumene project has a nominal designed production capacity of 900,000 tons/year of mixed-grade spodumene concentrate, with the company holding a 50% equity interest[165]. - The Cauchari-Olaroz project has a total lithium resource of approximately 24.58 million tons of LCE and a nominal designed production capacity of 40,000 tons of LCE per year, with the company holding 46.67% equity interest[167][168]. Research and Development - The company is actively advancing the research and development of solid-state lithium batteries, which demonstrate higher energy density and improved safety performance[16]. - The Company has developed self-produced oxide electrolyte materials and sulfide powder materials for solid-state batteries, demonstrating higher ionic conductivity and enhanced engineering capabilities[17]. - The company is focusing on developing high-energy density and high-power battery cells and power systems to meet diverse market demands[16]. - The company is focusing on the development of solid-state batteries and has established a collaborative innovation platform for this purpose[150]. - The Solid-state Battery Industry Innovation Consortium was established on December 18, 2023, comprising 27 entities including major automotive manufacturers[150]. - The company is developing a dual-wheel drive energy storage business model, focusing on user-side distributed energy storage and grid-side centralized energy storage[195]. Financial Performance - Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, decreased by 42.9% to RMB 18,726,175 thousand[30]. - Gross profit for the same period fell by 53.2% to RMB 2,127,125 thousand[30]. - Loss attributable to owners of the parent increased by 141.5% to RMB 2,068,512 thousand, resulting in a loss per share of RMB 1.03[30]. - Total assets increased from RMB 91,697,901 thousand in 2023 to RMB 100,832,297 thousand in 2024, representing a growth rate of 10.0%[151]. - Net assets decreased from RMB 52,315,862 thousand in 2023 to RMB 47,587,897 thousand in 2024, representing a decrease of 9.0%[151]. Market Trends and Demand - The market for lithium battery recycling is expanding, driven by the increasing demand for retired battery processing, providing sustainable solutions for battery manufacturers and electric vehicle producers[16]. - The global demand for lithium resources is anticipated to reach 1,190,000 tons of LCE in 2024, with new energy vehicles accounting for 61% and energy storage for 17%[82]. - The cumulative output of motive power batteries and other batteries in China is expected to be 1,096.8 GWh in 2024, representing a year-on-year increase of 41.0%[90]. - The global sales volume of new energy vehicles is expected to reach 23.50 million units in 2025, indicating a significant growth opportunity in the market[125][127]. - The overall market sentiment regarding supply and demand remains cautious, with lithium prices fluctuating within a fixed range after failing to sustain upward momentum[75]. Production Capacity and Expansion - The company achieved a production target of 25,000 tons of lithium carbonate annually at the Exar Salt Lake Project in Argentina[44]. - The lithium hydroxide project in Fengcheng Ganfeng has reached an annual production capacity of 25,000 tons, marking the successful construction of the company's first smart chemical plant[159]. - The company has a total designed production capacity of 81,000 tons/year for lithium hydroxide and 15,000 tons/year for lithium carbonate at its Xinyu production base[161]. - The company plans to enhance its ESG governance capabilities and increase support for local communities in resource sectors[50]. - The company is expanding production capacity through technical transformation and new production lines to meet the fast-growing demand for lithium products[153]. Recycling and Sustainability - The lithium battery recycling business is expected to meet the escalating demand for retired lithium battery treatment, providing sustainable value-added solutions to battery manufacturers and electric vehicle producers[18]. - The comprehensive recycling of metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese will enrich the diversified supplies of lithium raw materials[18]. - The recycling sector is focusing on building a battery recycling network and enhancing automatic dismantling efficiency to create a low-carbon production line[60]. - By 2025, the total lithium recovery from retired power batteries is estimated to reach approximately 50,000 tons LCE, highlighting the importance of battery recycling[137]. Government Policies and Support - The Ministry of Finance and other departments launched a pilot program offering rewards of up to RMB 45 million for PV-Storage-Charging Integration projects to promote the development of new energy and energy storage[104]. - The Chinese government is promoting the cascade utilization and standardized recycling of waste motive power batteries to support the sustainable development of the energy storage industry[102]. - New policies are expected to boost the export of new energy vehicles and promote the upgrading of the automotive industry in China[102]. - The government aims to increase the new energy storage installation target from 30GW to over 40GW as part of the "14th Five-Year Plan"[108]. Product Development and Innovation - Ganfeng LiEnergy has mass-produced lithium motive power batteries with capacities from 10 to 130 kWh, supporting ultra-fast charging at up to 1000 kW, allowing 100 kWh to be charged in just 6 minutes[180]. - The energy density of the company's high-energy-density battery cells ranges from 320Wh/kg to 500Wh/kg, with a continuous discharge rate exceeding 5C[191]. - Ganfeng has mass production capabilities for ultra-thin lithium strips, with a width of 300mm and lithium foil thickness reaching 3μm, enabling energy densities exceeding 500Wh/kg for its solid-state batteries[192]. - The newly launched 5MWh container energy storage system achieves over 95% system efficiency and has participated in energy projects exceeding 500 MWh individually, with a total application scale of over 11,000 MWh[184].
