Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Argentina faces persistently high poverty rates, which have shown an upward trend in recent years despite increased resources aimed at mitigating poverty. Over the past four decades, poverty has consistently affected more than 25 percent of the urban population, even as public spending grew 2.6 times, reaching the highest levels among middle- and upper-middle-income countries [21][22][23]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Poverty persists despite the implementation of strengthened policies aimed at reducing it, explained by economic dynamics that limit the ability of low and middle-income households to sustainably increase their incomes. Recurring macroeconomic imbalances and inflation erode real household income, particularly among the poorest segments [21][22]. Chapter 1: Poverty in Argentina - Poverty has increased in Argentina, while it has declined in most countries in the region. The latest estimate showed a poverty rate of 10.9 percent in 2022, with real per capita household income declining for both the population as a whole and among the bottom 40 percent [79][80][81]. Chapter 2: Drivers of Poverty - An assets approach to analyzing household income generation reveals that labor income is the largest component of total household income, but the accumulation of human capital and productive assets is insufficient and of low quality. Structural barriers and economic distortions affect productive capital accumulation, and low-income populations are more vulnerable to adverse climate events [27][30][37][53]. Chapter 3: Policy Responses and Poverty Traps - Income transfer programs have been the cornerstone of anti-poverty policy, but the limits of these policies highlight the complexity of transforming the lives of the most vulnerable. The establishment and expansion of social transfers have built a foundational infrastructure for poverty reduction, but ongoing macroeconomic instability undermines these efforts [32][36][45]. Poverty Traps - The report identifies four interconnected poverty traps: 1. Fiscal imbalance and inflation, which limits allocative efficiency and disproportionately impacts poorer households [36][43]. 2. Intergenerational and geographical imbalances leading to chronic poverty, with a higher incidence of poverty among children and adolescents [45][46]. 3. A spiral of low productivity and income vulnerability, where informal employment dominates among the poorest segments [53][60]. 4. Increasing climate risks and limited capacity for resilience, with climate-related events posing significant risks to economic activities, particularly in agriculture [62][67]. Overcoming Poverty Traps - Key priorities for overcoming poverty traps include macroeconomic stabilization, addressing structural barriers to income generation, enhancing human capital development, and improving the targeting of economic subsidies and social programs [74][76].

| --- | --- | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------| | | | | | | | PEOPLE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE: | | | FROM VULNERABILITY TO ACTION Insights from World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Reports | covering 72 economies | © 2024 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Group. "The World ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Women's participation in the labor market in Azerbaijan is significantly lower than men's, with 62% of women and 75% of men participating, and only 58% of women employed compared to 71% of men [10][66] - The transport and storage sector has a particularly low representation of women, accounting for only 16.5% of the workforce, indicating a need for further action to enhance women's participation in this and other male-dominated sectors [10][66] - The report emphasizes that increasing women's labor market participation can lead to substantial economic growth and diversification, aligning with Azerbaijan's national development priorities [10][11] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - The report aims to review women's employment in male-dominated sectors in Azerbaijan and provide recommendations for increasing women's participation and leadership [11][40] - It focuses on gender assessments of Azerbaijan Railways and the International Trade and Sea Port of Baku as part of a broader initiative to strengthen women's human capital [11][40] 2. Women's Employment in Azerbaijan - The legislative framework in Azerbaijan supports gender equality, with recent reforms lifting restrictions on women's employment in various sectors [61][62] - Despite these reforms, significant barriers remain, including gender bias, stereotypes, and a lack of female role models in technical fields [63][72] 3. Increasing Women's Participation in the Transport Sector - Gender assessments reveal that women are underrepresented in both Azerbaijan Railways and the Port of Baku, with only 17% and 8% of their workforces being female, respectively [16][18] - Women are concentrated in administrative roles, with only 7.6% of leadership positions at Azerbaijan Railways and 5% at the Port of Baku held by women [16][18] - Both