证券研究报告[Table_First] | 行业深度 固态电池系列 3：全固态电池工程化核 心难点在哪？ 报告要点 全固态电池工程化核心难点在于压力的处理。从第一性原理角度看，离子传 导的前提是材料接触，依赖于一定压力下实现，这分为初始压力、堆叠压力。 电池充放电中的膨胀在全固态时代下成为难点，且负极材料迭代方向上是膨 胀性更大的硅基/金属锂，对电池的稳定运行带来更大挑战。 等静压是全固态电池初始加压关键，潜力较大。全固态电池生产工艺中，核心 在前段的极片辊压、中段的等静压、后段的高压化成等环节，其中等静压可实 现较大、均应的压力，是致密化方案核心，其关键在连续化生产、设备大型化 等，当前处于完善期。 低堆叠压力是保持全固态电池良好运行关键，本质是对界面问题的改善，主 要通过材料、结构设计两方面实现。从材料上看，一方面，在硫化物电解质之 外掺杂材料改善界面控制，另一方面采用硫化物基复合电解质等是潜力较大 方案，从而实现电池"减压"运行。从结构设计上看，电池外部压强和轻量化 之间的平衡是关键。 全固态预计以 2027 年示范性装车为节点，消费类（EV tol 和人形机器人等） 场景或将在此前开启示范应用。 从投 ...

Core Viewpoint - Solid-state batteries exhibit superior performance and have a wide range of applications, with accelerated industrialization processes both domestically and internationally [5]. Group 1: Advantages of Solid-State Batteries - Solid-state batteries have higher energy density and better safety compared to liquid batteries, with energy density expected to reach over 500 Wh/kg [15][11]. - They can operate under extreme conditions without the risk of combustion or explosion due to the use of non-volatile solid electrolytes [15]. - The design of battery cells, modules, and systems is simplified due to the non-flowing nature of solid electrolytes, optimizing the PACK design [15]. Group 2: Solid Electrolyte Technologies - Solid electrolytes are the core component of solid-state batteries, with various technology routes including polymers, oxides, sulfides, and halides, with sulfides being the most widely accepted due to their high ionic conductivity [16][14]. - Each type of solid electrolyte has its advantages and disadvantages, with sulfides offering excellent processing advantages and flexibility [16]. Group 3: Production Challenges - The mass production of solid-state batteries faces challenges such as the interface contact between solid electrolytes and electrodes, as well as the engineering issues related to cost reduction [19][22]. - Key challenges include ensuring the stability of the solid-solid interface and the large-scale preparation of sulfide solid electrolytes, which significantly impact the commercial viability of solid-state batteries [22][19]. Group 4: Domestic and International Industry Landscape - Major domestic battery manufacturers have clarified their technology routes, focusing on sulfide electrolytes and aiming for small-scale production by 2027, with energy density targets around 400 Wh/kg [26][23]. - Internationally, companies in the US and Japan are advancing rapidly, with many planning to achieve large-scale production of solid-state batteries by 2030 [27][25]. - Policies in China are accelerating the development of solid-state batteries, with significant support from government agencies aimed at achieving commercial applications by 2026 [29][31].

Core Viewpoint - The company has made significant progress in the field of solid-state electrolytes, focusing on reducing material costs and developing high ionic conductivity halide solid-state electrolytes through a dual approach of "energy-type + fast-charging type" [1] Group 1: Company Developments - The company has successfully trialed halide solid-state electrolyte samples and completed the first round of electrochemical testing, achieving an ionic conductivity of 1.5-2 mS/cm, demonstrating good conductivity performance [1] - Compared to sulfide systems, the halide electrolyte offers three main advantages: a wider electrochemical window that can stably match high voltage platforms above 4.3V, improved stability with simplified manufacturing processes, and lower raw material and manufacturing costs [1]

Financial Performance - The company reported a total revenue of 86.48 million yuan for the first half of 2025, a decrease of 45.57% year-on-year [1] - The net profit attributable to shareholders was -72.41 million yuan, down 70.96% year-on-year [1] - The gross margin was 6.21%, a decline of 55.09% compared to the previous year [1] - The net margin was -87.86%, a decrease of 221.54% year-on-year [1] - Total expenses (selling, administrative, and financial) accounted for 41.33% of revenue, an increase of 111.16% year-on-year [1] Cash Flow and Financial Health - The company's cash flow situation is concerning, with cash and cash equivalents at 158 million yuan, down 38.47% year-on-year [2] - The average operating cash flow over the past three years has been negative, indicating potential liquidity issues [2] - The ratio of cash to current liabilities is only 23.38%, suggesting limited financial flexibility [2] Product Development and Innovation - The company has successfully trial-produced a dry electrode equipment prototype, which is currently in the parameter adjustment and technical validation phase [3] - The dry electrode technology differs from traditional methods by eliminating the need for a film-making process, allowing for a more efficient production [3] - The company has achieved significant progress in solid-state electrolyte development, with halide solid electrolyte samples completed ahead of schedule [4] Material Development and Market Expansion - The company has maintained stable cooperation with major 3C clients for optical adhesives and tapes, with planned shipments proceeding as scheduled [5] - In the Micro LED sector, the company has made notable advancements in mass transfer films, with small batch shipments already achieved [6] - The water vapor barrier film has been successfully delivered to a flexible perovskite manufacturer, marking a breakthrough in this area [7]

