以下文章来源于科创日报 ，作者牛占林 科创日报 . 科创圈都在关注的主流媒体，上海报业集团主管主办，《科创板日报》出品。 俄罗斯计划在未来十年内在月球上建设一座电站，为其月球探测计划以及中俄联合月球科研站提供能源支持。 据悉，该月球发电站计划于2036年前建成，合同将于2025年开始执行。该月球发电站将为俄罗斯月球计划的用户以及国际月球科学站的基 础设施长期提供电力。 俄罗斯国家航天集团(Roscosmos)周三在一份声明中表示， 计划最晚于2036年前建成一座月球发电站，并已就此与拉沃奇金科学生产联合 体签署合同。 合同中规定的工作包括航天器研发、地面试验、飞行试验和在月球上部署基础设施。 俄罗斯联邦航天局表示： "该项目是建立一个长期稳定运行的科学月球基地，并从一次性任务迈向长期月球探索计划的重要一步。" 尽管Roscosmos并未明确指出该月球电站是否为核电站，但其声明却列出两大关键参与方，包括俄罗斯国家原子能集团(Rosatom)以及俄 罗斯顶级核研究机构库尔恰托夫研究所，暗示技术路线已锁定核能。 2023年8月，俄罗斯无人探月器"月球-25号"在尝试着陆过程中坠毁于月球表面。 与此同时，马斯克彻底重 ...

新华社洛杉矶12月4日电（记者谭晶晶）美国航天局4日表示，已选定两项科学仪器，计划在"阿耳忒弥 斯4号"任务期间由宇航员在月球南极地区部署，旨在提升人类对月球环境的认识，为未来月球及火星探 索提供技术和科学支持。 根据美航天局规划，"阿耳忒弥斯4号"是载人登月任务，计划不早于2028年9月实施。（完） SPSS将用于探测月球内部结构，记录月球遭受陨石撞击的频率，并实时监测月面地震环境，以评估宇 航员作业风险。宇航员还将使用一种名为"冲击器"的主动震源装置进行实验，产生地震能量，以探测着 陆点附近的浅层结构。 美航天局表示，这两项科学仪器已被选定进入进一步研发阶段，计划在"阿耳忒弥斯4号"任务中使用， 但最终载荷安排尚待后续确定。 这两项仪器分别是代号"DUSTER"的尘埃与等离子环境探测器，以及代号"SPSS"的月球南极地震台。 据介绍，DUSTER将重点研究月球尘埃问题。此前的探月活动显示，月尘黏附性强、磨蚀性大，是长期 开展月面活动面临的主要挑战之一。DUSTER由一组安装在小型自主巡视车上的仪器组成，将用于测量 着陆点周边的月尘和等离子体环境，评估其对宇航员活动及着陆器起降过程的影响。 ...

Core Viewpoint - SpaceX successfully completed the 11th test flight of its next-generation Super Heavy rocket "Starship," marking the end of the second generation and paving the way for the more critical third generation. The "Starship" is essential for meeting the urgent launch needs of SpaceX's Starlink satellite constellation and is crucial for the U.S. to return to the Moon before China [1][3]. Group 1: Launch Success and Achievements - The "Starship" launched from SpaceX's facility in Texas and successfully deployed a set of simulated Starlink satellites, achieving all major mission objectives, including a controlled landing in the Gulf of Mexico [3][5]. - The Super Heavy booster was reused from a previous flight, and the "Starship" spacecraft successfully completed a series of tests, including a re-entry and splashdown in the Indian Ocean [3][5]. - The mission was deemed a success overall, with only one minor issue regarding the ignition of a Raptor engine during the booster landing, which did not affect the mission [3][5]. Group 2: Second Generation Challenges - The second generation of "Starship" faced a tumultuous year, with three failures and two successes out of five launches, raising concerns about its design and reliability [5][6]. - The second generation's height increased to approximately 123 meters, with a 25% increase in fuel capacity to 1,500 tons, aimed at enhancing its operational capabilities [5][6]. - Previous failures were attributed to high vibration levels causing fuel leaks and subsequent explosions, leading to criticism of SpaceX's rush to meet launch schedules [6][7]. Group 3: Future Developments and Pressures - SpaceX plans to begin testing the third generation of "Starship" next year, which includes significant design changes and upgrades to fuel delivery systems and engines [7][8]. - The third generation will directly address actual launch demands, particularly for NASA's Artemis lunar exploration missions, which require reliable in-orbit refueling capabilities [7][8]. - There is significant pressure from NASA to expedite the "Starship" project due to delays, which could potentially postpone the Artemis mission by several years [7][8].

Core Viewpoint - NASA is accelerating the development of a lunar nuclear reactor, aiming to launch a 100-kilowatt fission reactor by 2030, which is seen as crucial for the Artemis lunar program and a strategic asset in the new space race [1][3][4]. Group 1: Lunar Nuclear Reactor Development - NASA plans to initiate industry bidding for the development of a 100-kilowatt lunar fission reactor system [1]. - The reactor is intended to provide a stable energy supply for a lunar base, which is essential for long-term human presence on the Moon and Mars [4][6]. - The project is driven by concerns over losing space dominance to countries like China and Russia, who are also pursuing lunar reactor projects [4][5]. Group 2: Technical Challenges - Experts highlight significant challenges in achieving the aggressive timeline, including engineering design, radiation protection, and stable operation in low gravity [3][9]. - Previous attempts to develop lunar nuclear power systems have faced hurdles, particularly with weight limitations, as none of the designs met the critical 6-ton weight threshold [6]. - The deployment of a nuclear reactor on the Moon involves overcoming unique challenges such as safe transportation of nuclear materials, temperature fluctuations, and waste heat management [9]. Group 3: Strategic Importance - The ability to establish a nuclear reactor on the Moon could allow the first nation to declare a restricted zone, impacting U.S. interests [5]. - The reactor's continuous power supply capability is deemed vital for scientific research and industrial operations on the Moon and Mars [4][6]. - The project reflects a broader strategy to secure U.S. leadership in space exploration amid increasing competition from other nations [4].

Core Viewpoint - The U.S. plans to accelerate the construction of a nuclear reactor on the Moon to support future lunar exploration and establish a reliable energy source for deep space missions [1][3]. Group 1: Project Overview - The goal is to launch and deploy a 100 kW nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030, with a directive for NASA to consult industry experts within 60 days [1]. - NASA is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy and industry to develop a 40 kW lunar surface nuclear fission power system, expected to be deployed in the early 2030s [2]. Group 2: Technical Advantages - Nuclear reactors can provide continuous and reliable power, unlike solar panels that may be affected by the Moon's long nights [4]. - A simple lunar base for a small number of astronauts would require megawatt-level power, making nuclear reactors an ideal solution [6]. Group 3: Feasibility and Challenges - There are significant technical challenges, including the safe launch of radioactive materials and the need for special permits [9]. - Funding remains uncertain, especially with proposed budget cuts to NASA's scientific budget and delays in the Artemis program [9]. - No private company has yet demonstrated reliable lunar landing capabilities, which is critical for the project's success [9].

Core Viewpoint - The European Space Agency is assessing the impact of budget cuts to NASA's lunar program included in the proposed U.S. budget for 2026 [1] Group 1 - The assessment by the European Space Agency indicates potential implications for international collaboration in lunar exploration [1] - The budget proposal reflects a broader trend of reallocating funds within NASA, which may affect ongoing and future lunar missions [1] - The evaluation process is crucial for understanding how these budget changes could influence the overall space exploration landscape [1]