companies are committed to increasing female representation, with the Port of Baku aiming for a 20% female workforce by 2030 [18][19] 4. Best Practices for Equal Opportunity - The report highlights successful initiatives from various companies in Azerbaijan that promote gender equality and women's empowerment, including technical skills training and mentorship programs [4][43] 5. Recommendations - The report provides actionable recommendations for policymakers and companies to enhance women's participation in male-dominated sectors, focusing on attraction, recruitment, inclusion, and progression [24][27] - Specific measures include promoting women's participation in STEM fields, establishing industry coalitions, and strengthening legislation on equal pay and workplace harassment [28][30]

Industry Overview - The report focuses on initiatives aimed at reducing gender inequalities in land tenure in Senegal, particularly in rural areas where women face significant challenges in accessing and controlling land [17][20] - Women in Senegal account for 70% of the rural working population and contribute significantly to agricultural production, yet only 6% own farmland and 2.5% own housing [17] - Customary and socio-cultural practices are major barriers, with over 60% of obstacles to women's land access attributed to these norms [44] Core Tools and Initiatives - The report identifies 15 initiatives categorized into two main groups: promoting women's access to land and promoting women's participation in land governance [40] - Tools for promoting women's access to land include integrated capacity building, quota systems, financial support, and helping women make productive use of land [41][44][64][76] - Tools for promoting women's participation in land governance include setting up joint consultation frameworks, expanded land commissions, and gender-sensitive land governance charters [88][93] Key Findings - Integrated approaches combining awareness-raising, training, and advocacy have shown positive results, with women gaining better understanding of their land rights and securing land allocations [44][53] - Quota systems in public land development projects have enabled some women to access land, but the effectiveness remains limited, with access rates around 5-6% [64][65] - Financial support for women in land tenure procedures, such as reducing demarcation fees, has facilitated land access but is highly dependent on project funding and mayors' sensitivity to gender equity [75][77] Impact and Sustainability - Over 20,000 women have benefited from documented initiatives, with significant improvements in income, land access, and knowledge of farming practices [36][37] - Initiatives integrating multiple tools, such as awareness-raising combined with financial support, have achieved greater impact in securing land for women [110] - Sustainability depends on local authorities' commitment, community participation, and the integration of gender-sensitive approaches into broader agricultural projects [53][101] Recommendations - Increase the quota for women in public land development projects to at least 30% and institutionalize this through specific regulations [71] - Strengthen women's leadership and capacity through training in social negotiation techniques and strategic alliances with opinion leaders [59] - Institutionalize participatory land governance frameworks through local charters to ensure sustainability and prevent gains from being reversed by changes in municipal teams [104]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Despite legal provisions promoting gender equality in land rights, women in Senegal face significant challenges in accessing and controlling land, with only 6% owning agricultural land and 2.5% owning housing [15][27] - Traditional practices and patriarchal norms limit women's access to land, with most women obtaining land rights through inheritance or loans, which are often temporary and secondary [16][18] - Women's participation in formal land governance is limited, and while initiatives exist to improve their land tenure security, their effectiveness remains constrained [20][21] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Women represent 70% of the rural labor force but only 6% own agricultural land and 2.5% own housing, highlighting a significant gender gap in land ownership [15][27] - Access to land is primarily through inheritance (61.8%) and loans (24.2%), with formal land allocation being rare [17][61] Land Governance in Senegal: Overview - The land tenure system in Senegal is characterized by a coexistence of formal legal systems and customary practices, leading to a lack of secure land rights for many [45][54] - The National Domain Law (NDL) aims to promote equitable land access but faces implementation challenges and is often circumvented by customary practices [50][78] Women and Land in Senegal: A Relatively Egalitarian Legal Framework - Senegal's legal framework prohibits gender discrimination in property rights, yet practical access remains unequal due to sociocultural norms [89][92] - The NDL does not specify gender for land occupants, but the implementation has historically favored