Summary of Solid-State Battery Industry Conference Call Industry Overview - The solid-state battery industry is currently experiencing stagnation in overall performance, but capital expenditures on equipment are accelerating, leading to increased recommendations and conference calls [2][3] - The industry is gradually leaning towards sulfide routes for solid-state batteries, with major domestic manufacturers like BCC actively exploring these solutions [1][6][9] Key Developments - A pilot production line for solid-state batteries is being established, expected to be completed by the end of this year, focusing on large cell production (590 mm standard length, 80-100 Ah) [2][3] - Current production capacity is limited to a few hundred batteries per day, indicating that the pilot line is not yet at gigawatt-hour scale [1][4] - Major manufacturers are planning small-scale production of high-nickel cathode batteries by 2027 and a combination of high-nickel ternary and lithium-rich manganese cathode batteries by the end of 2025 [1][9] Technical Insights - The energy density of single cells is above 400 Wh/kg, but grouping them results in a decrease in energy density. Cycle life is approaching 1,000 cycles, meeting solid-state battery goals, but requires significant pressure to ensure conductivity [10] - Fast charging technology faces bottlenecks, with current pilot lines supporting 1C fast charging, but higher rates require further optimization of material systems and interface processing [11][13] - The solid-state battery preparation routes include liquid phase, solid phase, and carbothermal reduction methods, with no clear best route established yet [3][16] Material and Design Considerations - The main cathode materials remain high-nickel ternary and lithium-rich manganese, with sulfide lithium primarily used to optimize interfaces rather than as a cathode material [14][15] - The industry is recognizing the need to integrate halides to solve cathode issues and polymers for anode problems, leading to a more practical design approach [6][9] - The current market for silicon-carbon anode materials is limited, with a small percentage of adoption in the liquid electrolyte base [31] Future Projections - Solid-state technology is expected to see small-scale production by 2027 and commercialization by 2029, with large-scale production line construction potentially accelerating in 2028 [32] - The capital expenditure for solid-state technology is anticipated to remain stable, focusing on dry coating for cathodes and other specialized equipment [33] Challenges and Risks - Lithium metal batteries face significant challenges, including dendrite formation and membrane puncture leading to short circuits, despite their high energy density potential [8][19] - The commercial viability of lithium metal anodes remains uncertain, with most companies still focusing on silicon-carbon solutions [19][20] Conclusion - The solid-state battery industry is at a critical juncture, with ongoing developments in technology and production capabilities. However, challenges in fast charging, material optimization, and commercial scalability remain significant hurdles to overcome.

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - The focus of the conference call is on the **halide solid-state electrolyte** technology, which is considered a breakthrough for the next generation of solid-state batteries [2][5]. Core Insights and Arguments - **Research Progress**: Significant advancements in halide solid-state electrolytes were highlighted at the Second China All-Solid-State Battery Innovation Development Summit held in February 2025. The research began in 2018, with breakthroughs in chloride and bromide halides showing sufficient ionic conductivity and stability, achieving 1 mS/cm at room temperature [2][5]. - **Technical Challenges**: The main challenges include humidity stability and the interface with the anode. Humidity sensitivity can reduce ionic conductivity, which can be improved through doping or coating. The anode interface is prone to reactions that lead to capacity decay, necessitating interface modification or composite electrolyte designs [2][6]. - **Commercial Viability**: Balancing performance and cost is crucial for commercial applications. Early halide materials relied on rare earth elements, making them expensive. However, since 2021, zirconium-based non-rare earth materials have emerged as a cost-effective alternative, despite initially lower ionic conductivity [2][7]. - **Recent Breakthroughs**: In 2023, a zirconium-based 4.75 chloride oxide solid-state electrolyte achieved a room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.42 mS/cm, with a cost of $11.6 per kilogram, laying a foundation for commercialization [2][8]. - **Patent Activity**: There has been a rapid increase in patent applications for halide solid-state electrolytes since 2016. Panasonic leads with 74 patents, while domestic companies like the Automotive Power Battery Research Institute and Honeycomb Energy follow with 17 and 13 patents, respectively. In the period from 2024 to March 2025, domestic manufacturers added 25 new patents, indicating accelerated development [2][9]. - **Automaker Innovations**: Domestic automakers, such as Geely, have made significant strides, obtaining 8 patents in 2024. Their self-developed oxychloride zirconium lithium solid-state electrolyte demonstrated good humidity stability, with minimal ionic conductivity loss [2][10]. - **Battery Manufacturer Developments**: Leading battery companies like CATL and BYD have made notable advancements. CATL introduced a doped sulfide solid-state electrolyte with an ionic conductivity of 1.15 mS/cm, while Honeycomb Energy developed a chloride-oxide composite lithium metal anode system with a conductivity of 7.5 mS/cm [2][11]. Additional Important Content - **Preparation Methods**: Various preparation methods for halide solid-state electrolytes include solid-phase synthesis, liquid-phase synthesis, and gas-phase synthesis, each with its own advantages and challenges [2][6]. - **Future Outlook**: The halide solid-state electrolyte technology is expected to play a crucial role in the future of solid-state batteries, with ongoing research aimed at overcoming existing technical challenges and enhancing commercial viability [2][12].