来源：天勇谈经济 周天勇 一、生产分工与协作的永恒性：市场作为协调器不可缺席 AI时代，生产的复杂性与专业化程度非但不会降低，反而会因技术的精细化而空前加深。从芯片设 计、算法研发到数据标注、硬件制造，再到应用于千行百业的解决方案，产业链条将更长，节点将更 多，跨界融合将更频繁。这种高度发达的分工网络，需要一个能够高效协调无数分散决策的机制。 市场机制的核心功能之一，正是通过价格信号，自发地、无时无刻地协调着全球数以亿计生产者和消费 者的行动。每个企业根据价格信号决定生产什么、生产多少；每个消费者根据价格信号和自身偏好决定 购买什么、购买多少。这个过程无需一个中央机关来指挥，却能在动态中形成秩序。AI可以优化企业 内部的运营（如精益生产、智能仓储），可以提升平台匹配的效率，但它无法替代由无数自主个体通过 价格互动所形成的、对分散知识的利用过程。正如哈耶克所言，社会经济问题主要是"如何利用知识的 问题"，而市场正是利用分散的、默会的局部知识的最佳制度。AI本身不创造新的协调逻辑，它只是嵌 入在市场这一更基础的协调框架中，提升其运行效率的工具。只要分工存在，对分散知识的协调需求就 存在，市场作为"看不见的手"的核 ...

以下文章来源于中欧商业评论 ，作者维舟 中欧商业评论 . 中欧商业评论创办于2008年，隶属中欧出版集团，是一家深耕主流商业可持续发展，陪伴大型企业经营 管理者长期进步的专业内容服务厂牌。 来源丨中欧商业评论（ID： ceibs-cbr ） 作者丨 维舟 图源丨Midjourney 多少年来，国内许多省份都是省会"一城独大"的格局，不断做大做强省会，但物极必反，现在一种相 反的声音也越来越响：偌大一省只有"一个中心"是不行的，还得有"多个支点"。 不久前，国务院发布《关于推动城市高质量发展的意见》，以红头文件形式明确提到"推动有条件的 省份培育发展省域副中心城市"。最早的信号可能是2020年《求是》杂志在《国家中长期经济社会发 展战略若干重大问题》一文中提到的，"中西部有条件的省区，要有意识地培育多个中心城市，避 免'一市独大'的弊端"；《2022年新型城镇化和城乡融合发展重点任务》也专门提到，有必要严控省 会城市规模扩张；去年，"新时代推动西部大开发"座谈会上，提出的建议之一，就是"发展壮大一批 省域副中心城市"。 在那之后，各省都开始注重培育1-3个省域副中心城市，目前已有15个省区确立 了20多个"副中 ...

Core Insights - The article discusses the economic failures of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and draws parallels to current global dynamics, particularly in the context of a new Cold War [2][3][9]. Group 1: Economic Performance and Structure - The FSU's economic model prioritized total output over efficiency, leading to a loss of internal vitality in the residential sector [6][10]. - The FSU's GDP was heavily reliant on a planned economy, which was resource-driven rather than efficiency-driven, resulting in a significant disparity in productivity compared to the United States [6][8]. - By 1975, the FSU's reported GDP reached 67% of the U.S. GDP, but this figure was inflated, with actual estimates suggesting it was only 53% [8][9]. Group 2: Production Efficiency - The FSU's industrial labor productivity was only 55% of that of the U.S., and agricultural productivity was merely one-fifth of the U.S. level [7][8]. - The FSU's energy consumption to produce GDP was 2.5 times that of the U.S., indicating a cycle of increasing waste and inefficiency [7][9]. Group 3: Economic Sustainability - The FSU's focus on administrative directives led to a neglect of the fundamental purpose of the economy, which is to improve living standards, ultimately resulting in a loss of public support [10]. - The article warns that a healthy economic competition must shift from resource input-driven to efficiency-driven models, emphasizing that the internal economic vitality stems from the prosperity of the residential sector [10].

Core Insights - The third set of Renminbi (RMB) is a significant artifact in China's monetary history, reflecting the economic changes of the mid-20th century and serving as a medium of exchange and a historical record [1][2] Historical Background - The third set of RMB was issued on April 20, 1962, and remained in circulation for 38 years until July 1, 2000, making it the longest-circulating RMB set [2] - It was introduced during a period of economic adjustment, aimed at stabilizing the financial order and supporting economic development [2] - The design and issuance of the third set reflect the spirit of self-reliance and hard work, showcasing China's industrial achievements and collective ideals [2] Composition of the Collection - The "Third Set of RMB Collection Album" features a comprehensive collection of major banknotes and coins, emphasizing a complete collection system of "paper money + coins" [5] Paper Money Section - The 10 yuan note symbolizes political ideals with its imagery of the People's Congress, while the 5 yuan note represents industrial enthusiasm through the depiction of steelworkers [5][8] - The 2 yuan note features a lathe worker, reflecting mechanical industry development, and the 1 yuan note highlights agricultural mechanization with the image of a female tractor driver [8] - The 5角 note showcases textile workers, emphasizing the importance of light industry [8] - The 2角 note symbolizes infrastructure achievements with the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, and the 1角 note is notable for its various rare editions [11] - The fractional notes (5分, 2分, 1分) are categorized into "long-number" and "no-number" types, with the former being particularly valuable due to limited circulation [11] Coin Section - The collection includes hard coins issued from the 1950s to the 1990s, made from aluminum-magnesium alloy, featuring simple designs with the national emblem [11] Collectible Value - The collection's value is driven by its historical significance, artistic value, and market scarcity [14] - Each banknote and coin serves as a historical artifact, encapsulating specific societal memories and achievements [14] - The artistic design merges political and aesthetic elements, showcasing significant industrial and agricultural imagery [14] - Market scarcity has led to high prices for well-preserved sets, with some rare items exceeding 500,000 yuan in value [17][18] Cultural Significance - The collection transcends mere collectibles, acting as a narrative of contemporary Chinese history [18][21] - It reflects the value orientations and aesthetic tastes of mid-20th century China, showcasing labor and national identity [21] - The collection serves as primary data for analyzing monetary circulation, price levels, and industrial structure during the planned economy era [21] - It has fostered a culture of collecting and appreciation for currency as a historical and artistic medium, shifting from curiosity-driven to research-oriented collecting [21]

