Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the modern transformation of the Book of Songs (Shijing) from 1901 to 1931, highlighting how it evolved from a Confucian classic to a literary work, influenced by political changes, educational reforms, and modern literary concepts [2][3][6]. Group 1: Historical Context - The transformation of the Book of Songs began with the collapse of the Confucian moral system following the end of the feudal imperial system and the establishment of a republican government in late Qing [3][6]. - The May Fourth Movement emphasized the need to overthrow old morals and establish new ones, leading to a re-evaluation of the Book of Songs to incorporate modern values [2][3]. Group 2: Educational Influence - The Book of Songs was included in modern educational curricula, serving as a foundation for ethical education and the cultivation of patriotic citizens [3][5]. - Educational reforms, such as the 1902 and 1904 school regulations, maintained the Book of Songs as a required subject, emphasizing its role in shaping national morality [5][6]. Group 3: Literary Reinterpretation - Scholars during the May Fourth period sought to detach the Book of Songs from its traditional Confucian interpretations, viewing it instead as a work of early vernacular literature [6][8]. - The emphasis on personal emotion and expression in modern literature aligned with the Book of Songs' themes, leading to its reclassification as a significant literary work [8][11]. Group 4: Cultural Identity and Nationalism - The Book of Songs was positioned as a foundational text in the construction of national identity, reflecting the complexities of Chinese literature's evolution in the context of global literary trends [12][13]. - The integration of folk traditions and the study of popular songs were seen as essential for understanding national consciousness and social dynamics [9][11]. Group 5: Methodological Challenges - The application of scientific methods in interpreting the Book of Songs faced limitations, as scholars often imposed modern values onto ancient texts, complicating the understanding of their original meanings [13][15]. - The challenges of cross-cultural literary analysis highlighted the difficulties in reconciling Western literary frameworks with Chinese literary traditions [15].