撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 人工智能 （AI） 和 机器人 在向精准农业转型方面提供了巨大机遇，有助于提高农作物产量、降低成本并 促进可持续发展。然而，许多农作物的特性阻碍了基于人工智能的机器人技术的应用 。其中 一个瓶颈在于 花朵形态，其柱头凹陷，这妨碍了杂交育种过程的去雄和授粉。 2025 年 8 月 11 日，中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 许操 团队联合中国科学院自动化研究所的研究 人员 （ 谢跃 、 张廷浩 、 杨明浩 为论文共同第一作者 ） 在国际顶尖学术期刊 Cell 上发表了题为： Engineering crop flower morphology facilitates robotization of cross-pollination and speed breeding 的研究论文。 该研究将 生物技术 + 人工智能 （ BT + AI ） 深度融合，首次提出 作物-机器人协同设计 （Crop-robot co-design） 理念，通过基因编辑重新设计作物花型，快速精准创制"机器人友好"的结构型雄性不育系， 运用深度学习和人工智能成功研制 世界首台可自动巡航杂交授粉的智 ...

Core Insights - The rapid development and widespread application of genome editing technology in the life sciences provide strong technical support for basic research and application development [1] - A new programmable chromosome editing technology developed by a team from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, enables precise manipulation of DNA from kilobases to megabases in plants and animals [1] - This technology significantly enhances the scale and capability of manipulating eukaryotic genomes, representing a major breakthrough in the field of genetic engineering [1] Summary by Categories Technology Development - The new technology allows for multi-gene stacking editing and manipulation of genomic structural variations, opening new pathways for crop trait improvement and genetic disease treatment [1] - It is expected to promote the development of new breeding strategies by manipulating genetic linkage and controlling recombination frequency [1] Applications - The technology has the potential to eliminate linkage drag and fully unleash the breeding potential of superior alleles in wild germplasm resources [1] - Reviewers have noted the significant application potential of this work in breeding and gene therapy [1]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses advancements in prime editing (PE) technology, particularly focusing on the development of MLH1 small binders (MLH1-SB) using AI tools to enhance editing efficiency in genome editing applications [2][4]. Group 1: Prime Editing Technology - Prime editing is a novel genome editing technique that allows for precise modifications, including base substitutions and small insertions or deletions [2]. - The efficiency of prime editing is often limited by the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway, which can hinder the integration of desired edits at target sites [6][7]. Group 2: AI-Driven Innovations - The research utilized the AI protein design tool RFdiffusion to create MLH1 small binders that inhibit MMR activity, thereby improving prime editing efficiency [3][9]. - AlphaFold3 was employed to efficiently screen the designed proteins, leading to the identification of an optimal MLH1-SB composed of only 82 amino acids, which integrates well with existing PE architectures [10][11]. Group 3: Efficiency Improvements - The newly developed PE-SB platforms, such as PEmax-SB, PE6-SB, and PE7-SB, demonstrated significant improvements in editing efficiency, with PE7-SB2 showing an increase of approximately 18.8 times compared to PEmax and 2.5 times compared to PE7 in human cells [11]. - In vivo studies indicated that PE7-SB2's efficiency was about 3.4 times greater than that of PE7 in mouse models [11]. Group 4: Implications for Gene Therapy - The compact size of the MLH1-SB allows for easier integration and delivery in gene therapy applications, which is crucial for effective in vivo gene editing [11]. - The advancements in AI-driven protein design are expected to facilitate the development of efficient gene editing therapies, potentially transforming the landscape of genetic medicine [15].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the revolutionary advancements in genome editing technology, particularly focusing on the development of a new programmable chromosome engineering (PCE) system that enables precise manipulation of large DNA segments ranging from kilobases to megabases, which addresses significant challenges in the field of genetic engineering [4][11]. Group 1: Technology Overview - Genome editing technology, exemplified by CRISPR and its derivatives, has made significant strides in precise editing of specific bases and short DNA fragments, but large-scale DNA editing remains a core challenge [3]. - The PCE system developed by the research team allows for efficient and precise manipulation of DNA at the chromosome level, significantly enhancing the capability to edit eukaryotic genomes [4][11]. Group 2: Technical Innovations - The research team addressed three key limitations of the Cre-Lox system, including the inherent symmetry of Lox sites, the difficulty in engineering Cre enzyme activity, and the precision of editing due to residual Lox sites after recombination [6][8]. - Innovations include a high-throughput recombination site modification platform, the development of new Lox variants with reduced recombination activity, and an engineered Cre protein variant that improves recombination efficiency by 3.5 times [6][7]. Group 3: Applications and Implications - The PCE system has successfully achieved various large-scale DNA manipulations, including the integration of an 18.8 kb DNA segment, directional replacement of a 5 kb sequence, and chromosomal inversions and deletions up to 12 Mb [7]. - This technology not only facilitates multi-gene stacking but also opens new pathways for crop trait improvement and genetic disease treatment, potentially transforming breeding strategies and synthetic biology applications [11].

Core Viewpoint - Japan's Cabinet Office has reached a consensus to allow the use of human iPS cells to create fertilized eggs for non-reproductive, scientifically valid research purposes, with a cultivation period limited to 14 days and a prohibition on implanting fertilized eggs into human or animal uteri [1][2][4]. Group 1: Research Guidelines - The new guidelines permit the creation and handling of fertilized eggs only for non-reproductive and scientifically reasonable research purposes, with a maximum cultivation period of 14 days [2][4]. - The aim of allowing research on fertilized eggs is to gain insights into the mechanisms of early reproduction, which could help identify causes of infertility and genetic diseases [2][3]. Group 2: Historical Context and Developments - Previously, research using iPS cells was limited to creating sperm and eggs, but the new guidelines expand this to include fertilized eggs, provided existing rules for fertilized egg research are followed [2][3]. - Japan has been at the forefront of research in using iPS cells for reproductive mechanisms, with successful experiments in mice leading to the creation of offspring [2][3]. Group 3: Ethical Considerations - The report emphasizes the need for ethical consistency regardless of the source of the fertilized egg, as stated by experts involved in the ethical review [3][4]. - The cultivation of fertilized eggs is restricted to 14 days due to the onset of significant developmental processes, marking the beginning of individual development [4]. Group 4: International Context - The guidelines are based on international standards, with some regions like California allowing similar research under specific ethical reviews [4]. - The discussion of life ethics and the establishment of rules can enhance Japan's international standing in the field of stem cell research [4].