Montauk energy(MNTK) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Montauk Renewables (NasdaqCM:MNTK) Q4 2025 Earnings call March 12, 2026 08:30 AM ET Company ParticipantsBetty Zhang - Associate Director of Equity ResearchJohn Ciroli - Chief Legal Officer and SecretaryKevin Van Asdalan - CFOSean McClain - President and CEOConference Call ParticipantsRyan Pfingst - Senior Research AnalystTim Moore - Senior Research Analyst and Managing DirectorOperatorGood day, everyone, and thank you for participating in today's conference call. I would like to turn the call over to Mr. Jo ...
Village Farms(VFF) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Village Farms reported record net income from continuing operations of $21 million or $0.19 per share, a $49 million improvement compared to the prior year [5] - Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations reached $50 million, an improvement of $48 million year-over-year [5] - Cash flow from continuing operations was $58 million, an increase of $44 million compared to 2024 [5] - Consolidated net sales increased by 9% to $49.6 million in Q4 2025 [25] - Net income from continuing operations improved to $2.3 million, compared to a net loss of $5.7 million in Q4 of last year [26] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Global cannabis sales grew by 70% year-over-year, with significant contributions from the Netherlands business [4] - Canadian cannabis sales for Q4 were $52.7 million, a 10% increase compared to Q4 of last year [27] - International export sales increased by 384% over Q4 of last year [27] - Retail branded sales in Canada were flat compared to Q4 last year, but gross margins improved to 43% [15][28] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company maintained a top five overall market share position in Canada and held the number one position in dried flower as of the end of last month [15] - The Netherlands operations generated $3.3 million in sales during Q4, with adjusted EBITDA of $700,000 [31] - Canadian cannabis gross margin was 43%, significantly up from 3% in Q4 of last year [28] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on improving margin performance, profitability, and cash generation to enable additional growth investments [5] - Village Farms is transitioning to a more robust cannabis operation, having privatized its legacy produce business to focus on cannabis [12] - The company is investing in capacity expansion projects in Canada and the Netherlands to meet increasing demand [20][23] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the strong demand fundamentals domestically and internationally, expecting continued profitable growth in 2026 and beyond [19] - The company acknowledged temporary supply constraints due to a labor strike in British Columbia, which impacted Q4 sales by approximately $2.5 million [17] - Management highlighted the importance of maintaining a balanced approach to capital allocation while pursuing growth opportunities [37] Other Important Information - The company ended the year with approximately $86 million in cash, positioning it well for future investments [24] - A share repurchase program was initiated, with the purchase of approximately 813,000 shares at an aggregate cost of $3 million during Q4 [34] Q&A Session Summary Question: Share repurchases and capital allocation - Management indicated that share repurchases reflect confidence in cash generation and do not hinder business operations or growth opportunities [40] Question: Growth in the German market - Management acknowledged a decline in German import volumes but expects growth to resume in Q1, citing regulatory changes that favor their business model [42][43] Question: Capacity constraints and market share - Management clarified that Canadian operations remain a priority, balancing international demand with commitments in Canada [49] - The company regained its number one flower share position in January and expects continued growth in 2026 [50]
Sleep Number(SNBR) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Full year net sales were $1.41 billion, in line with guidance despite reduced marketing spend and lower traffic [8] - Adjusted EBITDA was $78 million, exceeding guidance of $70 million [8] - Full year pro forma adjusted EBITDA margin was approximately 9%, a 200 basis point improvement versus the prior year [40] - Gross profit margin for Q4 was 55.6%, a 430 basis point decline year-over-year, primarily due to a non-recurring inventory obsolescence charge [37] - Operating expenses for the full year were $824 million, a $136 million reduction from the prior year [40] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The launch of the ComfortMode mattress resulted in sales being 3.5 times expectations, nearly twice the sales of the three c-series beds it replaces [14] - The ComfortMode bed has a gross margin improvement of 10 percentage points compared to the beds it replaces [59] - Operating expenses in Q4 were down 9% year-over-year, driven by ongoing cost savings initiatives [38] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company experienced significant pressures from severe weather and macroeconomic impacts, leading to 236 store closures for at least one day in January [11] - Brand consideration among premium shoppers grew 10%, achieving the highest consideration in the premium category [25] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on executing a turnaround strategy that includes growth and cost-cutting measures [6] - A new product line was launched to address customer needs for comfort, durability, and value, while also simplifying the buying experience [15][17] - The company aims to modernize its marketing engine and has partnered with Travis Kelce to strengthen brand presence [33] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management acknowledged the need to fix the capital structure and is actively implementing a plan to address liquidity pressures [27][48] - The company expects Q1 net sales to decline in the high teens