Group 1 - The article discusses the historical significance of horses in human culture, emphasizing their loyalty, diligence, and spiritual qualities as companions throughout history [1] - The domestication of horses dates back approximately 5,500 years, with evidence found in Kazakhstan and China, indicating the spread of horse breeding techniques [1][2] - The early horses in China were smaller and shorter compared to later breeds, as evidenced by artifacts from the Zhou Dynasty [2][4] Group 2 - The introduction of the "Heavenly Horse" from the Western Regions during the Han Dynasty significantly improved the local horse breeds, enhancing the military capabilities of the Han army [4][5] - The "Heavenly Horse" was not only a military asset but also held spiritual significance, reflecting the cultural beliefs of the Han Dynasty [6][7] - Artistic representations of horses during the Han Dynasty showcased their importance in various aspects of life, including warfare, hunting, and daily activities [9][10][12] Group 3 - Horses served multiple functions in daily life, including transportation and as hunting mounts, reflecting their integral role in agricultural society [12][18] - The Han Dynasty's emphasis on horses was linked to political power and ceremonial significance, showcasing the grandeur of the empire [12][39] - The mythical representations of horses, such as the "Heavenly Horse," illustrate the blending of cultural beliefs and artistic expression in ancient China [22][36]

Group 1 - The article discusses the discovery of three bronze horses from Handan, which are considered the earliest examples of realistic style in Chinese art, predating the famous "Galloping Horse" by approximately 400 years [2] - These bronze horses challenge the traditional notion of "expressive over realistic" in Chinese art, showcasing a unique blend of artistic styles [4] - The horses are noted for their robust physical features, symbolizing strength and agility, which are essential traits for warhorses [7] Group 2 - The bronze horses have their tails tied up, a practice that was common in ancient battlefields to prevent accidents during high-speed maneuvers, indicating their practical design [16][20] - Experts suggest that these horses may be linked to the military reforms of Zhao Wuling Wang, who implemented the "Hu Fu Qi She" strategy, transitioning from traditional infantry to cavalry [20][21] - This reform not only changed the military tactics of the Zhao state but also fostered cultural exchange and integration, a legacy that continues to resonate in modern times [23]