Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the modern transformation of the Book of Songs (Shijing) from 1901 to 1931, highlighting how it evolved from a Confucian classic to a literary work, influenced by political changes, educational reforms, and modern literary concepts [2][3][6]. Group 1: Historical Context - The transformation of the Book of Songs began with the collapse of the Confucian moral system following the end of the feudal imperial system and the establishment of a republican government in late Qing [3][6]. - The May Fourth Movement emphasized the need to overthrow old morals and establish new ones, leading to a re-evaluation of the Book of Songs to incorporate modern values [2][3]. Group 2: Educational Influence - The Book of Songs was included in modern educational curricula, serving as a foundation for ethical education and the cultivation of patriotic citizens [3][5]. - Educational reforms, such as the 1902 and 1904 school regulations, maintained the Book of Songs as a required subject, emphasizing its role in shaping national morality [5][6]. Group 3: Literary Reinterpretation - Scholars during the May Fourth period sought to detach the Book of Songs from its traditional Confucian interpretations, viewing it instead as a work of early vernacular literature [6][8]. - The emphasis on personal emotion and expression in modern literature aligned with the Book of Songs' themes, leading to its reclassification as a significant literary work [8][11]. Group 4: Cultural Identity and Nationalism - The Book of Songs was positioned as a foundational text in the construction of national identity, reflecting the complexities of Chinese literature's evolution in the context of global literary trends [12][13]. - The integration of folk traditions and the study of popular songs were seen as essential for understanding national consciousness and social dynamics [9][11]. Group 5: Methodological Challenges - The application of scientific methods in interpreting the Book of Songs faced limitations, as scholars often imposed modern values onto ancient texts, complicating the understanding of their original meanings [13][15]. - The challenges of cross-cultural literary analysis highlighted the difficulties in reconciling Western literary frameworks with Chinese literary traditions [15].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article emphasizes that Chinese companies are entering a complex phase of international expansion, facing both opportunities and challenges due to global political changes and cultural differences [1][2][8] - The article identifies the current phase of Chinese companies going abroad as the third major transformation since the reform and opening up, following the initial reforms and urbanization [1][8] - It highlights the need for Chinese entrepreneurs to adapt their thinking and methodologies, moving away from reliance on luck and experience to a more logical and systematic approach [2][12][13] Group 2 - The article discusses the historical context of corporate internationalization, referencing Japan's experience in the 70s to 90s, where Japanese companies expanded overseas but faced cultural conflicts and management challenges [8][9] - It points out that cultural differences between Chinese and Western business practices pose significant challenges for Chinese companies, necessitating a long-term commitment to cultural adaptation and management adjustments [9][10] - The importance of logical thinking and scientific methods in business is emphasized, suggesting that successful international expansion requires a systematic approach rather than reliance on traditional experience [5][11][12] Group 3 - The article warns against the pitfalls of "opportunistic" strategies in business, advocating for a focus on building core competencies and sustainable practices rather than seeking shortcuts [20][21] - It stresses that success in international markets is not solely dependent on individual effort but also on the broader economic and cultural context, urging companies to maintain flexibility and adaptability [21][22] - The need for improved logical reasoning and systematic thinking in business practices is highlighted as essential for enhancing competitiveness and avoiding misunderstandings in international dealings [16][17][18]