公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 技能 企业简报 No. 43 我国不同NUTS2区域内企业在指出"劳动力教育不足" 为首要障碍方面的差异明显（见图2）。因此，为了 理解企业所面临的不合格工人问题，考虑区域或NU TS2级别的因素也是重要的。 图2. 报告称缺乏足够教育水平员工为最大障碍的企 业比例在NUTS2区域间存在显著差异。 理解与公司报告不充分教育员工为首要障碍相关的 地区特征是确定不充分教育员工的可能原因及其可 能影响、解决该问题的政策类型以及应针对哪些政 策类型的一个良好起点。 经济发展。最自然决定充足受过教育工人可用性的 因素是经济发展水平（参见Lange等人，2018年） 。宏观层面的研究表明，富裕国家拥有远高于其他 国家的教育水平。 * 关联：世界银行、发展经济学、企业分析。联系方式：mamin@worldbank.org。致谢：本简报是关于欧盟27国区域差异和增长机会问题系列 的一部分。本系列是世界银行企业分析团队（DECEA）的成果，并得益于欧盟DG REGIO部门的慷慨支持。团队还感谢Norman V. Loayza和J orge Rodriguez Meza对评论和指导出版过程的贡 ...

公共披露授权 2025年1月22日 建立规模 企业报告第44号 欧盟的机构规模分布* M. Nazım Tamkoç T 他的简报研究了欧盟国家的企业规模分布。已有的文献已经确立，低收入国家中小企业 的过剩是资源配置不当的证据。为了调查这一现象，本简报分析了欧洲联盟国家及区域在NUT S1和NUTS2层级上，经济中企业前10%的平均规模（以就业人数衡量）和就业份额。结果显示 ，高收入国家平均企业规模较大，且在顶端的10%企业中的就业集中度高于低收入国家。这些 发现适用于NUTS1和NUTS2的区域层级。此外，企业规模随着企业年龄的增长、外国所有权的 水平和出口水平的提高而增加。最后，对企业整体规模分布的比较表明，低收入国家中小企业 的比例较高，而大企业较少，这证实了资源配置不当文献中的预测。 小公司规模与资源配置不当之间的关系 文献中普遍认为，全要素生产率（TFP）的差异 是各国人均收入差异的主要决定因素（Klenow 和Rodriguez-Clare，1997；Prescott，1998； Hall和Jones，1999；Caselli，2005；以及Hsie h和Klenow，2010）。TFP差异的一个 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health issues are significant and growing challenges for global public health and sustainable development, exacerbated by high-risk factors and the COVID-19 pandemic [2][3] - There is a critical need for increased public funding for NCDs and mental health services, particularly in low-income countries, where most spending comes from out-of-pocket expenses [3][6] - The report emphasizes the importance of domestic financing, health taxes, and development assistance in addressing the funding gap for NCDs and mental health [9][12] Summary by Sections Section 1: Introduction - NCDs and mental health problems are major global health challenges, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the vulnerability of affected individuals [2] Section 2: National Policy Responses - National policies often fail to meet health demands due to limited fiscal capacity, leading to low public spending on NCDs and mental health, particularly in low-income countries [3][7] Section 3: Domestic Financing - Domestic resources are essential for funding NCD and mental health programs, with health taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and sugary drinks identified as effective revenue sources [9][10] Section 4: Development Assistance - Development assistance plays a catalytic role in funding NCD and mental health initiatives, but it should not be seen as a long-term financing solution [12][15] Section 5: Conclusion - Increased public funding is necessary to meet the commitments made by national governments regarding health-related sustainable development goals, particularly for NCDs and mental health [18][21]

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the importance of investing in Early Childhood Development (ECD) as a critical strategy for transforming human capital in Uganda, indicating a positive investment outlook in this sector [17][34]. Core Insights - Uganda's economy demonstrated resilience with a recorded growth of 6.1 percent in FY2023/24, supported by strong performance in the services and industrial sectors, particularly manufacturing and construction [23][70]. - The report highlights the significant role of ECD in harnessing Uganda's demographic dividend, suggesting that investments in early years can lead to healthier, more skilled, and productive adults, ultimately driving economic growth [17][35]. - The current Human Capital Index indicates that a child born today in Uganda will be only 39 percent as productive as a child who receives complete education and enjoys full health, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced investment in human capital [39][40]. Summary by Sections Recent Economic Developments - Uganda's economy continues to strengthen, with net exports being a key driver of growth, showing a substantial 46.4 percent increase in real exports in FY2023/24 [69]. - Inflation has significantly decreased, averaging 3.2 percent in FY2023/24, down from 8.8 percent the previous year, positioning Uganda among the East African nations with the lowest inflation rates [24][25]. - The current account deficit stood at 6.7 percent of GDP, reflecting improvements in merchandise trade performance, particularly in gold, coffee, and metals [26][27]. Economic Outlook, Risks, and Key Structural Issues - The medium-term outlook for Uganda remains positive, with projected real GDP growth of 6.2 percent in FY2024/25, although risks such as delays in oil production could impact this outlook [30][31]. - The report stresses the need for Uganda to prioritize jobs-rich economic transformation, particularly through investments in its future labor force [2][30]. Investing in Early Childhood Development - The report outlines the critical importance of ECD for Uganda's future prosperity, emphasizing that early investments can significantly shape labor market outcomes and drive economic growth [34][35]. - Recommendations include increasing public expenditure on ECD, strengthening quality assurance mechanisms, and enhancing the ECD workforce to improve service delivery [46][47]. - Key investment priorities identified include expanding primary healthcare facilities, introducing publicly financed pre-primary education, developing affordable childcare models, and scaling up parenting support programs [47][48].