Policy Research Working Paper 10981 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Behaviorally Informed Messages Increase COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions Insights from a Global Meta-Analysis Daniel Alejandro Pinzon Hernandez JungKyu Rhys Lim Michelle Dugas Ellen Moscoe Mohamad Chatila Corey Cameron Renos Vakis Zeina Afif Victor Hugo Orozco Olvera | --- | --- | --- | |-----------------------|-------|------------------------------------------------------| | | | | | | | | | Development Economics | ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Plastic pollution is recognized as a critical global environmental challenge, prompting international efforts to develop a legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, referred to as the 'Plastic Treaty' [18][29]. - The report identifies eleven key tools designed to assist national governments in planning actions to address plastic pollution, emphasizing the need for a structured approach to navigate the complexities of the issue [19][20]. - A systematic four-step process is proposed for action planning: conducting a baseline analysis, assessing potential solutions, determining financial needs, and implementing actions while monitoring impacts [22][40]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report highlights the global challenge of plastic pollution and the various tools developed to assess and implement solutions [18][19]. - It aims to support national governments in planning actions against plastic pollution by providing information on specific tools available for this purpose [20][30]. Introduction - The introduction outlines the establishment of an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop the Plastic Treaty and the need for various tools to assess and address plastic pollution [29][30]. - It emphasizes the importance of understanding the scale and nature of plastic pollution to inform effective decision-making [31][32]. Typical Steps for Action Planning - The report details a four-step framework for action planning: baseline analysis, solution assessment, financial needs determination, and implementation with monitoring [40][41][42]. - Each step requires consideration of various factors, including stakeholder engagement, institutional contexts, and the nature of plastic flows [37][39]. Tools to Conduct a Baseline Analysis - The report categorizes tools for baseline analysis into two main groups: assessing plastic flows and leakage, and understanding institutional and governance contexts [49][50]. - Key tools identified include the Hotspotting Tool, Material Flow Analysis Tool, and others that assist in understanding the current situation regarding plastic pollution [47][48][50]. Tools to Assess Potential Solutions - The report discusses tools that help prioritize impactful policies and measures to reduce plastic pollution, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive action plan [41][42]. - It highlights the importance of comparing different potential actions and setting appropriate targets as part of the action planning process [41][42]. Financial Needs and Implementation - The report stresses the necessity of determining financial needs and investment plans for implementing the action plan effectively [42][43]. - It notes that ongoing efforts are required to develop tools that assist in identifying financing sources and support the implementation stage [25][26].

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the agricultural sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. Core Insights - The agricultural sector is crucial for the labor force and economic output in low-income countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where it accounts for about 50% of the labor force [6] - The World Bank's LSMS-ISA program has been instrumental in collecting high-quality, nationally representative data on agricultural productivity and household welfare across seven Sub-Saharan African countries from 2008 to 2021 [2][7] - The harmonized panel dataset includes over 200,000 agricultural plot observations, over 400,000 individuals, and about 59,000 households, enabling in-depth analysis of agricultural dynamics and welfare outcomes [2][8] Summary by Sections Background and Summary - The agricultural sector is vital for poverty alleviation, food security, and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa, where many extreme poor rely on agriculture for income [6] - The LSMS-ISA program addresses the historical lack of high-quality data necessary for informed research and policy interventions [7] Data Collection and Structure - The harmonized panel dataset (HP) covers seven countries: Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda, representing 39% of the population and nearly a third of the poor in Sub-Saharan Africa [8] - The HP consists of four datasets: household, individual, agricultural plots, and crops on each plot, allowing for detailed analysis of agricultural productivity and household welfare [9][40] Survey Methodology - The HP includes 29 waves of longitudinal surveys conducted between 2008 and 2021, with varying timeframes across countries [12] - Surveys were designed to be nationally representative, employing a stratified two-stage probability sampling approach [18] Data Processing and Harmonization - The HP datasets were created by cleaning and harmonizing nearly 150 indicators, ensuring they are ready for analysis [9][41] - Key identifiers and geospatial variables are included to facilitate longitudinal tracking and integration with geospatial data [42][55] Agricultural and