公共披露授权 南非政策方案 公共披露授权 公共披露授权 优先级1 公共披露授权 提高公共支出对包容 性增长的影响 © 2024 国际重建与发展银行 / 世界银行 1818 H Street NW, 华盛顿特区，哥伦比亚 特区 20433 电话：202-473-1000；互联网：www.worldbank.org 适应性—— 如果您对这部作品进行改编，请添加以下免责声明并与归属一同注明：这是由世界银行原创作品的改编 。改编中表达的观点和意见是改编者或改编者们的独家责任，并不代表世界银行的观点。 一些权利保留。 第三方内容— 世界银行并不必然拥有该作品中所包含的每个组成部分。因此，世界银行不保证作品中所包含的任何 第三方拥有的个体组成部分或部分的使用不会侵犯第三方的权利。由此侵权行为产生的索赔风险完全由您承担。如果 您希望重新使用作品的某个组成部分，您有责任确定是否需要为此使用获得许可，并从版权所有者那里获得许可。组 成部分的例子可以包括但不限于表格、图表或图像。 此研究是世界银行工作人员及外部贡献者的成果。该工作中表达的研究成果、解释和结论并不必然反映世界银行、其 执行董事会的观点，或代表其政府部门。世界银行不 ...

方法论文 世界银行集团对撒哈拉以南非洲电力获取支持效果评估 （2015–24年） 2025年2月19日 1. 背景 i Context 1.1 本评估评估了世界银行集团在2015-24年期间对支持撒哈拉以南非洲地区电力接入所 做的贡献。电力接入是指最终用户使用能源供应来获取所需能源服务的能力。因此，电 力接入包括供应和需求因素。 1 本评估基于2015年独立评估组（IEG）对该同一主题的 评估（世界银行2015），但聚焦于撒哈拉以南非洲，因为主要电力接入差距仍存在于该 区域，并且世界银行集团已经恢复了至2030年填补差距的努力。 1.2 提高可靠、可持续和经济的电力接入对于改善人类福祉和提升生产力至关重要。电 力接入能够推动教育、医疗保健、清洁水、通信、金融服务和收入生成等方面的变革性 变化，同时增强安全感和减少贫困。提供可靠、可持续和经济的能源接入是创造一个无 贫困、提高生产力和支持经济发展的世界条件的一步（Bhatia和Angelou 2015）。 1.3 电力获取可通过扩大电网或通过非电网方式进行。传统的电力电网包括网络化发电、 传输和配电设施，通常由公用事业公司管理。非电网电气化通过分散的网络系统（微 ...

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 政治行动与影响力 企业报告 No. 46 政治参与、集体行动及欧盟私营企业的影響力* 大卫·C·弗朗西斯 T 他对欧洲联盟（欧盟）中私营企业的政治参与模式进行了简要研究。使用代表性数据， 允许在NUTS2区域集团（欧盟地区人口从大约80万到300万不等）的水平上进行分析，出现了 各种参与模式。特别是，商业协会会员广泛存在，其变化似乎主要可以归因于跨国的模式。这 种差异可能源于不同的法律制度，有些国家强制要求加入商业组织；通常，当加入会员是强制 性的时，公司对这些组织提供的服务价值较低。公司也可能转向其他形式的政治参与，例如维 护政治联系。总的来说，寻求影响力的政治参与模式差异很大，包括在国家内部，通常沿着可 识别的制度线。使用估计的政治影响力分数来衡量这种活动。尽管这个分数会有所变化，但分 析表明，分数较高的公司显示出更高的企业绩效，特别是相对于其同行/竞争对手公司。有政治 竞争的证据，其中更高的影响力导致同行公司在相似活动上投入类似的精力。 欧盟是分析企业参与集体和政治行动的关键 焦点。 私营企业参与——并且一直参与——政治活动 无处不在。欧洲的私营部门也不例外。在欧洲 ...

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 技能 企业简报 No. 43 我国不同NUTS2区域内企业在指出"劳动力教育不足" 为首要障碍方面的差异明显（见图2）。因此，为了 理解企业所面临的不合格工人问题，考虑区域或NU TS2级别的因素也是重要的。 图2. 报告称缺乏足够教育水平员工为最大障碍的企 业比例在NUTS2区域间存在显著差异。 理解与公司报告不充分教育员工为首要障碍相关的 地区特征是确定不充分教育员工的可能原因及其可 能影响、解决该问题的政策类型以及应针对哪些政 策类型的一个良好起点。 经济发展。最自然决定充足受过教育工人可用性的 因素是经济发展水平（参见Lange等人，2018年） 。宏观层面的研究表明，富裕国家拥有远高于其他 国家的教育水平。 * 关联：世界银行、发展经济学、企业分析。联系方式：mamin@worldbank.org。致谢：本简报是关于欧盟27国区域差异和增长机会问题系列 的一部分。本系列是世界银行企业分析团队（DECEA）的成果，并得益于欧盟DG REGIO部门的慷慨支持。团队还感谢Norman V. Loayza和J orge Rodriguez Meza对评论和指导出版过程的贡 ...