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Positive rainfall shocks increase agricultural productivity by approximately 7 percent compared to negative shocks, with irrigation infrastructure significantly moderating this effect [3][47] - Weather-induced agricultural productivity changes have substantial spillover effects on rural non-farm enterprises, particularly in retail trade, with enterprise revenues increasing by 25.7 percent and value addition by 30.3 percent during positive rainfall shocks [3] - Rural household consumption responds positively to favorable rainfall conditions, with monthly per capita expenditures increasing by 6 percent during positive rainfall shocks, primarily driven by higher spending on luxury goods [3] Summary by Sections Introduction - Agriculture contributes around 18 percent of India's GDP and engages nearly 42 percent of the total workforce, indicating its importance in the rural economy despite low productivity [7] - Agricultural growth has a strong impact on rural poverty reduction, with a 1 percent rise in agricultural growth reducing rural poverty by 0.45 percent [7] Data and Summary Statistics - The study utilizes data from three sources: agricultural statistics from ICRISAT, non-farm enterprise data from the National Sample Survey Organisation, and household consumption data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy [17] - Summary statistics indicate that 54 percent of district area is used for agricultural activities, with a probability of receiving a positive rainfall shock at 15 percent and a negative shock at 19 percent [22] Empirical Strategy - The analysis examines the impact of rainfall shocks on agricultural productivity, non-farm enterprise performance, and household consumption using various empirical specifications [32][41] - The study defines positive and negative rainfall shocks based on annual rainfall falling in the top and bottom quintiles of the district's long-term rainfall distribution [35] Results Precipitation Shocks and Farm Productivity - Positive rainfall shocks significantly increase farm productivity, with an increase of approximately 6,700 INR per hectare during positive shocks [47] Precipitation Shocks and Rural Non-Farm Enterprise Performance - A positive rainfall shock increases monthly enterprise revenues by an additional 9,000 INR and value addition by 3,038 INR [50] - The positive impact of rainfall shocks is particularly pronounced in retail trade enterprises, which benefit from increased local demand for non-tradables [57] Precipitation Shocks and Household Consumption - A positive rainfall shock increases per capita monthly household consumption by 6 percent, translating to an increase of approximately 8,000 INR per household annually [60] - The increase in consumption is primarily driven by luxury expenditures, with little impact on essential food expenditures [61] Policy Implications - Strengthening legal mechanisms for rural non-farm enterprises could ease cash flow issues, as these enterprises face inadequate demand and recovery of financial dues [63] - Government policies aimed at boosting aggregate rural growth and consumption would significantly benefit rural non-farm enterprises [64] - Increasing irrigation investment is crucial, as less than 50 percent of the cropping area in Rajasthan is irrigated, which mitigates the negative impact of rainfall shocks on agricultural productivity [66]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Accurate measurement of intimate partner violence (IPV) is challenging due to concerns about anonymity and privacy, which can deter disclosure [3][9] - The study adapted self-interviewing tools for rural-poor contexts and found that audio computer-assisted interviewing (ACASI) significantly increases subsequent disclosure of IPV by 41% to 57% when questions are asked privately first [3][31] - The research involved over 6,000 currently married women from rural-poor households in Punjab, Pakistan, with a focus on improving data collection methods for sensitive topics [14][31] Summary by Sections Introduction - Collecting