Core Insights - The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China has become a model for many developing countries in formulating their development strategies, particularly in overcoming initial developmental challenges [2][3] Group 1: Role of Special Economic Zones - SEZs utilize a new system and policies to create a "resource aggregation depression," attracting scarce resources from across the country for effective utilization, thus facilitating growth and development [3][4] - The initial success of SEZs, such as Shenzhen, was primarily due to the attraction of domestic investment and talent rather than foreign investment, highlighting the importance of internal resource reallocation [4][5] - SEZs have played a crucial role in breaking away from the rigidities of planned economies, allowing for a more dynamic and efficient allocation of resources [5][6] Group 2: Trade and Economic Development - SEZs were established with the primary goal of enhancing foreign trade, particularly through processing trade, leveraging the abundant labor resources available in developing countries [6][7] - The geographical positioning of SEZs, especially those located along coastlines, facilitates quicker integration into international markets, leading to accelerated trade growth [6][7] Group 3: Introduction of Scarce Resources - SEZs serve as a platform for introducing foreign capital, management, and technology, addressing the deficiencies in growth factors within the country [8][9] - The introduction of these scarce resources not only alters the local factor endowment structure but also enhances the potential for industrial upgrading [9][10] Group 4: Information and Knowledge Transfer - The opening of SEZs has led to the introduction of market-oriented stakeholders, which has changed the interest landscape and accelerated systemic reforms [10][11] - The experiences and information gained from SEZs can be disseminated nationwide, providing a model for other regions to follow in their reform processes [10][12] Group 5: Ongoing Challenges and Adaptations - SEZs are at the forefront of addressing various socio-economic challenges, such as income disparity and urbanization issues, providing valuable lessons for national policy [11][12] - The continuous evolution of SEZs reflects their enduring significance in the broader context of economic, social, cultural, and political development [12][13]

Group 1 - The core argument emphasizes that achieving national wealth is challenging and should not be defined by distant ideals or slogans, as this leads to unrealistic expectations and potential failures in policy implementation [2] - Lin Yifu predicts that by 2050, China's per capita GDP will reach 50% of the current level of the United States, indicating a need for China to focus on improving its economic conditions rather than immediately pursuing common prosperity [2][4] - The article highlights that even if Lin's goal is achieved, the concept of wealth remains distant, as per capita GDP does not reflect actual income levels for residents, with China's social security spending significantly lower than that of Nordic countries [4] Group 2 - Wang Xiaolu, deputy director of the National Economic Research Institute, argues that the focus should be on expanding the economic "cake" before addressing income distribution and public service improvements for low-income and vulnerable groups [6] - The article questions the notion that income disparity is solely a result of market economy dynamics, suggesting that all economic systems can experience polarization, and that competition is essential for efficiency [7] - The discussion includes the idea that progressive taxation could balance income distribution without undermining market principles, emphasizing the importance of effective governance in utilizing tax revenues for public welfare [8]

Group 1 - The core debate in China's economy revolves around the effectiveness of planned versus market economies, with historical perspectives suggesting a return to planned economy models, which is deemed impractical [2][4] - The non-public economy in China, comprising 170 million entities, plays a crucial role, accounting for over 95% of market entities, more than 50% of tax revenue, over 60% of GDP, and 85% of urban employment [4] - A hybrid model combining elements of both planned and market economies is proposed, but it is argued that such a model is fundamentally flawed and could lead to governance issues [4][5] Group 2 - The future of China's economy is framed around the necessity of competition, emphasizing the importance of establishing a fully competitive market environment [5] - To excel in the global market, it is essential to cease interventions that hinder urbanization and to uphold the principles established in the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, which advocates for market-led resource allocation [5]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint is that the terms "planned economy" and "market economy" are often misunderstood, with the former not equating to a well-planned economy and the latter not equating to a lack of planning [3][4] - Planned economy is characterized by command and authority, where a few individuals dictate plans for the many, leading to potential inefficiencies and uncertainties [4][6] - Market economy relies on a dynamic pricing system where market participants and consumers make decisions, reducing the power of bureaucratic elites [9][11] Group 2 - Planned economy is described as a system governed by administrative commands and centralized authority, which can lead to significant failures if lower levels do not comply or have too much autonomy [6][7] - Market economy is defined as a system where resources are allocated based on market dynamics rather than administrative intervention, emphasizing the importance of legal frameworks that bind both elites and market participants [9][11] - The distinction between planned and market economies is framed as a difference between rule by people (human governance) and rule by law (legal governance) [11]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the implications of Trump's policies on the U.S. economy, highlighting a focus on cash maximization at the expense of public goods, which may ultimately hinder the nation's progress towards greatness [3][4]. Group 1 - Trump's approach is characterized by aggressive actions and controversial rhetoric, which have drawn criticism but align with his campaign promise to "Make America Great Again" [4]. - The article argues that Trump's understanding of "greatness" is flawed, as he applies business strategies to governance, which is a complex system unlike the simpler systems of business [4]. - The comparison between Trump's governance style and that of successful businessmen like Elon Musk illustrates the potential pitfalls of applying business success to public governance [4].