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 建立规模 企业报告第44号 欧盟的机构规模分布* M. Nazım Tamkoç T 他的简报研究了欧盟国家的企业规模分布。已有的文献已经确立，低收入国家中小企业 的过剩是资源配置不当的证据。为了调查这一现象，本简报分析了欧洲联盟国家及区域在NUT S1和NUTS2层级上，经济中企业前10%的平均规模（以就业人数衡量）和就业份额。结果显示 ，高收入国家平均企业规模较大，且在顶端的10%企业中的就业集中度高于低收入国家。这些 发现适用于NUTS1和NUTS2的区域层级。此外，企业规模随着企业年龄的增长、外国所有权的 水平和出口水平的提高而增加。最后，对企业整体规模分布的比较表明，低收入国家中小企业 的比例较高，而大企业较少，这证实了资源配置不当文献中的预测。 小公司规模与资源配置不当之间的关系 文献中普遍认为，全要素生产率（TFP）的差异 是各国人均收入差异的主要决定因素（Klenow 和Rodriguez-Clare，1997；Prescott，1998； Hall和Jones，1999；Caselli，2005；以及Hsie h和Klenow，2010）。TFP差异的一个 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health issues are significant and growing challenges for global public health and sustainable development, exacerbated by high-risk factors and the COVID-19 pandemic [2][3] - There is a critical need for increased public funding for NCDs and mental health services, particularly in low-income countries, where most spending comes from out-of-pocket expenses [3][6] - The report emphasizes the importance of domestic financing, health taxes, and development assistance in addressing the funding gap for NCDs and mental health [9][12] Summary by Sections Section 1: Introduction - NCDs and mental health problems are major global health challenges, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the vulnerability of affected individuals [2] Section 2: National Policy Responses - National policies often fail to meet health demands due to limited fiscal capacity, leading to low public spending on NCDs and mental health, particularly in low-income countries [3][7] Section 3: Domestic Financing - Domestic resources are essential for funding NCD and mental health programs, with health taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and sugary drinks identified as effective revenue sources [9][10] Section 4: Development Assistance - Development assistance plays a catalytic role in funding NCD and mental health initiatives, but it should not be seen as a long-term financing solution [12][15] Section 5: Conclusion - Increased public funding is necessary to meet the commitments made by national governments regarding health-related sustainable development goals, particularly for NCDs and mental health [18][21]