Household Variables - The datasets include a wide range of agricultural variables, such as crop production, labor inputs, and agricultural practices, as well as household welfare indicators like consumption and asset ownership [66] - The household-level dataset captures critical variables for analyzing livelihood outcomes, including access to electricity and household consumption values [66] Individual-Level Insights - The individual-level dataset provides demographic information, work and employment data, and anthropometric measurements for children, allowing for comprehensive analysis of household members' welfare [69]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the sustainable rice market, but it highlights significant investment opportunities in sustainable rice cultivation and financing [15][18]. Core Insights - The sustainable rice market is integral to global food systems, with rice being a staple for 3.5 billion people and contributing to about one-fifth of the global calorie supply [10][11]. - The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is actively exploring investment opportunities in the rice sector, focusing on sustainable practices and climate-smart agricultural methods [15][34]. - The Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) aims to promote sustainable rice cultivation and has seen increasing market presence, although the current SRP-verified portion of the market remains small [24][27]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Rice is crucial for food security and livelihoods, with significant contributions to global calorie supply and greenhouse gas emissions [10][14]. - The report emphasizes the need for sustainable practices to reduce methane emissions and enhance resilience in rice farming [14][15]. Introduction - Rice is a vital staple food globally, with over 1.5 billion people relying on it for their livelihoods, primarily in Asia and the Pacific [12][35]. - The report outlines the importance of rice in the World Bank Group's Climate Change Action Plan, focusing on sustainable farming systems [33][34]. Rice Supply Chain - The rice supply chain includes production, collection, milling, processing, and distribution, with various sourcing models employed by millers [75][99]. - Commercial rice mills are characterized by vertical integration, controlling multiple stages of the supply chain from farming to retail [99][100]. Key Impacts of Rice Cultivation - Rice cultivation significantly impacts greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water consumption, necessitating sustainable practices to mitigate these effects [14][36]. The Sustainable Rice Platform - The SRP Assurance Scheme was launched to verify compliance with sustainable rice standards, with a small but growing area under verification [21][24]. - The SRP has gained traction in the retail market, with verified rice labels available in multiple countries [27]. Selected Financing Opportunities for Sustainable Rice - Supplier finance is identified as a potential investment opportunity to promote climate-smart practices in the rice sector [18][19]. - The GTSF program offers short-term financing linked to environmental and social performance, encouraging sustainable practices among suppliers [19][20]. Conclusion - The report suggests that further support for the sustainable rice market can be achieved through the deployment of financing instruments and the development of new modules for climate finance [28][30].

Investment Rating - The report assesses the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) Standards System as credible, indicating alignment with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards, although some gaps exist [22][95]. Core Insights - The SRP aims to transform the global rice sector by promoting sustainable practices, with the potential to reduce methane emissions by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030 [14]. - The SRP operates a multistakeholder roundtable with over 100 members, focusing on sustainable rice farming practices and governance [15]. - The SRP Farm Standard is designed for farmers and smallholder groups, but does not include first processors, which may limit its applicability in larger operations [27][69]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Rice production is a significant contributor to methane emissions, and sustainable practices can mitigate environmental impacts while enhancing producer livelihoods [14]. Introduction - The report compares the SRP Farm Standard with the IFC Performance Standards, evaluating its assurance and governance processes [61][63]. Comparison of SRP Standard with IFC PS - The SRP Farm Standard aligns with key IFC Performance Standards, particularly in environmental and social risk management, labor conditions, and resource efficiency [22][95]. - Gaps identified include less extensive requirements in the SRP compared to the IFC standards, particularly regarding child labor definitions and community health [24][25][26]. Assurance and Governance - The SRP Standards System includes third-party verification, but the approval process for conformity assessment bodies lacks full independence [31]. - The SRP is working towards compliance with ISEAL Good Practice Codes, indicating a commitment to improving governance [37]. Market Position - The SRP has the lowest market penetration among peer systems, with only 46,280 hectares verified, representing 0.4% of globally traded rice [52]. - The SRP's operating budget is significantly smaller than its peers, which may impact its capacity for outreach and implementation [51].