percentage due to early-year softness, but anticipates significant improvement in Q2 with the full impact of new product launches [46] - Adjusted EBITDA for the full year is expected to increase in the high teens to mid-20s percentage range year-over-year [47] Other Important Information - The company removed more than $185 million of annualized costs and has identified another $50 million of annualized fixed costs to be executed in 2026 [11][32] - Total liquidity at year-end was $58 million, well above the amended $30 million covenant floor [41] Q&A Session Summary Question: What were the main pain points addressed by the new product launches? - The company aimed to expand its audience and focus on comfort, value, and durability, utilizing luxurious materials at accessible price points [53][54] Question: What are the major sources of the $50 million of additional savings? - The savings will come from logistics, delivery, last mile labor model resets, and corporate overhead structure adjustments [61][62] Question: How will the new product launches impact ASPs, cost per bed, and margins? - The new beds are designed to maintain strong margin profiles while addressing customer needs, with the ComfortMode bed being margin accretive [56][59] Question: Will marketing spend increase in 2026? - Marketing spend will be held flat in 2026 compared to 2025, with a more even distribution throughout the year to avoid inefficiencies [88][89] Question: Will there be further clearance activity as new products are launched? - The company expects some margin pressure in Q1 due to inventory clearance but anticipates leveraging volume for long-term benefits [99][100]
Rapid Micro Biosystems(RPID) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Total Q4 revenue reached $11.3 million, representing a 37% year-over-year growth and a quarterly record, exceeding previous guidance [15][31] - Product revenue increased by 78% in Q4, driven by strong system placements, while consumable revenue grew by 11% [32][17] - Recurring revenue increased by 10% to $4.6 million, accounting for 53% of total revenue, indicating strong utilization of systems [17][34] - Q4 gross margin was impacted by inventory-related charges, resulting in a product margin of -8%, but excluding these charges, the margin was positive at 4% [34][36] - The net loss for Q4 was $12.5 million, compared to a net loss of $9.7 million in the same quarter last year [38] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - 16 Growth Direct systems were placed in Q4, a record number, bringing the total to 190 systems globally, with 155 fully validated [15][31] - Consumable revenue for the full year increased by 17%, reflecting strong utilization across the installed base [17] - Service revenue in Q4 was $2 million, consistent with guidance, but lower than $3 million in Q4 2024 [32] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The partnership with MilliporeSigma is progressing well, with customer demo labs established across Europe and Asia to enhance sales efforts [20] - The expansion of the Growth Direct platform by Samsung Biologics highlights the demand for automation in pharmaceutical manufacturing [14][25] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to accelerate system placements, expand gross margins, and innovate new products while managing cash prudently [22][50] - A new cloud-native software platform is expected to be released in the second half of 2026, enhancing the Growth Direct experience and providing AI-driven analytics [27][100] - The company anticipates revenue guidance for 2026 to be between $37 million and $41 million, with expectations for gross margin expansion to approximately 20% [28][29] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the long-term growth potential driven by increased automation adoption and a focus on data integrity in the pharmaceutical industry [25][26] - The company is optimistic about the contributions from the MilliporeSigma partnership and the ongoing demand for their systems in both principal manufacturers and CDMOs [23][60] Other Important Information - The company ended the year with $39 million in cash and investments, aligning with guidance, and has $25 million of unused capacity under its debt facility [39] - The net cash burn for Q4 was $3 million, with expectations for higher burn in Q1 [40] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is being done to reduce the gap between placed and validated systems? - Management indicated that timing variations affect the validation process and expect to see improvements as they work with customers like Amgen [53][56] Question: What percentage of placed systems are within CDMOs, and how is that space evolving? - Management noted a strong value proposition for CDMOs and highlighted ongoing growth in this segment [58][60] Question: What are the key drivers for achieving the 20% gross margin target for 2026? - Key drivers include locked-in product cost reductions and expected increases in service revenue as validations progress [66][70] Question: How will the next-gen cloud-native software platform be integrated into devices? - The platform will be a complete rewrite of the application software, providing easier integration and potential future revenue from cloud services [96][100]