male heads of households [90][92] What Land Rights Do Women Have in Practice? - Women typically access land through male relatives, and their rights are often insecure and dependent on maintaining these relationships [29][30] - Initiatives to promote women's land rights have shown some positive results, but barriers to effective participation in land governance persist [20][22] Conclusions and Recommendations - The report concludes with recommendations aimed at improving women's land rights through legal reforms, capacity building, and increasing women's roles in land governance [24][30]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The Stakeholder Engagement Plan aims to enhance the development and monitoring of the Action Plan for the National Plan for the Development of Social Services for the period 2025-2027 in Croatia, focusing on increasing the availability of social services, introducing new social services, improving management, and strengthening the capacity of service providers [19][21] Summary by Sections Introduction - The National Plan for the Development of Social Services for 2021-2027 and the related Action Plan for 2021-2024 were adopted by the Croatian Government, with the new Action Plan for 2025-2027 continuing to pursue key goals [19][20] Overview of Previous Stakeholder Engagement Activities - Previous stakeholder engagement activities revealed a need for improvement in inclusiveness and transparency, with recommendations for enhanced planning, transparent operations, and proactive engagement [24][25] Stakeholder Identification and Analysis - Stakeholders are categorized into primary, secondary, and other stakeholders based on their interest and influence, with primary stakeholders including the Ministry of Labor and service providers, and secondary stakeholders comprising NGOs and advocacy groups [28][29] Stakeholder Engagement Strategy - The strategy emphasizes collaboration and inclusivity, with targeted approaches for engaging primary and secondary stakeholders through working groups, e-consultations, and public meetings [33][34][36] Timeline of Stakeholder Engagement Activities - A phased approach is outlined for stakeholder engagement, including initial planning, collaborative drafting, broad engagement on the draft Action Plan, and ongoing monitoring [41][42][44] Collecting Responses and Preparing Consultation Reports - The report details methods for collecting stakeholder feedback and preparing consultation reports to ensure inclusivity and effectiveness [48][49] Allocation of Resources and Responsibilities - The plan outlines the allocation of human, financial, and technical resources necessary for effective stakeholder engagement, including dedicated staff and budget for activities [54][58] Monitoring the Effectiveness of Stakeholder Engagement Activities - A monitoring framework with key performance indicators (KPIs) is established to evaluate the effectiveness of engagement initiatives, including stakeholder satisfaction and feedback integration [65][66]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Climate change is projected to significantly impact health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with an estimated 4.1 billion to 5.2 billion cases and 14.5 million to 15.6 million deaths attributable to climate change by 2050 [46][48] - The economic cost of health impacts due to climate change is projected to reach between USD 8.6 trillion and USD 15.4 trillion under the SSP3 scenario, and between USD 11.0 trillion and USD 20.8 trillion under the SSP2 scenario by 2050 [47][48] - Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are expected to bear the majority of the health impacts, with Sub-Saharan Africa projected to account for approximately 71% of all cases and nearly half of all deaths caused by climate change [48][52] Summary of Key Findings - The report identifies significant health impacts from climate change, necessitating immediate action at both global and country levels [46] - The analysis covers 69 LMICs, representing 96% of the total population of all LMICs, and estimates impacts for different time periods: 2026-2030, 2026-2050, and 2026-2100 [43][59] - The findings indicate that the health impacts of climate change are likely to be underestimated, as the analysis does not include all potential health risks [49][51] Policy Implications and Future Directions - The report emphasizes the need for countries to adopt bold measures to limit climate change impacts and enhance the resilience of health care systems [23][52] - Investments in climate-resilient health systems are crucial for LMICs to effectively address the projected health impacts of climate change [52][52]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the coastal fisheries sector in Sri Lanka Core Insights - Sri Lanka's coastal fisheries are crucial for livelihoods, food, and nutrition, contributing approximately 1.2% to the GDP in 2022, with around 586,000 people employed in the sector [6][10] - Coastal fish stocks are declining, failing to meet domestic demand, which negatively impacts livelihoods [7][10] - The report emphasizes the need for integrating Social Protection and Jobs (SPJ) policies with fisheries management to support fishers during stock rebuilding efforts and enhance long-term sustainability [11][12] Summary by Sections Introduction - Coastal fisheries are integral to Sri Lanka's economy and culture, providing significant employment and nutrition [6] - The sector's contribution to GDP and employment statistics highlight its importance, with 2.7 million people relying on fisheries for their livelihoods [6][10] Current Challenges - Coastal fish stocks are in decline due to increased fishing efforts and inadequate fisheries management [7][10] - The report identifies the need for innovative approaches to engage coastal communities in sustainable fisheries management [7][10] Opportunities for SPJ Integration - Strengthening governance and cooperation among ministries to design coherent SPJ policies [3][11] - Supporting poor fishers to comply with short-term restrictions aimed at rebuilding fish stocks [3][11] - Promoting alternative employment through economic inclusion programs to prevent increased fishing efforts [3][11] Data and Methods - The study utilized a literature review and socioeconomic survey data to assess the needs and aspirations of coastal fishing households [41][44] - The survey focused on household demographics, economic activities, and aspirations for education and livelihood improvement [44][46] Main Findings - Sri Lanka's SPJ policies have low coverage and inadequacy, with only 30% of the population benefiting from social assistance [46] - The report highlights the need for reforms to ensure that SPJ systems effectively meet the needs of vulnerable fishing communities [46][51]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the care sector in Saudi Arabia Core Insights - The demand for care services in Saudi Arabia is sharply increasing due to demographic changes and rising female labor force participation, with the population of children under 14 projected to grow significantly and the population of older persons expected to exceed 10 million by 2050 [30][90] - The care provision landscape is characterized by a high reliance on unpaid care work, predominantly performed by women, and a significant share of low-skilled domestic workers, with only 6% of the workforce in health and social work being trained professionals [45][47] - The report emphasizes the importance of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in addressing skill gaps and professionalizing the care workforce, proposing a framework to assess skills needs, increase training opportunities, and diversify curricula [58][62] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - A well-functioning care sector enhances quality of life, allows caregivers to pursue careers, increases labor force participation, and reduces the gender wage gap [26][30] - The report highlights the urgent need for trained care workers, estimating a shortage of 1.1 million additional trained professionals to meet the growing demand [56][57] Introduction - The care economy is crucial for addressing the needs of children, older persons, and individuals with disabilities, yet it is often underemphasized by policymakers [69][72] - Quality care services contribute to economic growth and improve work-life balance, particularly for women who are often the primary caregivers [73][74] Demand for Care - The population of potential care recipients is rising rapidly, with significant increases projected for both children and older persons [90][91] - Labor market shifts, particularly the entry of women into the workforce, are tightening the availability of care providers [91][92] Care Provision Landscape - The care workforce is predominantly composed of unpaid caregivers, low-skilled domestic workers, and a small share of trained professionals, with a significant reliance on migrant labor [46][49] - The report notes that almost half of paid care work is performed by untrained domestic workers, raising concerns about the quality of care services [45][48] Professional Care Services - There is a high demand for professional care services, with many vacancies remaining unfilled, indicating a critical shortage of trained professionals in the care economy [55][56] - The report estimates that the trained care workforce needs to increase from 2.2 million to approximately 3.3 million to meet the demand [56][57] Skills Development - TVET is identified as a strategic approach to train individuals for the care economy, addressing current skill gaps and improving service delivery [58][60] - The report proposes the A.I.D.E framework to enhance the care workforce through assessing skills needs, increasing training opportunities, diversifying curricula, and engaging with stakeholders [62][64]

Policy Research Working Paper 10982 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Fiscal Policy's Role in Economic Resilience to Climate Shocks Armon Rezai Franz Ruch Rishabh Choudhary John Nana Darko Francois Economic Policy Global Department November 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10982 Abstract The impacts of climate change on developing economies are becoming increasingly severe, creating challenges for risk management and requiri ...