Core Insights - The report identifies the fiscal costs of Zimbabwe's monetary and exchange rate policy distortions, highlighting three main channels through which these distortions affect tax revenue: the Oliveira-Tanzi effect, the impact of an overvalued official exchange rate on import duties, and the weakening of overall tax revenue due to informalization [9][11][34]. - It is estimated that from 2020 to 2023, high inflation and exchange rate distortions resulted in a loss of over $3 billion to the Zimbabwean treasury, indicating that stabilizing prices and eliminating exchange rate distortions could significantly enhance government revenue and help close the fiscal financing gap [9][11]. Group 1: Overview of Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy Distortions - Zimbabwe's macroeconomic instability is largely driven by high inflation, exchange rate distortions, and a challenging business environment, which have increased business costs and led to insufficient investment and a rise in informal activities [11][12]. - The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) has engaged in quasi-fiscal operations (QFOs) that involve printing money to finance government and state-owned enterprises, contributing to rapid money supply growth and subsequent inflation [18][19]. - The report notes that the RBZ's actions have led to a significant increase in the money supply, with reserve money growth exceeding 1800% in 2023, and an inflation rate around 700% [11][12]. Group 2: Channels of Fiscal Cost - The first channel, the Oliveira-Tanzi effect, indicates that inflation-related payment delays reduce the real value of tax revenues, leading to significant losses in government income [34][38]. - The second channel involves the loss of customs revenue due to an overvalued official exchange rate, which results in lower import duty collections [34][45]. - The third channel highlights how exchange rate controls and high parallel market premiums push businesses into the informal sector, further eroding formal tax revenues [34][30]. Group 3: Methodology and Data - The report employs a multi-method approach to quantify the fiscal impact of monetary and exchange rate policy distortions on government revenue, focusing on the period from 2020 to 2023 [36][37]. - Data sources include monthly tax revenue figures, inflation rates, and informal sector size, with a particular emphasis on the relationship between inflation and the informal economy [36][47]. - The analysis utilizes a vector autoregression (VAR) model to predict the impact of inflation on the informal economy, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the relationship between these variables [46][47].

Core Insights - The report evaluates the potential technologies to accelerate the Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) processes for regional REDD+ programs, focusing on improving efficiency, accuracy, scalability, and timeliness through innovative tools [23][24][29] - Current MRV processes under REDD+ programs are lengthy and complex, leading to delays in emission verification and climate funding acquisition [24][30] - The report identifies significant challenges including inconsistencies in methodologies across countries, high costs, and reliance on optical imagery, which complicate the measurement of emission factors and activity data collection [25][30] Summary by Sections Background - The report highlights the lengthy MRV cycles under the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the BioCarbon Fund Sustainable Forest Landscapes Initiative (ISFL), which can take years to implement even in technically capable countries [28][29] - It emphasizes the need for a more efficient MRV process to enable stakeholders to effectively respond to greenhouse gas emission drivers and access climate financing [28][30] Challenges in MRV Processes - Major challenges include the high costs and long timeframes associated with current methodologies, as well as the over-reliance on optical satellite imagery, which can lead to delays in activity data production [25][30] - The integration of activity data with emission factors is complex, involving challenges in data collection, storage, processing, and compliance with reporting standards [25][34] Proposed Solutions - Suggested solutions include data management tools to reduce MRV timeframes and technologies such as LiDAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and high-resolution satellite imagery to improve consistency and accuracy [26][29] - Innovative data collection methods like ground laser scanning, UAV laser scanning, and aerial laser scanning are recommended to enhance the quality of in-situ data and improve biomass estimates [26][53] Digital Architecture Solutions - The report proposes a centralized cloud service combined with a decentralized "data lake" platform to address data integration challenges [39][72] - It emphasizes the need for a robust data management solution that can handle large volumes of data while ensuring security and accessibility [72][76] Implementation and Testing - The report outlines the collaboration with various institutions to test technologies suitable for each stage of the MRV cycle, aiming to reduce implementation costs and improve data quality [48][53] - It discusses the importance of high-quality field data for calibrating estimates and overcoming challenges related to remote sensing data [51][52]