Vivid Seats(SEAT) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - In Q4 2025, the company generated $581 million of marketplace Gross Order Value (GOV), down from $994 million in the prior year period, reflecting a 41.6% year-over-year decline [15] - Total marketplace orders decreased by 32% year-over-year, with the average order size dropping to $329 from $380 in Q4 2024 [15] - Q4 2025 revenues were $127 million, compared to $200 million in the prior year [16] - Adjusted EBITDA for Q4 2025 was $1 million, indicating negative operating leverage due to lower volume [16] - The company ended Q4 2025 with $103 million in cash and $390 million in debt, resulting in net debt of $287 million [17] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The marketplace take rate in Q4 2025 was 16.8%, slightly up from 16.6% in Q4 2024 [16] - The app's Gross Order Value (GOV) increased over 20% year-over-year through the first two months of 2026, with app share of GOV rising by more than 500 basis points since the launch of the enhanced app value proposition [11][12] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Industry volumes were down double digits in Q4 2025, primarily due to fewer concert onsales and a difficult comparison with the World Series [15] - The company expects Marketplace GOV for Q1 2026 to be in the range of $570 million-$620 million, consistent with Q4 2025 [18] - For fiscal year 2026, the company continues to expect Marketplace GOV in the range of $2.2 billion-$2.6 billion [18] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on product innovation and efficiency, particularly through its app and web properties, to enhance the customer experience [8] - A significant cost reduction program has been implemented, achieving $60 million in annualized savings, which will be reinvested in growth initiatives [9] - The company aims to build long-term relationships with customers by enhancing its value proposition and focusing on customer loyalty [10] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management acknowledged a challenging Q4 2025 but expressed optimism about emerging momentum in app performance and overall business strategy [13] - The company reaffirmed its 2026 outlook, expecting to return to growth in the second half of the year [12] - Management believes that the combination of a streamlined cost structure and a focus on customer value will support profitable growth [20] Other Important Information - The company executed corporate simplification in Q4 2025, including the termination of its Tax Receivable Agreement and the collapse of its dual-class share structure, which improves transparency and reduces complexity [10] - The company is leveraging AI technology to enhance customer engagement and improve the shopping experience [9][11] Q&A Session Summary Question: Competitive dynamics and customer acquisition strategy - Management noted a moderation in competitive intensity, particularly from competitors like StubHub, and emphasized the importance of balancing customer acquisition efficiency with profitability [23][24] Question: Impact of AI and ChatGPT on customer engagement - Management indicated that while AI's impact is currently minimal, they believe it will significantly influence consumer behavior in the future [26][27] Question: Industry trends and Ticketmaster's changes - Management observed that concert onsales have improved in Q1 2026 compared to Q4 2025, but did not see significant changes from Ticketmaster's actions [34] Question: Customer acquisition strategy and marketing channels - Management highlighted the importance of clearly communicating the value proposition and targeting existing customers through personalized messaging [42][43] Question: Regulatory impacts on industry dynamics - Management expressed that current regulatory discussions do not appear to pose significant risks to their market position [45] Question: Cash conversion and free cash flow generation - Management expects to be modestly cash generative in 2026, driven by a return to growth and improved working capital dynamics [61]
Vera Bradley(VRA) - 2026 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Vera Bradley (NasdaqGS:VRA) Q4 2026 Earnings call March 12, 2026 08:30 AM ET Company ParticipantsIan Bickley - Chairman and CEOMark Dely - Chief Administrative OfficerMartin Layding - Former CFOConference Call ParticipantsEric Beder - CEO and Consumer AnalystOperatorGreetings, and welcome to the Vera Bradley fourth quarter fiscal 2026 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. If anyone should require ...
Ollie's Bargain Outlet (OLLI) - 2026 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Net sales increased by 17% to $779 million, driven by new store openings and comparable store sales growth [17] - Comparable store sales rose by 3.6%, supported by increases in both basket size and transaction counts [17] - Adjusted net income increased by 16% to $85 million, and adjusted earnings per share rose by 17% to $1.39 [20] - Gross margin was 39.9%, slightly below the previous year due to planned price investments [19] - Total cash and investments increased by over 31% to $563 million, with no meaningful long-term debt [21] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Seasonal, consumable, hardware, stationery, and sporting goods were the top-performing categories [18] - Membership in the Ollie's Army loyalty program grew by 23%, with total customer file increasing by over 12% [7] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company opened a record 86 stores in the previous year, significantly higher than the previous record of 50 [5] - The company plans to open 75 new stores in 2026, continuing its expansion into new markets [10] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to enhance growth through new store openings and improving customer experience [10][11] - A flexible off-price buying model is being utilized to leverage growing buying power and improve merchandise assortment [8] - The company is committed to a long-term goal of over 1,300 stores, with a focus on maintaining a strong balance sheet and returning cash to shareholders [11][25] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in achieving a sustainable comparable store sales growth target of 2% and a gross margin target of 40.5% [12][24] - The company is well-positioned to benefit from retail consolidation, which is expected to enhance deal flow and access to products [12][65] - Management noted that consumer behavior is shifting towards seeking value, with strong performance in consumables [64] Other Important Information - The company is increasing its share repurchase program, targeting to return approximately 50% of free cash flow to investors [25][103] - Capital expenditures for the year are expected