accurate data on IPV is difficult due to under-reporting driven by fear, stigma, and shame [9] - Face-to-face interviews lack anonymity, while self-completed surveys are impractical for illiterate populations [9] Experiment 1: Understanding ACASI - The first experiment tested respondents' comprehension of ACASI and found high agreement in responses to non-IPV questions, indicating effective understanding [11][23] - The randomization of response options did not affect reporting, suggesting that respondents accurately understood the mapping of images to answer choices [21] Experiment 2: Impact of ACASI on Disclosure - The second experiment demonstrated that answering sensitive questions privately via ACASI first led to significantly higher IPV reporting in subsequent face-to-face interviews [26][31] - Specifically, the frequency of reported slaps increased by 57% and cuts by 47% when questions were asked via ACASI first [26][31] Conclusion - The study concludes that introducing private questioning enhances openness and consistency in reporting sensitive topics, making it a viable method for improving data collection on IPV [31]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The inadequately educated workforce is identified as the top obstacle for firms in the EU-27, with 27% of firms in typical NUTS2 regions citing it as their primary challenge [2][8] - Economic development alone is unlikely to resolve the issue of inadequately skilled and educated workers, indicating a need for targeted policies to improve education and training [65][66] - Training provided by firms is positively correlated with labor productivity and helps reduce disparities in productivity among firms [27][65] Summary by Sections Inadequately Educated Workforce - Firms in the EU-27 rank inadequately educated workers as their most significant operational obstacle, particularly among medium and large firms [2][8] - The incidence of firms citing this issue varies significantly across NUTS2 regions, highlighting the importance of regional factors [3][10] Economic Development and Education - Higher income levels correlate with a greater share of skilled workers, but this relationship diminishes beyond a certain income threshold [9][12] - Policy focus should shift towards ensuring the availability of adequately educated workers as economies develop, especially in lower-income regions [12][65] Training and Productivity - Approximately 43% of firms in typical NUTS2 regions provide training, with larger firms more likely to do so [22][25] - Training is associated with a significant increase in labor productivity, particularly benefiting less productive firms [27][35] - The relationship between training and the share of university-educated workers suggests that training complements higher education rather than substituting it [26][63] Manager Education and Firm Performance - Firms with highly educated top managers exhibit higher labor productivity, more exports, and greater likelihood of engaging in R&D activities [63][64] - The probability of having a highly educated manager increases with the share of tertiary-educated adults in the region, but not significantly with income levels [51][63] Policy Recommendations - Targeted policies aimed at improving education and skills among workers and managers are essential for enhancing firm performance, particularly for less productive firms and those in poorer regions [66]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Political engagement among private firms in the EU varies significantly, influenced by cross-country differences and institutional frameworks [2][9][10] - Membership in business associations is prevalent, with 51% of private sector firms in the EU-27 belonging to such organizations, although this varies widely by country [10][11] - Firms with higher political influence scores tend to perform better relative to their peers, indicating a correlation between political engagement and firm performance [1][37] Summary by Sections Political Engagement Patterns - Private firms in the EU engage in political activities through business associations, trade groups, and labor unions, with varying levels of engagement across different countries [2][3] - The historical context of political action in Europe has shaped the current landscape of business associations and their influence [9] Business Association Membership - Membership in business associations is mandatory in some countries, leading to passive engagement among firms [9][10] - Countries like Austria, Croatia, and Germany have membership rates exceeding 75%, while Romania and Poland have rates below 25% [11][12] Services Provided by Business Associations - Business associations offer services such as