生命演化

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【新华社】科研团队成功利用人工智能蛋白语言模型揭示生命演化奥秘
Xin Hua She· 2025-10-08 12:17
这项研究由中国科学院动物研究所邹征廷研究员团队完成,成功利用人工智能领域的蛋白语言模 型,揭示了蛋白高阶特征在功能适应性趋同演化中的关键作用,为理解生命演化之谜提供了新视角。相 关成果已于近日发表于国际学术期刊《美国国家科学院院刊》。 "高阶特征"破解传统研究局限 为什么不同生物在适应相似环境时,会独立演化出相似的功能?一项最新研究从蛋白质的"高阶特 征"层面揭示了这一生命演化奥秘的重要机制。 ACEP分析流程包括三个关键步骤:首先计算目标类群同源蛋白嵌入向量的真实距离,然后通过模 拟中性演化过程构建背景距离分布,最后基于分布对真实距离进行统计检验,判断是否存在显著的高阶 特征趋同信号。 全面分析验证方法有效性 为验证ACEP框架的有效性,研究团队对真实蛋白数据进行了全面的计算分析。在已知的经典案例 中,如在回声定位哺乳动物的Prestin蛋白和景天酸代谢植物的PEPC/PPCK蛋白上,ACEP均检测到了显 著的高阶特征趋同信号。 趋同演化是自然界中一种引人入胜的现象。蝙蝠与齿鲸本是演化上差异巨大的生物类群,却都独立 发展出了通过回声定位感知环境的能力。长久以来,科学家们致力于探索这类表型趋同背后的分子机 制 ...
9月译著联合书单|魑魅魍魉:我们的心魔和怪物的意义
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2025-09-30 04:39
《魑魅魍魉:我们的心魔和怪物的意义》 [英]娜塔莉·劳伦斯著 ,张凤香、白文革译,社会科学文献出版社 一部深入探索人类与怪物之间复杂关系的文化史与心理分析著作。作者娜塔莉·劳伦斯以跨学科的视 角,从史前洞穴壁画中的兽人巫师、古希腊神话中的弥诺陶洛斯,到《圣经》中的蛇与混沌之龙,追溯 了怪物在人类想象中不断演变的形象与象征意义。本书揭示了一个核心观点:怪物并非外在的恐怖存 在,而是人类内心恐惧、欲望、混沌与兽性的投射。它们是我们试图理解自然、自我和社会秩序的过程 中所创造的"他者",同时也是文明与野蛮、理性与疯狂、创造与毁灭之间永恒博弈的隐喻。 《狮吼人生:奇女子巴斯妇传》 《伊斯兰帝国:十五座城市定义一种文明》 [英]贾斯廷·马罗齐著,郭玉红译,索•恩丨社会科学文献出版社 本书以7—21世纪在伊斯兰王朝变迁史上具有代表性的城市为切入点,如麦加、大马士革、巴格达、耶 路撒冷、科尔多瓦、开罗、非斯、撒马尔罕、君士坦丁堡、喀布尔、伊斯法罕、的黎波里、贝鲁特、迪 拜、多哈等,通过介绍城市的重要建筑、文化以及相关王朝或家族的历史,从空间和时间维度勾勒出伊 斯兰文明丰富多彩的历史文化面貌。 《亲爱的族人:菲利普王之战的新 ...
【新华社】“老化石”里发现“新秘密”:新成果破解多项生命演化之谜
Xin Hua She· 2025-09-29 01:09
百万年前的破碎头骨如何改写人类家谱?被遗忘的"老古董"化石里藏着哪些新秘密?近日,中国科 学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所陆续在国际学术顶刊《自然》《科学》发布两项研究成果,一批沉睡已 久的老化石,正在新技术的"唤醒"下层层揭开生命演化的神秘面纱。 一块碎头骨:刷新人类演化谱系 人类对自身起源的探索是科学史上极富魅力的命题。 从南方古猿到能人,再发展为直立人,最终成为智人,是人类进化的完整历程。直立人标志着人类 演化成直立行走的现代人形态。 两件老标本:厘清颌关节演化路径 直立人之后,人属家族逐渐"开枝散叶",先后分化出了海德堡人、尼安德特人、龙人等人类支系。 而智人,最早的化石记录距今约30万年,成为如今人属中唯一存活的物种。 1990年出土于湖北的郧县人2号头骨,曾因严重破碎变形被暂归为直立人。这块距今约100万年的化 石,成了厘清人类演化谱系的关键。由中国科学院古脊椎所研究员倪喜军主导的研究团队将头骨重建 后,发现了一个矛盾点: 低平的额骨、突出的吻部类似古老的直立人或海德堡人;而颧骨扁平、后脑颅宽大且脑容量超1100 毫升,又与较晚出现的龙人等化石相似。 矛盾点也是校准点。团队构建全新的人属系统演化树并推 ...