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The paper introduces a new method for estimating a full-coverage spatial price index that incorporates both food and nonfood components, which is essential for accurate poverty analysis and welfare comparisons across different geographical areas [4][15][62]. - The methodology relies on household-level data typically available in budget surveys, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of cost-of-living variations and their implications for poverty measurement [15][62]. - The findings emphasize the importance of adjusting nominal welfare aggregates to account for spatial price differentials, which significantly affect poverty statistics and policy design [11][12][19]. Summary by Sections Introduction - The report highlights significant price differences for consumption goods across various regions, affecting household purchasing power [10][11]. - It notes that understanding these differences is crucial for welfare analysis and poverty reduction strategies [11][12]. Theoretical Framework - The paper establishes a theoretical basis for spatial deflation in poverty measurement, linking the use of multiple poverty lines to price adjustment mechanisms [20][21][26]. - It discusses the equivalence of strategies for poverty measurement based on spatial deflation versus nominal expenditures [21][26]. Empirical Strategies - The report outlines two empirical strategies for estimating poverty lines: one based on a single national poverty line and another using multiple poverty lines [42][44]. - It emphasizes the trade-offs between specificity and consistency in poverty measurement when using these strategies [53][54]. Full-Coverage Household-Level Spatial Price Index - The paper proposes a method to extend the coverage of spatial price indexes to include nonfood items, enhancing the accuracy of poverty assessments [59][62]. - It discusses the advantages and limitations of the proposed method, particularly in terms of data availability and the reliability of price observations [76][78].

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The study highlights the prevalence of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and parenting stress among mothers of children aged 0-6 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, with higher rates observed in refugee, less-educated, and rural mothers compared to their counterparts [5][12][17] - Maternal mental health concerns are significantly linked to lower levels of early childhood development, indicating a need for policy improvements focused on at-risk communities [5][12][22] - The analysis reveals that exposure to various stressors, including food insecurity and domestic violence, exacerbates both maternal mental health and child development outcomes [5][12][22] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the challenges faced by families in fragile, conflict-affected settings, emphasizing the high rates of mental health burdens and their impact on early childhood development [12][13] - It notes that Pakistan hosts a significant number of refugees, particularly from Afghanistan, which adds to the complexity of mental health issues in the region [18][19] Methodology - A household survey was conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, sampling 2,102 mother-child dyads to assess maternal mental health and early childhood development [23][59] - The study utilized validated instruments to measure maternal mental health and child development outcomes, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of the data collected [34][37][38] Results - The findings indicate that 58% of mothers in the sample had no formal education, and 6% of households were identified as refugee households [59][61] - The average child in the sample scored significantly below the global mean in developmental assessments, highlighting the urgent need for interventions [69][77] - Stressors such as food insecurity and domestic violence were prevalent, with 26% of the sample reporting meal skipping and 22% experiencing domestic violence [79]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The World Bank Group (WBG) is perceived as increasingly effective in Brazil, with significant improvements in trust and familiarity among stakeholders compared to previous years [14][19][59]. - Stakeholders prioritize education, social protection, and climate change as key areas for WBG focus, reflecting a shift in development priorities over the past three years [49][50]. - Familiarity with the WBG correlates with more positive perceptions of its effectiveness and relevance in Brazil [25][26]. Summary by Sections Objectives - The survey aims to understand stakeholder perceptions of the WBG, focusing on familiarity, effectiveness, development priorities, and communication preferences [6]. Methodology Overview - The survey was conducted from February to May 2024, with a response rate of 19% from 858 potential participants, totaling 159 respondents [8]. Overall Context - Respondents emphasized the need for the WBG to prioritize reducing inequalities and enhancing collaboration among various sectors [11]. Overall Attitudes Toward the World Bank Group - The WBG received high trust ratings, particularly from academia and civil society, with an overall mean trust rating of 8.0 [19][30]. Key Performance Indicators - In FY24, the WBG's effectiveness ratings improved significantly across various indicators, including its role in development and alignment with Brazil's priorities [22][24]. World Bank Group's Support for Development Areas - Education remains the top priority for stakeholders, followed by social protection and climate change, indicating a shift in focus compared to FY19 [49]. Effectiveness of WBG's Sectoral Support - The WBG's work in environmental management and sanitation received the highest effectiveness ratings, with notable improvements in gender equity and social protection ratings compared to FY19 [50][52]. World Bank Group's Engagement on the Ground in Brazil - The WBG is increasingly viewed as an effective partner, with high ratings for accessibility and responsiveness, particularly from subnational governments [59][60]. World Bank Group's Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - Financial resources are considered the most valuable aspect of the WBG's support, with a significant emphasis on technical assistance and implementation support [87][90]. Conclusion - The report highlights a positive trend in stakeholder perceptions of the WBG's effectiveness and relevance in Brazil, with a clear call for increased collaboration and focus on key development areas [78][86].