lobbying, regulatory information, and networking, which firms find useful to varying degrees [13][16] - In public law countries, where membership is compulsory, firms report lower perceived usefulness of these services compared to those in private law systems [21][22] Political Connections - Political connections are another form of engagement, with 4% of firms in the EU reporting such connections, which are less common than business association membership [32] - The prevalence of political connections varies by region, influenced by the attractiveness of private sector employment relative to public sector jobs [34][35] Political Influence Index - The report introduces a Political Influence index that combines various forms of political engagement, showing that firms with higher scores are more likely to report positive business outcomes [37][44] - Higher political influence is associated with better performance metrics, including sales growth and productivity [44][49] Peer Influence on Political Engagement - The political engagement of a firm's peers significantly impacts its own political actions, indicating a competitive dynamic in political engagement [56][59]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry analyzed Core Insights - The analysis focuses on the adoption of management practices in the private sector across the EU-27, revealing significant variations in management practices and their correlation with productivity [2][4][60] - A consolidated index of management practices is developed, encompassing monitoring, target setting, and creating incentives, which shows a positive correlation with firm-level productivity [2][4][48] Summary by Sections Management Practices Index - The management practices index is constructed using eight variables categorized into monitoring, target setting, and incentives, with scores ranging from 0 to 100 [5][10] - The average management score across the EU-27 is approximately 47, with Malta and Bulgaria scoring the highest, while Portugal and Italy score the lowest [19][27] Geographical Distribution - Management scores vary significantly across EU countries, with Northern European regions generally outperforming Southern regions [21][24] - Regions hosting administrative capitals tend to have higher management scores, indicating a correlation between economic centers and management practices [25][30] Firm-Level Characteristics - Larger firms, those with external management, and higher education levels of top managers are associated with better management practices [32][33][47] - Family-managed firms tend to have lower management scores compared to those with external management, highlighting the impact of management structure on performance [36][37] Management Practices and Productivity - A strong positive correlation exists between management practices and productivity, with a 10-percentage point increase in management scores linked to a 20% increase in sales per worker [54][55] - The report emphasizes that structured management practices contribute to better economic performance, supporting the need for improved management practices across firms [52][64]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - South Africa is experiencing a severe learning crisis in its education sector, with low education outcomes compared to the resources invested and the country's level of development [21][33] - The report emphasizes the need for comprehensive reforms in basic education to transform the education system into a driver of inclusive growth [22][32] Summary by Sections Part 1: The State of the Economy - In 2024, South Africa's GDP growth was estimated at 0.8%, which is below the average growth rate of 4.1% for middle-income countries [24][45] - The fiscal deficit reached 6% of GDP, the highest level since 2009, leading to an increase in public debt to 74.9% of GDP [26][28] - Economic growth is projected to gradually improve towards 2% over the next three to five years, driven by better infrastructure services and a favorable external environment [27][44] Part 2: The Overdue Reform and Emerging Priorities in the Basic Education Sector - The education sector faces three key challenges: a learning crisis, increasing financing constraints, and limited efficiency and equity in public spending [35][40] - The report suggests three actions for better learning outcomes: focusing on foundational learning, leveraging the private sector for education service delivery, and improving efficiency and equity in public spending [38][41] - South Africa's government traditionally spends about 4.3% of GDP on basic education, which is higher than most upper-middle-income countries, but the current financing model is under threat due to reduced fiscal space [40][41]