to be in the range of $103 million to $113 million, including investments in distribution centers [27] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is the thought process behind the change in comp growth target? - Management believes they are at an inflection point, with accelerated growth and better access to merchandise allowing for a sustainable 2% comp growth target [31] Question: How is sales productivity being managed with changes in assortments? - The company is focusing on providing the best values in relevant merchandise categories and is making investments in planning and allocation to drive higher space productivity [35][40] Question: What is the state of the consumer and the impact of tariffs? - Consumers are seeking value, with strong performance in trade down among upper-income cohorts, while lower-income cohorts show some weakness [64] Question: How is the real estate environment affecting new store growth? - The real estate environment remains strong, and the company is balancing new store growth with initiatives to improve in-store shopping experiences [69] Question: Can you quantify the comp growth from Ollie's Army membership versus new store growth? - The company has not historically separated this data but is focused on growing Ollie's Army through new stores [74] Question: What was the impact of straight-line rent in 2025 and expectations for 2026? - Straight-line rent expense was $5 million for the Big Lots locations in 2025, and the company is considering higher levels of share repurchases based on cash flow generation [100][101]
Acuren Corp(TIC) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - In 2025, the company achieved a revenue growth of approximately 4% to $2.1 billion, marking the highest combined full-year revenue [9] - Adjusted EBITDA for the full year was approximately $312 million, with an adjusted EBITDA margin of 14.8% [9][24] - For Q4 2025, total revenue was $508 million, reflecting a flat year-over-year performance, with adjusted gross profit increasing by 8% to $197 million [22][24] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - In the Inspection and Mitigation (I&M) segment, revenue was approximately $1.1 billion for 2025, remaining roughly flat year-over-year, with an adjusted gross margin of 27.8% [19][20] - The Consulting Engineering (CE) segment saw revenue of $714 million, up roughly 8% against 2024, with an adjusted gross margin of 47.0% [20][21] - Geospatial (Geo) revenue was $298 million, up roughly 6% against 2024, with an adjusted gross margin of 51.5% [21] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The backlog within CE and Geo was $1.07 billion, up about 10% from approximately $970 million last year [15] - Data center revenue increased significantly, reaching nearly $70 million in 2025, more than doubling from the prior year [12] - The federal funding lapse affected timing of work in Geo but did not lead to material cancellations [14] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company plans to accelerate organic growth with a focus on cross-selling and deeper client engagement across segments [10] - There is a strong emphasis on strengthening organizational alignment and cultural cohesion while driving margin expansion through cost management [10][16] - The company aims to leverage its combined capabilities to expand share of wallet with key clients in infrastructure, industrial, utilities, and government sectors [10] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the leadership transition and the strategic direction of the company, highlighting the importance of maintaining operational stability during the transition [7][31] - The company anticipates continued growth driven by infrastructure reinvestment and regulatory compliance, with a focus on execution and delivering on targets [34] - For 2026, the company expects revenue in the range of $2.15 billion to $2.25 billion, with adjusted EBITDA between $330 million and $355 million [27] Other Important Information - The company completed a $250 million private placement to strengthen its balance sheet and provide flexibility for growth opportunities [25] - An integration program is underway, with a commitment to deliver $25 million in cost synergies, with half expected to be realized in 2026 [26] - A $200 million share repurchase program has been authorized to provide flexibility based on market conditions [32] Q&A Session Summary Question: Can you talk more about the integration process and specific milestones for 2026? - Management expressed confidence in the integration process, focusing on communication, culture, and achieving cost savings [39] Question: What are the biggest potential synergies and go-to-market strategies? - Management highlighted exciting developments in cross-selling opportunities, particularly in the data center space [40][41] Question: What are the expectations for the energy and oil end markets? - Management indicated good visibility on planned outages and run-and-maintain contracts, suggesting stability in the energy sector [51] Question: Can you elaborate on the EBITDA margins in the latest 2026 guidance? - Management acknowledged adjustments due to stock compensation changes but emphasized growth and margin expansion from improved execution [59] Question: How does the current situation in the Middle East impact the business? - Management noted that the Middle East represents a small portion of the business, with minimal current impact from rising oil prices [65] Question: What is the outlook for capital allocation? - Management confirmed a robust tuck-in acquisition pipeline while maintaining flexibility for share buybacks based on market conditions [78][79]
