Economic Growth Outlook - The IMF projects global economic growth of 3.3% for this year, an increase from the previous forecast of 3.1% [3] - Key drivers for this growth include rising business activity and strong investment in AI technologies, particularly in North America and Asia [3][4] - The US economy is expected to grow by 2.4% in 2026, up from the earlier forecast of 2.1%, supported by fiscal policy and anticipated interest rate reductions [9] Risks Associated with AI and Market Dynamics - While AI spending supports growth, it also introduces risks; a failure to realize productivity gains could lead to market downturns and affect household wealth [4][11] - Concentrated investment in AI may increase exposure to financial volatility, highlighting the need for careful monitoring of policy [4][12] - An abrupt shift in market confidence could result in broader economic losses, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities [5] Trade and Geopolitical Concerns - The IMF warns of potential new trade disputes as governments adopt more protectionist policies, which could negatively impact company profits and prolong elevated prices [6] - Persistent geopolitical tensions are identified as risks that may influence investment decisions and cross-border supply chains [7] Regional Economic Trends - The euro area is projected to grow by 1.3% this year, while China's economy is expected to expand by 4.5%, contributing significantly to global growth [9][10] - The IMF's long-term forecast for global growth in 2027 remains stable at 3.2% [10] Market Resilience Amid Fragilities - Despite underlying weaknesses, the world economy has shown resilience, adapting well in recent years [11] - Caution is advised as AI-related gains may not be sustainable, and the potential for financial shocks tied to AI investment remains a concern [11][12]

Core Viewpoint - The global economy is projected to grow more rapidly than previously anticipated this year, but faces potential setbacks from rising trade barriers and escalating geopolitical conflicts [1] Economic Growth - The global economy is expected to experience faster growth than earlier forecasts indicated [1] Trade Barriers - The potential for renewed trade barriers poses a risk to the anticipated economic growth [1] Geopolitical Conflicts - Intensifying geopolitical conflicts could also hinder the growth of the global economy [1]

31 December 2025 | 12:51PM EST Economics Research GLOBAL ECONOMICS ANALYST Top 10 Charts of 2025 Jan Hatzius +1(212)902-0394 | jan.hatzius@gs.com Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC Joseph Briggs +1(212)902-2163 | joseph.briggs@gs.com Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC Sarah Dong +1(212)357-9741 | sarah.dong@gs.com Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC Megan Peters +44(20)7051-2058 | megan.l.peters@gs.com Goldman Sachs International Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. For Reg AC ce ...

31 December 2025 | 12:58PM EST Economics Research Global Economics Wrap-Up: December 31, 2025 Global Economics 12/31/25 10:42AM ET US Economics 12/31/25 12:00PM ET Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. For Reg AC certification and other important disclosures, see the Disclosure Appendix, or go to www.gs.com/research/hedge.html. Joseph Briggs +1(212)902-2163 | joseph.briggs@gs.com Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC Andrew Tilton +852-2978-1802 | andrew.tilton ...

Summary of Key Points from J.P. Morgan Global Data Watch Industry Overview - The report discusses the global economy, highlighting a growth trajectory that is above potential, with GDP expected to exceed forecasts in the upcoming quarter [1][2]. Core Insights and Arguments - **Economic Growth vs. Labor Market**: There is a noted tension between strong output growth and soft labor markets, which is unsustainable without either increased hiring or a slowdown in growth [1]. The expectation is for a rebound in hiring, supported by consumer spending and fiscal/monetary policies, leading to a more balanced economic expansion in the first half of 2026 [1]. - **Global Composite PMI**: The J.P. Morgan global composite PMI indicates a potential annualized GDP growth of nearly 3%, which is over a percentage point stronger than previous projections [2]. The manufacturing PMI suggests a 1.3% annual rise in global industry, with a positive trend in orders relative to inventories [2]. - **Business Spending**: Mixed signals are present regarding business spending, with U.S. Fed regional surveys showing an uptick in capital expenditure, while the global investment goods PMI fell below the neutral mark [3]. This has led to a stall in the global capex nowcaster for the first time since the beginning of the year [3]. - **Employment Trends**: The global employment PMI has decreased, indicating weak job growth, particularly in the U.S., where a significant drop in private hiring was reported [10]. However, a decrease in unemployment insurance claims is a positive sign [10]. - **Consumer Spending**: Real consumer spending in the U.S. was softer than expected, with a flat report for September and a downward revision for August [11]. Despite this, there were rebounds in Chase card data and auto sales in October and November, indicating some resilience [11]. - **Central Bank Policies**: The report anticipates a variety of outcomes from central banks as the global easing cycle concludes. Expectations include one rate hike, eight cuts, and twelve holds by year-end [13]. The Fed is expected to signal a cautious approach to future cuts, while the Bank of Japan is anticipated to hike rates due to fiscal policy changes [16]. Additional Important Insights - **Euro Area Resilience**: The Euro area shows signs of resilience, with upward revisions to PMI and GDP growth, indicating a growth rate of 1.6% annualized [18]. Despite trade war impacts, fiscal easing in Germany is expected to bolster growth [18]. - **China's Economic Signals**: China's PMIs suggest a year-end recovery, with positive signals from new export orders and construction PMIs, although services have softened [21]. The forecast for GDP growth in Q4 is 3.0% quarter-over-quarter [21]. - **Trade Agreements**: The status of the USMCA renewal is uncertain, with potential delays in legislative approval until 2027, despite expectations for a preliminary agreement [23]. This summary encapsulates the key points from the J.P. Morgan Global Data Watch, focusing on the global economic outlook, labor market dynamics, consumer spending trends, and central bank policies, while also highlighting regional insights and trade considerations.