Group 1: Impact of Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) - ASP programs in the Sahel region significantly improve household welfare and food security for the poorest and most vulnerable populations, enhancing their resilience to shocks[1] - The PFS-BNS project, implemented from 2014 to 2024, has improved household income, asset ownership, savings, and child nutrition and education outcomes for vulnerable groups[5] - Direct cash transfers under the PFS-BNS project increased household total assets by 32% and informal savings by 65%[7] Group 2: Long-term Benefits and Resilience - Households receiving direct cash transfers experienced a 15% increase in agricultural income, leading to sustained income growth 16 months post-project[6] - The program improved school enrollment rates for children aged 6-15 by 14.3% and increased the likelihood of completing any level of education by 14.8%[11] - Beneficiaries reported a 2.5-fold increase in perceived social status, with 7.5% believing they lived better than the average citizen post-implementation[12] Group 3: Gender and Economic Empowerment - The program provided productive inclusion measures to 21,265 beneficiaries, primarily women, enhancing their income and savings capabilities[10] - Women beneficiaries saw a 37% increase in non-agricultural annual income and a 75% increase in days engaged in non-farm income-generating activities[13] - Savings groups participation increased by 251%, and business assets rose by 94%, demonstrating enhanced resilience against climate shocks[14]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the education sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) Core Insights - Strengthening the learning environment in Early Childhood Education (ECE) is essential for enhancing children's learning experiences, characterized by dynamic opportunities for interaction, collaboration, and exploration [1][8] - Quality early learning environments are crucial for children's physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development, with evidence showing that sufficient quality leads to effective learning outcomes [7][8] - The report emphasizes the need for comprehensive needs assessments to identify quality gaps in ECE settings and inform targeted enhancements [2][4] Summary by Sections Principles of Quality Early Childhood Education Environments - Five foundational principles for quality ECE environments include overall safety, pedagogical organization, spatial flexibility, empowerment and authorship, and child-centered design [11][12] Importance of Quality Early Learning Environments - Quality ECE environments motivate teaching and learning opportunities, stimulating playful learning and supporting interactions among children and educators [8][9] Main Elements of Quality in ECE Settings - Structural quality encompasses physical environments, adult-to-child ratios, and workforce qualifications, while process quality relates to learning experiences, activities, and interactions [16][17] - Recommended adult-to-child ratios are 1:9 for children under three years and 1:10-1:15 for children above three years [19] Supporting Structural and Process Quality - Physical spaces should facilitate quality principles, ensuring safety and accessibility for all children, including those with disabilities [22][24] - Teaching materials should be multipurpose, developmentally appropriate, and culturally relevant, with an emphasis on hands-on experiences [42][45] Daily Routine and Learning Activities - A well-structured daily routine provides learning opportunities, with activities designed to engage children and promote social interaction [51][52] - Learning corners allow children to choose activities, fostering independence and decision-making [62] Key Considerations for Policymakers - Policymakers should conduct assessments of current learning environments, develop multi-year plans, establish minimum quality standards, prioritize educator training, and engage parents and communities in enhancing ECE settings [79][84][89][90][96]