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the World Bank Group's activities in Costa Rica Core Insights - The survey indicates a slight improvement in stakeholders' familiarity and trust towards the World Bank Group (WBG) compared to previous years, with mean familiarity ratings increasing from 5.7 in FY21 to 6.5 in FY24 [14][24] - Stakeholders prioritize education, transport infrastructure, and crime and violence as key areas for WBG focus, with transport infrastructure rising significantly from 9% in FY21 to 43% in FY24 [60][63] - The WBG is perceived as a long-term partner, with a mean rating of 7.6 for being a long-term partner and 7.1 for openness in sharing data [70][71] Objectives - The survey aims to understand stakeholders' perceptions of the WBG, including familiarity, trust, effectiveness, and alignment with Costa Rica's development priorities [7] Methodology Overview - The survey was conducted from February to May 2024, with 647 potential participants and a response rate of 35%, resulting in 225 completed surveys [9][8] Overall Context - Respondents expressed a desire for better communication of WBG actions and more effective results-based management in projects [21][12] Key Performance Indicators - In FY24, respondents rated the WBG's relevance, effectiveness, and alignment with development priorities slightly higher than in FY21, although these increases were not statistically significant [24][26] Stakeholder Familiarity - Respondents from the Office of the President and media reported the highest familiarity with the WBG, while the private sector showed significantly lower familiarity ratings [14][15] Trust Ratings - Trust ratings for the WBG improved, with respondents from academia and civil society giving the highest ratings, while the media and national government received the lowest [18][19] Development Areas - Education remains the top priority for WBG resources, with significant increases in the prioritization of transport infrastructure and crime and violence [60][63] Effectiveness Ratings - The WBG's effectiveness in various sectors received mixed ratings, with macroeconomic stability rated highest, while transport and climate change saw declines compared to FY21 [65] Engagement and Collaboration - Stakeholders expressed a need for the WBG to collaborate more with local governments, civil society, and the private sector to enhance its impact [87][89] Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - Respondents value the WBG's financial resources and technical assistance, with a strong emphasis on accountability in lending practices [94][96]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the World Bank Group's activities in Uruguay. Core Insights - The survey indicates a consistent level of familiarity with the World Bank Group (WBG) among stakeholders in Uruguay, with a mean familiarity rating of 6.2 in FY24, compared to 6.7 in FY20 [13][21]. - Trust in the WBG has improved, with a mean trust rating of 7.4 in FY24, compared to 7.1 in FY20 [17][36]. - Stakeholders from government institutions and bilateral or multilateral agencies generally have more positive perceptions of the WBG compared to those from academia and media [24][31]. Summary by Sections Objectives - The survey aimed to understand stakeholder perceptions of the WBG, focusing on familiarity, trust, effectiveness, alignment with development priorities, and communication preferences [6]. Methodology Overview - The survey was conducted from March to May 2024, with 850 potential participants and a response rate of 24%, resulting in 203 completed surveys [8]. Overall Context - Stakeholders expressed a desire for the WBG to increase its presence in Uruguay and collaborate more closely with local entities [11][19]. Overall Attitudes Toward the World Bank Group - The WBG's effectiveness in helping Uruguay achieve development results received a mean rating of 7.2, indicating a positive perception of its role [21][22]. Key Performance Indicators - The WBG's alignment with Uruguay's development priorities received a mean rating of 7.0, showing that stakeholders believe the WBG's work is relevant [21][39]. World Bank Group's Support for Development Areas - Education was identified as the top priority for WBG focus, followed by social inclusion and environmental management [51][49]. Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - Financial resources and technical assistance were considered the most valuable aspects of the WBG's support, with 59% of respondents highlighting financial resources as crucial [82][83]. World Bank Group's Engagement on the Ground in Uruguay - The WBG is perceived as an open and flexible partner, with high ratings for responsiveness and accessibility [60][62]. Stakeholder Trends across Performance Indicators - Government institutions and the private sector rated the WBG higher across various performance indicators compared to academia and civil society [46][24]. Effectiveness of WBG's Sectoral Support - The WBG's work in energy received the highest effectiveness ratings, while transport was rated lower than in previous years [55][56]. Conclusion - The report highlights a generally positive perception of the WBG among Uruguayan stakeholders, with areas for improvement identified in collaboration and communication strategies [76][80].