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - The conference call discusses the global economic outlook, focusing on the impact of tariffs and inflation on growth trajectories across various economies, particularly the United States and its trading partners [1][2][3][4][5]. Core Insights and Arguments 1. **Global Growth Trajectory**: - Global growth is projected to have run at 2.6% during the first half of the year, slightly down from 2.8% last year, indicating resilience despite tariff-related uncertainties [1][9]. - A slowdown to below 2% is anticipated in the second half of the year, with a rebound to 2.5% expected next year [1][24]. 2. **Impact of Tariffs**: - The expectation of rising tariffs has led US households and firms to frontload purchases, resulting in US imports running above 2024 levels [2][17]. - Tariff collections reached $30 billion in August, annualized to $360 billion, significantly higher than $75 billion last year [21]. 3. **Inflation Dynamics**: - Global headline inflation remains around 2%, while core inflation has plateaued at 2.5%, reflecting a gradual decline in services inflation [4][36]. - Consumers have absorbed only 30-40% of tariff costs, with firms delaying price increases due to inventory accumulation [3][21]. 4. **Monetary Policy Trends**: - Global monetary policy is on a gradually easing trajectory, with major central banks either cutting rates or holding steady [5][51]. - The Federal Reserve has cut rates and signaled further cuts, while the European Central Bank is expected to pause before potentially trimming rates again [54][55]. 5. **US Consumption Outlook**: - A softening of US consumption and imports is expected in the coming quarters, influenced by the frontloading of purchases and rising prices due to tariffs [22][24]. - The recent weakening of the US labor market aligns with this outlook, suggesting reduced real spending as tariffs drive prices higher [24]. Additional Important Insights 1. **Global Economic Resilience**: - The global economy has shown remarkable flexibility, adapting to various shocks over the past five years, maintaining solid growth despite challenges [20]. - The resilience is attributed to factors such as frontloading of imports and adjustments in consumer behavior [17][20]. 2. **Sector-Specific Impacts**: - The auto sector has experienced mild compression in import prices, while consumer goods and capital goods show little impact from tariffs [34]. - China has seen a significant decline in its share of US imports, dropping to 8% in Q2 2025 from over 20% in early 2018 due to tariffs exceeding 50% on some goods [18]. 3. **Future Projections**: - The forecast indicates a gradual return to neutral monetary policy across various countries, with no significant moves into accommodative territory expected [61]. - The divergence in inflation impacts between the US and the rest of the world is highlighted, with US tariffs acting as a stagflationary shock while reducing demand for exports from other countries [37][38]. This summary encapsulates the key points discussed in the conference call, providing a comprehensive overview of the current economic landscape and future expectations.