Core Insights - The report highlights the challenges in accurately measuring intimate partner violence (IPV) due to concerns over anonymity and privacy, particularly in rural areas with high illiteracy rates [3][8][33] - The study demonstrates that using audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) significantly increases the disclosure of IPV, with reported rates rising by 41% to 57% when sensitive questions are asked privately first [11][34] Summary by Sections Introduction - Accurate data collection on IPV is difficult due to fear, shame, and stigma associated with reporting, especially in face-to-face interviews where anonymity is lacking [8][33] - Self-administered surveys are impractical in populations with high illiteracy, and privacy concerns are heightened in low-income or rural settings [8][33] Methodology - The research involved modifying existing measurement tools to better fit the context of rural poverty and conducting two experiments: one to assess understanding and another to compare the effects of ACASI versus face-to-face interviews on IPV reporting [9][10][33] - The study was conducted with over 6,000 currently married women from rural poor households in Punjab, Pakistan, with a high illiteracy rate of 93% among participants [13][33] Key Findings - Despite high illiteracy, respondents demonstrated a good understanding of the ACASI method, and the order of response options did not affect reporting outcomes [10][33] - Initial private responses to sensitive questions led to significantly higher subsequent disclosures of IPV in face-to-face interviews, indicating that private questioning can enhance openness and consistency in reporting [11][34] Conclusion - The findings suggest that introducing sensitive topics in a private manner can effectively improve the accuracy of IPV data collection, with the study showing a notable increase in reported IPV incidents when using ACASI first [34][33]

Group 1 - The report emphasizes the need to transform cities into engines of economic growth and inclusivity, highlighting that urbanization is not inherently a driver of inclusive growth [10][25][26] - South Africa faces significant urban mobility challenges, with limited connectivity and high transportation costs disproportionately affecting low-income workers [16][20][21] - The report outlines a framework of ten actions and 24 short-term recommendations aimed at addressing urban transport and development issues, with a focus on immediate relief and long-term reform [18][19][36] Group 2 - Priority actions include improving passenger rail performance, enhancing the efficiency and affordability of minibus taxis, and redirecting urban planning policies towards higher density development [42][43][44] - The report identifies the need for public-private partnerships to enhance the performance of the passenger rail system and integrate minibus taxis into the urban transport network [43][45][56] - It highlights the importance of adjusting zoning and land use regulations to encourage development closer to commercial areas and to promote financial support for strategic projects [12][19][66] Group 3 - The report notes that high transportation costs significantly impact low-income workers, with commuting expenses consuming a large portion of their income [20][27][34] - It discusses the historical context of urban mobility issues in South Africa, linking them to the legacy of apartheid and inadequate investment in public transport systems [17][22][23] - The report stresses the necessity of substantial investment in transport infrastructure and urban development to create more compact and accessible cities [35][64]

Overview - The report highlights the importance of inclusive access in the built environment, emphasizing that accessibility is not only a compliance obligation but also a social mission [30][31][32] - It notes that by 2070, nearly 60% of the global population will reside in urban areas, necessitating accessible environments to accommodate diverse needs [30][31] - The report identifies the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework that includes universal accessibility provisions alongside structural resilience, fire safety, and sustainability [45][46] Introduction - The introduction discusses the evolution of accessibility standards in response to the needs of individuals with varying abilities, particularly following significant social movements post-World Wars [38][42] - It outlines the challenges faced by diverse populations, including the elderly, children, and individuals with disabilities, in accessing built environments [30][31][32] - The report emphasizes the role of global efforts and legislation in shaping accessibility standards to meet the needs of all users [36][42] Goals - The report aims to provide a universal accessibility checklist designed to assist building professionals in enhancing accessibility in the built environment [45][46] - It serves as a practical tool for policymakers and regulatory bodies to evaluate and improve existing accessibility regulations [45][46] - The checklist is intended to be used in conjunction with other modules focusing on fire safety, green building, and structural resilience [47][48] Guidelines for Using the Checklist - A systematic approach is outlined for reviewing accessibility regulations, guiding practitioners through a series of steps to ensure comprehensive evaluations [49][50] - The report stresses the importance of including experts familiar with accessibility issues in the review process to enhance the quality of assessments [50][51] - It provides a framework for identifying gaps in existing regulations and offers technical recommendations for improvement [64][66] Key Concepts in Universal Accessibility Components - The report identifies six key components of universal accessibility in building codes, including access routes, emergency egress, and facilities [72][73] - Each component is broken down into subcomponents, detailing specific requirements for ensuring accessibility in various building types [76][77] - The report emphasizes the need for clear and precise language in regulations to facilitate effective implementation and compliance [57][58]

