Core Viewpoint - Vitamin A is essential for human health, supporting vision, immune regulation, and serving as a key ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics. Traditional chemical synthesis methods for Vitamin A are complex and costly, leading to a shift towards green biomanufacturing using synthetic biology techniques [1][6]. Group 1: Research Findings - A recent study by Zhejiang University has engineered yeast to enhance Vitamin A production by modifying transporter systems, energy metabolism, and precursor supply networks, achieving unprecedented yields [1][6]. - The hydrophobic nature of Vitamin A leads to accumulation within cells, increasing metabolic burden and affecting synthesis efficiency. Approximately 17-20% of retinol remains unextracted during high-density fermentation, limiting production [2]. - The research team introduced transporter engineering strategies, identifying key transport proteins that facilitate the synthesis and secretion of retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid [2]. Group 2: Engineering Strategies - The team optimized the yeast's energy metabolism by overexpressing FZO1 and MGM1 to enhance mitochondrial fusion and introducing Vgb to improve oxygen uptake, thereby increasing ATP levels and energy supply [3]. - A multi-faceted engineering approach, combining transporter engineering, energy metabolism enhancement, and precursor supply optimization, led to significant breakthroughs in yeast strains for Vitamin A production [3][4]. Group 3: Production Results - Post-engineering, the yeast strain achieved a retinal yield of 638.12 mg/L with an extracellular ratio of 98.7%, and a retinoic acid yield of 106.75 mg/L, both representing the highest reported shake flask yields to date [4]. - The engineered yeast strain produced 727.30 mg/L of retinol with a carbon conversion rate of 7.62% using 20 g/L glucose, surpassing previous best strains [4]. Group 4: Implications for Industry - This research provides new insights for the efficient biomanufacturing of Vitamin A and serves as a reference for the green production of other high-value lipophilic products [6]. - As synthetic biology technologies advance, microbial cell factories are expected to play a crucial role in future biomanufacturing, contributing to human health and sustainable development [6].

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