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - The conference call primarily discusses the **global economy** and the impact of **US tariffs** on international trade and inflation dynamics. Core Insights and Arguments 1. **Global Economic Growth**: The global economy has shown resilience, with growth slowing to 2.5% in the first half of the year, down from nearly 3% last year. A further slowdown to below 2% is expected in the second half, with a rebound to nearly 3% anticipated in the first half of next year [1][18]. 2. **Impact of US Tariffs**: US tariffs have created uncertainties, but their restraining effects have been slow to emerge. Recent months have seen a decline in US imports and a retreat in foreign exports, indicating that the effects of tariffs are beginning to be felt [2][17]. 3. **Central Bank Policies**: A majority of global central banks are expected to continue cutting rates, with 21 out of 30 major central banks projected to cut by year-end. The Federal Reserve is likely to cut rates in September due to a softer labor market [3][32]. 4. **Surge in Tariff Revenues**: US tariff revenues have increased significantly, surpassing $330 billion annually in July, compared to $75 billion last year, reflecting an effective tariff rate of 11% [4][46]. 5. **Tariff Absorption by Firms**: US firms are currently absorbing 60-70% of the tariffs, but this is not expected to be sustainable long-term. Firms may increasingly pass these costs onto foreign suppliers and US consumers [5][63]. 6. **Inflation Dynamics**: Headline inflation remains near 2%, but core inflation is running higher than pre-pandemic levels. The tariffs are contributing to stagflationary pressures in the US, while they may exert downward pressure on wages and prices globally [22][24]. 7. **Sectoral Impact of Tariffs**: The tariffs are expected to affect various sectors differently, with foreign exporters potentially absorbing some costs, while US consumers may face higher prices. Evidence suggests that consumers have borne approximately 30-40% of the tariff costs to date [48][53]. Additional Important Insights 1. **Global PMIs**: Global Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) data indicates that services are outperforming manufacturing, with the services PMI recovering to favorable levels while manufacturing PMI hovers around the expansion-contraction threshold [8][11]. 2. **Trade Dynamics**: The expected reduction in US demand for foreign products due to tariffs has not yet fully materialized, as US imports surged late last year. However, recent trends show a decline in imports, suggesting a shift in trade dynamics [12][16]. 3. **Future Projections**: The likelihood of severe downside risks to the global economy is diminishing, but the potential for more powerful downdrafts from tariffs remains a concern [18][39]. 4. **Sectoral Tariffs**: The overall US tariff rate is currently around 18%, with expectations that it could exceed 20% with additional sectoral tariffs on pharmaceuticals and electronics [42]. This summary encapsulates the key points discussed in the conference call, highlighting the current state of the global economy, the implications of US tariffs, and the responses from central banks and various sectors.

Economic Outlook - The global economy is projected to grow at a slower pace, with growth rates of +2.8% for 2025, +3.3% for 2024, and +3.5% for 2023 [1] Investment Focus - The slowdown in economic growth warrants precaution and encourages a closer examination of investment opportunities [1]

Global Economic Outlook - Global economic growth expectations are diminished compared to previous expectations, but a modest upward revision exists compared to April due to easing trade tensions [2][3][4] - Medium-term growth has been relatively weak and is expected to continue, with tariffs potentially exacerbating this trend [6][7] Impact of Tariffs - Tariffs are expected to be around 17% on average for the US on the rest of the world, a significant increase from less than 3% last year [5] - The depreciation of the US dollar is amplifying the tariff shock, making foreign goods more expensive and US goods more competitive [10] - Tariffs are starting to transmit into domestic prices, with importers, distributors, retailers, and eventually customers likely to bear the cost [12][13] US Economic Performance - US GDP outlook for 2025 is revised to 19%, with a slight acceleration to 2% growth in 2026, partly due to tariffs not being as severe as expected and the recent budget bill [7][9][11] - The US economy has been helped by easing financial conditions, with equity markets performing well and a depreciation of the US dollar [10] Trade Deficits and Policy - The US is concerned about its trade deficit, a legitimate concern monitored by the IMF [15][16] - Tariffs and trade policy are unlikely to significantly reduce the US's external deficits, which are primarily driven by domestic fiscal policy [17][18] - The US fiscal policy, with 6-7% public deficits, is a primary driver of the external deficit, and addressing this through fiscal policy is preferable to raising tariffs [18][19]

Economic Growth and Consumer Confidence - Global economic growth remains uncertain, with high interest rates impacting households and businesses[11] - Overall consumer confidence has declined due to high consumer prices, with spending slowing down across most regions except Brazil[13][22] - The OECD global consumer confidence index shows a downward trend, indicating reduced consumer sentiment[20] Manufacturing and Services Sector - Manufacturing experienced its first contraction in 2024, while the services sector continues to show stable growth[14] - Manufacturing growth in China and the US has stagnated, with the Eurozone still in contraction[34] - The services sector remains a bright spot in the global economy, driven by industrial production growth and capital market improvements[45] Trade and Supply Chain - Global trade volume increased by 0.7% in June, primarily driven by growth in developed economies[50] - The global supply chain market is normalizing, with the pressure index reaching historical averages in July[51] - Total port trade in June 2024 decreased compared to June 2023, mainly due to reduced activity in Asian economies[69] Employment and Inflation - Unemployment rates in the US and China continued to rise in July, while Brazil's unemployment rate showed a declining trend[73] - Inflation in developed economies is easing, with the Eurozone facing deflationary pressures[77] - Consumer inflation in developing economies remained stable in July, with only Russia experiencing an acceleration[84] Commodity Prices and Market Trends - Most commodity prices continued to decline in August but remain significantly higher than pre-pandemic levels[89] - Gold prices reached a historical high of $2,439 per ounce in August[93] - Stock markets faced challenges in August, with most exchanges reporting losses[123]