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the importance of investing in Early Childhood Development (ECD) as a critical strategy for transforming human capital in Uganda, indicating a positive investment outlook in this sector [17][34]. Core Insights - Uganda's economy demonstrated resilience with a recorded growth of 6.1 percent in FY2023/24, supported by strong performance in the services and industrial sectors, particularly manufacturing and construction [23][70]. - The report highlights the significant role of ECD in harnessing Uganda's demographic dividend, suggesting that investments in early years can lead to healthier, more skilled, and productive adults, ultimately driving economic growth [17][35]. - The current Human Capital Index indicates that a child born today in Uganda will be only 39 percent as productive as a child who receives complete education and enjoys full health, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced investment in human capital [39][40]. Summary by Sections Recent Economic Developments - Uganda's economy continues to strengthen, with net exports being a key driver of growth, showing a substantial 46.4 percent increase in real exports in FY2023/24 [69]. - Inflation has significantly decreased, averaging 3.2 percent in FY2023/24, down from 8.8 percent the previous year, positioning Uganda among the East African nations with the lowest inflation rates [24][25]. - The current account deficit stood at 6.7 percent of GDP, reflecting improvements in merchandise trade performance, particularly in gold, coffee, and metals [26][27]. Economic Outlook, Risks, and Key Structural Issues - The medium-term outlook for Uganda remains positive, with projected real GDP growth of 6.2 percent in FY2024/25, although risks such as delays in oil production could impact this outlook [30][31]. - The report stresses the need for Uganda to prioritize jobs-rich economic transformation, particularly through investments in its future labor force [2][30]. Investing in Early Childhood Development - The report outlines the critical importance of ECD for Uganda's future prosperity, emphasizing that early investments can significantly shape labor market outcomes and drive economic growth [34][35]. - Recommendations include increasing public expenditure on ECD, strengthening quality assurance mechanisms, and enhancing the ECD workforce to improve service delivery [46][47]. - Key investment priorities identified include expanding primary healthcare facilities, introducing publicly financed pre-primary education, developing affordable childcare models, and scaling up parenting support programs [47][48].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Positive rainfall shocks increase agricultural productivity by approximately 7 percent compared to negative shocks, with irrigation infrastructure significantly moderating this effect [3][47] - Weather-induced agricultural productivity changes have substantial spillover effects on rural non-farm enterprises, particularly in retail trade, with enterprise revenues increasing by 25.7 percent and value addition by 30.3 percent during positive rainfall shocks [3] - Rural household consumption responds positively to favorable rainfall conditions, with monthly per capita expenditures increasing by 6 percent during positive rainfall shocks, primarily driven by higher spending on luxury goods [3] Summary by Sections Introduction - Agriculture contributes around 18 percent of India's GDP and engages nearly 42 percent of the total workforce, indicating its importance in the rural economy despite low productivity [7] - Agricultural growth has a strong impact on rural poverty reduction, with a 1 percent rise in agricultural growth reducing rural poverty by 0.45 percent [7] Data and Summary Statistics - The study utilizes data from three sources: agricultural statistics from ICRISAT, non-farm enterprise data from the National Sample Survey Organisation, and household consumption data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy [17] - Summary statistics indicate that 54 percent of district area is used for agricultural activities, with a probability of receiving a positive rainfall shock at 15 percent and a negative shock at 19 percent [22] Empirical Strategy - The analysis examines the impact of rainfall shocks on agricultural productivity, non-farm enterprise performance, and household consumption using various empirical specifications [32][41] - The study defines positive and negative rainfall shocks based on annual rainfall falling in the top and bottom quintiles of the district's long-term rainfall distribution [35] Results Precipitation Shocks and Farm Productivity - Positive rainfall shocks significantly increase farm productivity, with an increase of approximately 6,700 INR per hectare during positive shocks [47] Precipitation Shocks and Rural Non-Farm Enterprise Performance - A positive rainfall shock increases monthly enterprise revenues by an additional 9,000 INR and value addition by 3,038 INR [50] - The positive impact of rainfall shocks is particularly pronounced in retail trade enterprises, which benefit from increased local demand for non-tradables [57] Precipitation Shocks and Household Consumption - A positive rainfall shock increases per capita monthly household consumption by 6 percent, translating to an increase of approximately 8,000 INR per household annually [60] - The increase in consumption is primarily driven by luxury expenditures, with little impact on essential food expenditures [61] Policy Implications - Strengthening legal mechanisms for rural non-farm enterprises could ease cash flow issues, as these enterprises face inadequate demand and recovery of financial dues [63] - Government policies aimed at boosting aggregate rural growth and consumption would significantly benefit rural non-farm enterprises [64] - Increasing irrigation investment is crucial, as less than 50 percent of the cropping area in Rajasthan is irrigated, which mitigates the negative impact of rainfall shocks on agricultural productivity [66]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Accurate measurement of intimate partner violence (IPV) is challenging due to concerns about anonymity and privacy, which can deter disclosure [3][9] - The study adapted self-interviewing tools for rural-poor contexts and found that audio computer-assisted interviewing (ACASI) significantly increases subsequent disclosure of IPV by 41% to 57% when questions are asked privately first [3][31] - The research involved over 6,000 currently married women from rural-poor households in Punjab, Pakistan, with a focus on improving data collection methods for sensitive topics [14][31] Summary by Sections Introduction - Collecting accurate data on IPV is difficult due to under-reporting driven by fear, stigma, and shame [9] - Face-to-face interviews lack anonymity, while self-completed surveys are impractical for illiterate populations [9] Experiment 1: Understanding ACASI - The first experiment tested respondents' comprehension of ACASI and found high agreement in responses to non-IPV questions, indicating effective understanding [11][23] - The randomization of response options did not affect reporting, suggesting that respondents accurately understood the mapping of images to answer choices [21] Experiment 2: Impact of ACASI on Disclosure - The second experiment demonstrated that answering sensitive questions privately via ACASI first led to significantly higher IPV reporting in subsequent face-to-face interviews [26][31] - Specifically, the frequency of reported slaps increased by 57% and cuts by 47% when questions were asked via ACASI first [26][31] Conclusion - The study concludes that introducing private questioning enhances openness and consistency in reporting sensitive topics, making it a viable method for improving data collection on IPV [31]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Political engagement among private firms in the EU varies significantly, influenced by cross-country differences and institutional frameworks [2][9][10] - Membership in business associations is prevalent, with 51% of private sector firms in the EU-27 belonging to such organizations, although this varies widely by country [10][11] - Firms with higher political influence scores tend to perform better relative to their peers, indicating a correlation between political engagement and firm performance [1][37] Summary by Sections Political Engagement Patterns - Private firms in the EU engage in political activities through business associations, trade groups, and labor unions, with varying levels of engagement across different countries [2][3] - The historical context of political action in Europe has shaped the current landscape of business associations and their influence [9] Business Association Membership - Membership in business associations is mandatory in some countries, leading to passive engagement among firms [9][10] - Countries like Austria, Croatia, and Germany have membership rates exceeding 75%, while Romania and Poland have rates below 25% [11][12] Services Provided by Business Associations - Business associations offer services such as lobbying, regulatory information, and networking, which firms find useful to varying degrees [13][16] - In public law countries, where membership is compulsory, firms report lower perceived usefulness of these services compared to those in private law systems [21][22] Political Connections - Political connections are another form of engagement, with 4% of firms in the EU reporting such connections, which are less common than business association membership [32] - The prevalence of political connections varies by region, influenced by the attractiveness of private sector employment relative to public sector jobs [34][35] Political Influence Index - The report introduces a Political Influence index that combines various forms of political engagement, showing that firms with higher scores are more likely to report positive business outcomes [37][44] - Higher political influence is associated with better performance metrics, including sales growth and productivity [44][49] Peer Influence on Political Engagement - The political engagement of a firm's peers significantly impacts its own political actions, indicating a competitive dynamic in political engagement [56][59]