Group 1: Public Spending Efficiency - South Africa's public spending has not effectively supported long-term economic growth and poverty reduction, with a poverty rate of 61.6% based on a $6.85 per day threshold[14] - The fiscal multiplier has been declining since 2010, indicating that an increase in public spending no longer correlates with output growth[17] - Public debt has surged to approximately 75% of GDP by the end of 2023, limiting fiscal space for essential services[19] Group 2: Recommendations for Improvement - The report suggests three priorities to enhance public spending efficiency: creating fiscal space, reallocating resources for inclusive growth, and improving public sector service delivery[11] - Proposed actions include coordinating social projects to focus on results and partnering with the private sector to improve service delivery[42] - It is recommended to invest smarter in programs that enhance employment capabilities for disadvantaged groups in the labor market[62] Group 3: Challenges and Constraints - High current spending and rising debt service payments are constraining available resources for capital and social expenditure, which are crucial for inclusive growth[15] - Public investment in South Africa is significantly lower than in rapidly growing economies, with only 11% of the budget allocated to economic sectors[20] - The public sector's capacity to deliver services effectively has diminished, further reducing the positive impact of public spending on inclusive growth[28]

Group 1: Background and Context - The evaluation assesses the World Bank Group's contribution to electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2015 to 2024, focusing on the persistent electricity access gap in the region[3] - Over 85% of the global population without electricity lives in Sub-Saharan Africa, with 688 million people lacking access as of 2022, down from 13% in 2015 to 9% globally[5][8] - The region has the highest number of countries with low electricity access, with 13 countries having access rates below 50% and 8 countries below 25%[10] Group 2: Challenges and Barriers - There is a significant urban-rural divide in electricity access, with 69% of rural residents lacking access compared to 19% in urban areas[12] - Major barriers to universal electrification include inadequate planning, high costs, and unsustainable business models for electricity providers[34] - The financing gap for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be between $35 billion and $50 billion annually[19] Group 3: World Bank Group Initiatives - The World Bank Group has supported the development of National Electrification Plans (NEPs) in several Sub-Saharan African countries to enhance electricity access[21] - The Group's interventions include direct investments in electricity distribution and technical assistance to improve utility performance and attract private sector investment[36] - The World Bank aims to connect 300 million people to electricity by 2030, as part of its broader electrification agenda[23]

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 政治行动与影响力 企业报告 No. 46 政治参与、集体行动及欧盟私营企业的影響力* 大卫·C·弗朗西斯 T 他对欧洲联盟（欧盟）中私营企业的政治参与模式进行了简要研究。使用代表性数据， 允许在NUTS2区域集团（欧盟地区人口从大约80万到300万不等）的水平上进行分析，出现了 各种参与模式。特别是，商业协会会员广泛存在，其变化似乎主要可以归因于跨国的模式。这 种差异可能源于不同的法律制度，有些国家强制要求加入商业组织；通常，当加入会员是强制 性的时，公司对这些组织提供的服务价值较低。公司也可能转向其他形式的政治参与，例如维 护政治联系。总的来说，寻求影响力的政治参与模式差异很大，包括在国家内部，通常沿着可 识别的制度线。使用估计的政治影响力分数来衡量这种活动。尽管这个分数会有所变化，但分 析表明，分数较高的公司显示出更高的企业绩效，特别是相对于其同行/竞争对手公司。有政治 竞争的证据，其中更高的影响力导致同行公司在相似活动上投入类似的精力。 欧盟是分析企业参与集体和政治行动的关键 焦点。 私营企业参与——并且一直参与——政治活动 无处不在。欧洲的私营部门也不例外。在欧洲 ...