远古发现|“老化石”里发现“新秘密”:新成果破解多项生命演化之谜
Xin Hua She· 2025-09-28 03:52
百万年前的破碎头骨如何改写人类家谱?被遗忘的"老古董"化石里藏着哪些新秘密?近日,中国科学院 古脊椎动物与古人类研究所陆续在国际学术顶刊《自然》《科学》发布两项研究成果,一批沉睡已久的 老化石,正在新技术的"唤醒"下层层揭开生命演化的神秘面纱。 矛盾点也是校准点。团队构建全新的人属系统演化树并推算出各人类支系的分化时间,发现智人、龙 人、尼安德特人的分化早于现有化石记录,并证实了郧县人非直立人,而是龙人支系早期代表。 "这次研究刷新了人类演化的时间线,意味着100万年前人类祖先就已分化成多个群体。"倪喜军说。 两件老标本:厘清颌关节演化路径 中国科学院古脊椎所研究员毛方园团队长期聚焦早期哺乳动物演化,将目光投向更早的侏罗纪时代。通 过对两件老标本的持续研究,团队历时十几年的研究有了新发现。 第一件标本是四川自贡的川南多齿兽化石,来自约1.6至1.68亿年前的中侏罗世。团队从这件老标本上取 得新线索,川南多齿兽有着四足动物中从未见过的"齿骨—颧骨"关节,有和哺乳动物类似的咬合稳定性 和咬合力。 一块碎头骨:刷新人类演化谱系 人类对自身起源的探索是科学史上极富魅力的命题。 从南方古猿到能人,再发展为直立人,最终成 ...
不断探索生命的奇迹(院士新语)
Ren Min Ri Bao· 2025-08-31 22:32
Core Insights - The ongoing research in paleontology continues to provide clues for understanding the evolution of life, particularly the relationship between dinosaurs and birds, which has been debated since Darwin proposed the theory of evolution [1][2][3] Group 1: Evidence of Evolution - Key evidence supporting the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs includes the discovery of feathered dinosaur fossils in China, which confirmed that feathers were present before the evolution of birds [1][2] - The fossil of "Guanlong," discovered in 2003, showed limb structures similar to bird feathers, indicating a crucial stage in the evolution of flight [1] - The largest feathered dinosaur fossil, found in Inner Mongolia in 2005, further demonstrated the importance of feathers in the evolutionary process, challenging the previous notion that dinosaurs were solely covered in scales [1] Group 2: Structural Similarities - Studies comparing the skeletal structures of dinosaurs and early birds revealed significant similarities, such as the claw structure of "Velociraptor" and the feather arrangement of "Microraptor," which align closely with early birds like "Archaeopteryx" [2] - The continuity in skeletal structure supports the theory that birds are a lineage of theropod dinosaurs [2] Group 3: Technological Advancements - Advances in technology have enhanced paleontological research, allowing for the use of satellite navigation data, geological data, and computer models to better predict fossil distribution [2][3] - Techniques such as CT scanning and synchrotron radiation enable scientists to observe the internal structures of fossils, revealing details about the physiological changes during the evolution from dinosaurs to birds [3] Group 4: Multidisciplinary Approaches - The integration of paleontology with developmental biology and molecular biology has provided strong support for the evolutionary connection between birds and dinosaurs, particularly through the study of gene sequences related to feather development and flight capabilities [3] - Ongoing research continues to yield significant findings, enhancing the understanding of life's evolution and the mysteries of Earth's biological history [3]
于生命长河照见“我是谁”
Ren Min Ri Bao· 2025-05-22 22:02
Core Insights - The book "A Life of Its Own: Insights into Evolution" by Liu Chengguang explores the breakthroughs in life sciences, including synthetic biology, gene technology, and artificial intelligence, and their implications for understanding the evolution of life [2] - It presents a comprehensive narrative of life's evolution, from single-celled organisms to complex life forms, and addresses key scientific concepts such as the origin of life, species formation, and human evolution [2] Summary by Sections - **Scientific Knowledge**: The book discusses core theories of evolution, including the development of evolutionary theory, phenotypic and behavioral evolution, and genetic and chromosomal evolution, making complex scientific knowledge accessible through engaging examples [3] - **Human Impact**: It highlights the significant impact of human activities on biological evolution, noting that the current extinction rate of species is 1,000 times higher than before humans appeared, with projections indicating that over 25% of species may face extinction or be endangered by 2050 [4] - **Technological Advances**: The rapid development of biotechnology, including synthetic biology, gene editing, and cloning, raises ethical considerations, prompting discussions on the nature of life and the potential for creating life after resolving technical challenges [5] - **Philosophical Reflections**: The book elevates evolutionary theory from a historical footnote to a methodology for shaping the future, emphasizing that "survival of the fittest" is not only a biological instinct but also a crucial logic for the continuity of civilization [5]