Ollie's Bargain Outlet (OLLI) - 2026 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Net sales increased by 17% to $779 million, driven by new store openings and comparable store sales growth [17] - Comparable store sales rose by 3.6%, supported by increases in both basket size and transaction counts [17] - Adjusted net income grew by 16% to $85 million, with adjusted earnings per share increasing by 17% to $1.39 [20] - Gross margin was reported at 39.9%, slightly below the previous year due to planned price investments [19] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Seasonal, consumable, hardware, stationery, and sporting goods were the top-performing categories [18] - Membership in the Ollie's Army loyalty program increased by 23%, with total customer file growth exceeding 12% [7] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company opened a record 86 stores in the last year, significantly higher than the previous record of 50 stores [5] - The company plans to open 75 new stores in 2026, continuing its expansion strategy [10] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to enhance growth through a flexible off-price buying model, improving access to merchandise and expanding customer demographics [8][9] - The long-term goal is to exceed 1,300 stores, with a focus on both new store openings and improving comparable store sales [11] - The company is committed to returning approximately 50% of free cash flow to shareholders through share repurchases [25] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in achieving a sustainable comparable store sales growth target of 2% and a gross margin target of 40.5% [12][24] - The company is well-positioned to benefit from retail consolidation, which enhances its buying power and access to products [12][65] Other Important Information - The company reported a total cash and investments increase of over 31% to $563 million, with no meaningful long-term debt [21] - Capital expenditures for the quarter were $18 million, primarily for new store openings and improvements [22] Q&A Session Summary Question: Change in comp growth target - Management explained the shift from a 1%-2% comp growth target to a 2% target, citing an inflection point due to accelerated growth and improved access to merchandise [32] Question: Sales productivity and category management - Management discussed the journey of improving space productivity and the introduction of furniture as a new category, indicating a positive early response [40][42] Question: Consumer behavior amidst economic changes - Management noted that consumers are seeking value, with strong demand in consumables and a notable trade-down effect among upper-income cohorts [64] Question: Real estate environment and store growth - Management confirmed a strong real estate environment, indicating that unit growth above 10% is expected to continue due to retail consolidation [69] Question: Marketing strategy changes - Management highlighted a shift towards optimizing marketing spend through a dynamic media mix model, reducing reliance on print media [107]
Sleep Number(SNBR) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-03-12 13:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Full year net sales were $1.41 billion, in line with guidance despite reduced marketing spend and lower traffic [8] - Adjusted EBITDA was $78 million, exceeding guidance of $70 million [8] - Pro forma adjusted EBITDA margin was approximately 9%, a 200 basis point improvement versus the prior year [39] - Gross profit margin for Q4 was 55.6%, a 430 basis point decline year-over-year, primarily due to a non-recurring inventory obsolescence charge [36] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The ComfortMode mattress launched in January saw sales 3.5 times expectations, nearly twice the sales of the three c-series beds it replaces [14] - The company is reducing its core lineup from 12 mattresses to 7, organized into three clear collections [17] - Operating expenses for the full year were $824 million, a $136 million reduction from the prior year [39] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - Brand consideration among premium shoppers grew 10%, achieving the highest consideration in the premium category [24] - The company experienced significant increases in critical consideration drivers, including value, quality, and comfort [25] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on executing a turnaround strategy that includes growth and cost-cutting measures [6] - A new product line is being launched to address customer needs for comfort, durability, and value [15] - The marketing strategy has been modernized to improve customer acquisition and brand strength [22] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management acknowledged pressures from severe weather and macroeconomic impacts affecting sales at the start of the year [11] - The company expects Q1 net sales to decline in the high teens percentage due to early-year softness, but anticipates significant improvement in Q2 [45] - Adjusted EBITDA for the full year is expected to increase in the high teens to mid-20s percentage range year-over-year [46] Other Important Information - The company has identified $50 million of additional annualized cost savings that are currently being executed [31][60] - Total liquidity at year-end was $58 million, well above the amended $30 million covenant floor [40] Q&A Session Summary Question: What were the main pain points addressed by the new product launches? - Management focused on expanding the audience to serve existing customers and attract younger demographics, emphasizing comfort, value, and durability [52] Question: What are the major sources of the $50 million of additional savings? - The savings will come from logistics, delivery, labor model resets, and corporate overhead structure adjustments [59] Question: What is the phasing for getting the new beds across the portfolio? - The new beds will be available for purchase starting March 23rd, with most stores set by mid-April [72] Question: Will the EBITDA growth reference the reported number or the pro forma number? - The growth will reference the reported adjusted EBITDA base of $78 million [75] Question: Will marketing spend trend back up in 2026? - Marketing spend will be held flat in 2026 compared to 2025, with increased spending in Q2, Q3, and Q4 [86]