赣锋锂业一季报业绩承压,“父子兵”押宝固态电池
Bei Ke Cai Jing· 2025-04-30 08:47
Core Viewpoint - Ganfeng Lithium is focusing on strategic stability and is navigating through challenges in the solid-state battery and battery recycling sectors, which are becoming increasingly competitive and uncertain [1][4][10]. Financial Performance - In Q1 2025, Ganfeng Lithium reported a revenue of 3.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 25.43%. The net loss was 356 million yuan, an improvement from a net loss of 439 million yuan in the same period last year, narrowing the loss margin by 18.93 percentage points [2]. - The company's cash flow from investment and financing activities increased significantly by 85.91% and 76.39%, respectively. However, the net cash flow from operating activities plummeted to -1.571 billion yuan, a year-on-year decline of 1422.07% [5]. Leadership and Strategic Direction - In March 2024, Li Chenglin, the son of the founder, was promoted to Vice President, indicating a family leadership dynamic within the company. The focus areas include investments in solid-state batteries and battery recycling [3][6]. - Ganfeng Lithium is actively investing in projects such as the Goulamina lithium spodumene project in Mali, which has a planned annual capacity of 506,000 tons of lithium concentrate, and the Mariana salt lake project with an initial capacity of 20,000 tons of lithium chloride [6]. Industry Trends and Challenges - The solid-state battery sector is facing intense competition, with major players like BYD and CATL also investing heavily in this technology. The commercialization of solid-state batteries is expected to take several years, with estimates suggesting that large-scale applications may not occur until 2030 [10][11]. - The lithium price is projected to remain under pressure, with expectations of low price fluctuations through 2025 and 2026. The demand for lithium may slow down due to technological advancements in alternative battery technologies [14][15]. Investment Initiatives - Ganfeng Lithium is expanding its investment footprint by establishing a 368 million yuan investment fund in Nanchang and increasing capital in its subsidiary focused on energy storage technology [7][8]. - The company is also pursuing partnerships for battery recycling initiatives, aiming to enhance its circular economy strategy [8].
赣锋锂业(01772) - 2025 Q1 - 季度业绩
2025-04-29 13:21
Financial Performance - The company's operating revenue for Q1 2025 was CNY 3,771,800,382.54, a decrease of 25.43% compared to CNY 5,057,894,510.44 in the same period last year[9] - The net profit attributable to shareholders for the same period was a loss of CNY 355,829,529.74, an improvement of 18.93% from a loss of CNY 438,901,866.58 in the previous year[9] - Basic and diluted earnings per share were both negative CNY 0.18, showing an improvement of 18.18% from negative CNY 0.22 in the previous year[9] - The operating profit for the current period was CNY -529,873,737.53, compared to CNY -499,748,139.23 in the previous year, reflecting a slight increase in losses[38] - Net profit for the current period was CNY -497,087,339.71, an improvement from CNY -595,650,959.44 year-over-year, showing a reduction in losses of approximately 16.5%[38] - The company reported other comprehensive income after tax of CNY -51,399,133.05, compared to CNY 48,918,207.88 in the previous year, indicating a significant shift in comprehensive income[38] - The total comprehensive income attributable to the parent company was -402,465,621.70 CNY, compared to -394,168,879.56 CNY in the same period last year, reflecting a decline[39] Cash Flow - The net cash flow from operating activities was negative CNY 1,571,355,929.64, a significant decline of 1,422.07% compared to a positive cash flow of CNY 118,855,695.01 in the same period last year[9] - Cash inflow from investment activities totaled 1,515,348,187.30 CNY, compared to 217,119,472.94 CNY in the same period last year[41] - The net cash flow from financing activities increased to 2,775,717,105.32 CNY, up from 