美国是权力分散的政体，政府效率不如前苏，但权力制衡的刚性更强，自带试错机制，能避免一条路走到黑。相比之下，前苏的玉米计划，最终有 62% 的 田地颗粒无收。 前苏输在了什么地方？ 首先输在总量追求，牺牲了效率，从而也失去了居民部门的内生力。被称为 "玉米狂人" 的赫鲁晓夫，在 1957 年宣布要在二十年内让 GDP 超过美国。其实 这不过是早期目标的延续 —— 苏共早在 1939 年就已提出，要在十到十五年内赶超美国。这种 "人定胜天" 的愿景，从来都是人算不如天算。1975 年，前苏 统计的 GDP 占美国比重达到 67%，成为难以突破的天花板，此后便失去了可持续性；到 1991 年，这一占比仅为 12.12%。为什么会失去可持续性？ d Frimma n a , 21 21 很多人把前苏的失败归结为西方文化的入侵，这种问题不争论，我对立场相关的东西，从来不感兴趣。诺贝尔奖获得者阿西莫格鲁写了著名的《国家为什么 会失败》，书中从制度缺陷寻找根源，前苏无疑是一个经典案例，这类问题也不争论。 那我们谈什么？谈警示，谈来自经济学的警示。 那是一个冷战的时代，而我们今天也正在步入一个新冷战时代。高市早苗违背国际法的 ...

Core Insights - The third set of Renminbi (RMB) is a significant artifact in China's monetary history, reflecting the economic changes of the mid-20th century and serving as a medium of exchange and a historical record [1][2] Historical Background - The third set of RMB was issued on April 20, 1962, and remained in circulation for 38 years until July 1, 2000, making it the longest-circulating RMB set [2] - It was introduced during a period of economic adjustment, aimed at stabilizing the financial order and supporting economic development [2] - The design and issuance of the third set reflect the spirit of self-reliance and hard work, showcasing China's industrial achievements and collective ideals [2] Composition of the Collection - The "Third Set of RMB Collection Album" features a comprehensive collection of major banknotes and coins, emphasizing a complete collection system of "paper money + coins" [5] Paper Money Section - The 10 yuan note symbolizes political ideals with its imagery of the People's Congress, while the 5 yuan note represents industrial enthusiasm through the depiction of steelworkers [5][8] - The 2 yuan note features a lathe worker, reflecting mechanical industry development, and the 1 yuan note highlights agricultural mechanization with the image of a female tractor driver [8] - The 5角 note showcases textile workers, emphasizing the importance of light industry [8] - The 2角 note symbolizes infrastructure achievements with the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, and the 1角 note is notable for its various rare editions [11] - The fractional notes (5分, 2分, 1分) are categorized into "long-number" and "no-number" types, with the former being particularly valuable due to limited circulation [11] Coin Section - The collection includes hard coins issued from the 1950s to the 1990s, made from aluminum-magnesium alloy, featuring simple designs with the national emblem [11] Collectible Value - The collection's value is driven by its historical significance, artistic value, and market scarcity [14] - Each banknote and coin serves as a historical artifact, encapsulating specific societal memories and achievements [14] - The artistic design merges political and aesthetic elements, showcasing significant industrial and agricultural imagery [14] - Market scarcity has led to high prices for well-preserved sets, with some rare items exceeding 500,000 yuan in value [17][18] Cultural Significance - The collection transcends mere collectibles, acting as a narrative of contemporary Chinese history [18][21] - It reflects the value orientations and aesthetic tastes of mid-20th century China, showcasing labor and national identity [21] - The collection serves as primary data for analyzing monetary circulation, price levels, and industrial structure during the planned economy era [21] - It has fostered a culture of collecting and appreciation for currency as a historical and artistic medium, shifting from curiosity-driven to research-oriented collecting [21]

