财政收支 记者 杜涛 近一段时间来，部分专家学者提出了提高财政收入占国内生产总值（GDP）比重（下称"财政收入占比"）的建议。 财政部原部长楼继伟在其2025年发表的《做好逆周期财政政策研究服务新一轮财税体制改革》一文中提出七点建议，其中第一条即"合理提高财政收入占 GDP的比重"。此外，多位财政政策研究者也在不同场合提出了合理提高财政收入占GDP的比重的建议。 财政收入占比反映了政府从经济总量中集中财力的程度和宏观调控能力。 中国财政收入主要包括"四本账"，即一般公共预算、政府性基金预算、国有资本经营预算和社会保险基金预算。20世纪90年代以来，中国财政收入占比经历 了一个"先升后降"的过程。 在关注提高财政收入占比的同时，也有一些问题不能忽略。比如，是否应该在这个时期提高财政收入占比？提高财政收入占比是否意味着要多收税？除了提 高税收，还有哪些提高财政收入占比的途径？ 辽宁大学地方财政研究院院长王振宇表示，2024年大口径的宏观税负为28.2%，与国际通行数值相比，一般认为我国宏观税负"30%"比较合理，超过35%就 会产生挤出效应。由此看来，我国尚存提高占比的空间。 宏观税负分为三种口径：小口径宏观税负 ...

Group 1 - The increase in foreign residents in Japan, which reached approximately 3.7 million by the end of last year, represents an 11% rise, the largest since records began in 2013, is expected to improve tax revenue and social insurance contributions, thereby enhancing the fiscal balance and living standards for Japanese citizens [1] - Japan's total population is projected to decline to 120.65 million in 2024, a decrease of about 908,000 from the previous year, marking a historical low, with the working-age population (ages 15-64) at approximately 71.24 million, accounting for about 59% of the total population [1] - The aging population and declining birth rates in Japan necessitate the acceleration of foreign labor recruitment, shifting initial concerns to a more relaxed immigration stance [1] Group 2 - A survey indicated that 76% of respondents support the increase of foreign workers, with 6% strongly agreeing and 70% agreeing, suggesting that foreign workers can alleviate shortages in goods and services and contribute new ideas to enhance productivity [2] - Empirical research shows that foreign workers and Japanese workers have a complementary relationship, with no negative impact on Japanese workers' wages or unemployment rates [2] - The majority of foreign residents are young and contribute more in taxes and insurance than they receive in benefits, positively affecting Japan's fiscal balance [2] - The current foreign-born population in Japan is only 3%, significantly lower than the OECD average of 11%, indicating potential challenges as this ratio increases over time [2] - Establishing long-term institutional arrangements and multicultural coexistence policies is deemed essential for sustainable integration of diverse backgrounds in society [2]

Group 1 - The Brazilian federal government has revised its 2025 budget forecast, increasing the expected spending on the "Continuous Cash Benefit" (BPC) to 124.7 billion reais, up by 2.9 billion reais from previous estimates, indicating growing pressure on the fiscal budget due to rising social security expenditures [1] - The report highlights that the spending on the BPC has been on a continuous upward trend, becoming a significant component of the government's primary expenditures, despite previous proposals to curb the rapid growth of social security spending [1] - The government has also raised its forecast for primary revenue in 2025 to 2.924 trillion reais, an increase of 25.4 billion reais, primarily benefiting from higher tax revenues related to natural resource development, with an estimated increase of 18 billion reais in tax revenues [1] Group 2 - The total primary expenditure forecast has been adjusted upwards by 5 billion reais to 2.42 trillion reais, while the government has reduced the budget freeze amount from 31.3 billion reais to 10.7 billion reais, indicating a shift in fiscal management strategies [2] - Brazil's government aims to achieve a primary fiscal balance in 2025, allowing for a deviation of no more than 31 billion reais, which is 0.25% of GDP, although the upward trend in social security and rigid expenditures remains a concern for the economic team [2] - Analysts note that the expansion of social expenditures like the BPC has a social foundation but poses challenges to government fiscal discipline, highlighting the need for the Lula administration to balance social welfare expansion with fiscal stability [2]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article highlights the Brazilian government's efforts to achieve fiscal balance through various tax adjustments and new tax measures since Lula's third term began in January 2023 [1] - Over the past three years, the Lula administration has implemented approximately 25 tax adjustments, including increasing existing tax rates, eliminating certain tax incentives, introducing new taxes, and imposing additional taxes on specific goods and services [1] - Notable measures include a special tax on the sports betting industry, the "shirt tax" on international shopping, and the financial transaction tax (IOF) [1] Group 2 - In 2023, the government has undertaken a series of measures to adjust the tax structure, including the restoration of certain tax rate incentives that were suspended during the pandemic, adjusting tax burdens on investment funds, enhancing the powers of tax dispute management agencies, and increasing tax rates related to firearms and ammunition [1]