1,573,640,963.14 CNY in the previous year[42] - The cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period amounted to 6,542,901,518.06 CNY, down from 8,921,539,762.30 CNY a year earlier[42] - The company received cash from sales of goods and services totaling 4,008,985,643.70 CNY, a decrease from 6,144,234,199.45 CNY in the previous year[40] - The company reported a cash outflow of 4,995,906,558.10 CNY for purchasing goods and services, slightly down from 5,051,349,156.51 CNY last year[40] Assets and Liabilities - Total assets at the end of Q1 2025 were CNY 104,528,756,661.41, an increase of 3.67% from CNY 100,832,297,997.29 at the end of the previous year[12] - The total liabilities increased to CNY 57,443,135,753.36 from CNY 53,244,401,050.02, marking an increase of about 4.1%[35] - Non-current liabilities totaled CNY 22,933,578,817.21, up from CNY 21,574,483,398.98, representing an increase of approximately 6.3%[35] - Current liabilities rose to RMB 34.51 billion, up from RMB 31.67 billion, indicating an increase of 8.9%[34] - The company’s capital reserve increased to CNY 10,375,934,191.41 from CNY 10,348,652,693.91, reflecting a growth of approximately 0.3%[35] Shareholder Information - The number of ordinary shareholders at the end of the reporting period was 295,547 for A-shares and 41 for H-shares[19] - The top shareholder, HKSCC NOMINEES LIMITED, holds 20.00% of shares, totaling 403,531,126[22] Operational Highlights - The company recognized government grants of CNY 106,501,158.94 related to its normal business operations, which positively impacted its financial performance[13] - The company reported a significant increase in receivables financing, which rose by 185.14% to CNY 2,451,506,947.42, attributed to an increase in bank acceptance bills received[16] - Prepayments increased by 128.10% to CNY 721,411,808.82, mainly due to higher advance payments for materials[16] - Contract liabilities rose by 57.03% to CNY 273,688,708.71, reflecting an increase in advance payments received[16] - Operating costs decreased by 30.96% to ¥3,283,201,058.12, primarily due to a decline in raw material prices[17] - Investment income fell by 102.55% to -¥6,595,895.20, attributed to a reduction in profits from joint ventures[17] - The company experienced a 38.93% increase in tax and additional charges to ¥25,572,629.34, due to increased taxable resource income[17] - Non-operating income rose by 45.69% to ¥1,344,580.45, driven by an increase in non-recurring income[17] - The company reported a 70.31% decrease in credit impairment losses to ¥2,249,462.13, reflecting a reduction in bad debt provisions[17] - The company recorded a 37.10% decrease in asset impairment losses to -¥66,172,722.22, mainly due to a reduction in inventory write-down provisions[17] Investment Activities - The company approved a joint investment of RMB 200 million with a professional investment institution in a limited partnership for acquiring equity in Lothan (Hangzhou) Investment Partnership[28] - The Mariana lithium salt lake project in Argentina officially commenced production on February 12, 2025, with an annual production capacity of 20,000 tons of lithium chloride planned for the first phase[28] - The company agreed to acquire 100% equity of Shenzhen Yichu Energy Technology Co., Ltd. from its subsidiary Ganfeng Lithium for RMB 200 million[29] - The company will maintain its capital contribution of RMB 450 million to Shenzhen Yichu and increase its paid-in capital by RMB 250 million, totaling RMB 450 million after the increase[30] Current Assets - As of March 31, 2025, the total current assets amounted to RMB 25.53 billion, an increase of 16.5% from RMB 22.00 billion at the beginning of the year[32] - The total non-current assets reached RMB 79.00 billion, slightly up from RMB 78.83 billion at the beginning of the year[33] - Total assets increased to RMB 104.53 billion from RMB 100.83 billion, reflecting a growth of 3.4%[34] - Cash and cash equivalents increased to RMB 7.04 billion from RMB 5.94 billion, representing a growth of 18.5%[32]