Core Insights - The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China has become a model for many developing countries in formulating their development strategies, particularly in overcoming initial developmental challenges [2][3] Group 1: Role of Special Economic Zones - SEZs utilize a new system and policies to create a "resource aggregation depression," attracting scarce resources from across the country for effective utilization, thus facilitating growth and development [3][4] - The initial success of SEZs, such as Shenzhen, was primarily due to the attraction of domestic investment and talent rather than foreign investment, highlighting the importance of internal resource reallocation [4][5] - SEZs have played a crucial role in breaking away from the rigidities of planned economies, allowing for a more dynamic and efficient allocation of resources [5][6] Group 2: Trade and Economic Development - SEZs were established with the primary goal of enhancing foreign trade, particularly through processing trade, leveraging the abundant labor resources available in developing countries [6][7] - The geographical positioning of SEZs, especially those located along coastlines, facilitates quicker integration into international markets, leading to accelerated trade growth [6][7] Group 3: Introduction of Scarce Resources - SEZs serve as a platform for introducing foreign capital, management, and technology, addressing the deficiencies in growth factors within the country [8][9] - The introduction of these scarce resources not only alters the local factor endowment structure but also enhances the potential for industrial upgrading [9][10] Group 4: Information and Knowledge Transfer - The opening of SEZs has led to the introduction of market-oriented stakeholders, which has changed the interest landscape and accelerated systemic reforms [10][11] - The experiences and information gained from SEZs can be disseminated nationwide, providing a model for other regions to follow in their reform processes [10][12] Group 5: Ongoing Challenges and Adaptations - SEZs are at the forefront of addressing various socio-economic challenges, such as income disparity and urbanization issues, providing valuable lessons for national policy [11][12] - The continuous evolution of SEZs reflects their enduring significance in the broader context of economic, social, cultural, and political development [12][13]

Group 1 - The core argument emphasizes that achieving national wealth is challenging and should not be defined by distant ideals or slogans, as this leads to unrealistic expectations and potential failures in policy implementation [2] - Lin Yifu predicts that by 2050, China's per capita GDP will reach 50% of the current level of the United States, indicating a need for China to focus on improving its economic conditions rather than immediately pursuing common prosperity [2][4] - The article highlights that even if Lin's goal is achieved, the concept of wealth remains distant, as per capita GDP does not reflect actual income levels for residents, with China's social security spending significantly lower than that of Nordic countries [4] Group 2 - Wang Xiaolu, deputy director of the National Economic Research Institute, argues that the focus should be on expanding the economic "cake" before addressing income distribution and public service improvements for low-income and vulnerable groups [6] - The article questions the notion that income disparity is solely a result of market economy dynamics, suggesting that all economic systems can experience polarization, and that competition is essential for efficiency [7] - The discussion includes the idea that progressive taxation could balance income distribution without undermining market principles, emphasizing the importance of effective governance in utilizing tax revenues for public welfare [8]

Group 1 - The core debate in China's economy revolves around the effectiveness of planned versus market economies, with historical perspectives suggesting a return to planned economy models, which is deemed impractical [2][4] - The non-public economy in China, comprising 170 million entities, plays a crucial role, accounting for over 95% of market entities, more than 50% of tax revenue, over 60% of GDP, and 85% of urban employment [4] - A hybrid model combining elements of both planned and market economies is proposed, but it is argued that such a model is fundamentally flawed and could lead to governance issues [4][5] Group 2 - The future of China's economy is framed around the necessity of competition, emphasizing the importance of establishing a fully competitive market environment [5] - To excel in the global market, it is essential to cease interventions that hinder urbanization and to uphold the principles established in the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, which advocates for market-led resource allocation [5]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint is that the terms "planned economy" and "market economy" are often misunderstood, with the former not equating to a well-planned economy and the latter not equating to a lack of planning [3][4] - Planned economy is characterized by command and authority, where a few individuals dictate plans for the many, leading to potential inefficiencies and uncertainties [4][6] - Market economy relies on a dynamic pricing system where market participants and consumers make decisions, reducing the power of bureaucratic elites [9][11] Group 2 - Planned economy is described as a system governed by administrative commands and centralized authority, which can lead to significant failures if lower levels do not comply or have too much autonomy [6][7] - Market economy is defined as a system where resources are allocated based on market dynamics rather than administrative intervention, emphasizing the importance of legal frameworks that bind both elites and market participants [9][11] - The distinction between planned and market economies is framed as a difference between rule by people (human governance) and rule by law (legal governance) [11]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the implications of Trump's policies on the U.S. economy, highlighting a focus on cash maximization at the expense of public goods, which may ultimately hinder the nation's progress towards greatness [3][4]. Group 1 - Trump's approach is characterized by aggressive actions and controversial rhetoric, which have drawn criticism but align with his campaign promise to "Make America Great Again" [4]. - The article argues that Trump's understanding of "greatness" is flawed, as he applies business strategies to governance, which is a complex system unlike the simpler systems of business [4]. - The comparison between Trump's governance style and that of successful businessmen like Elon Musk illustrates the potential pitfalls of applying business success to public governance [4].