Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The expansion of high-speed railways (HSR) in China has significantly contributed to increasing the domestic value-added ratio (DVAR) in exports by enhancing firm linkages between domestic suppliers and exporters [2][10][11]. - A novel methodology developed in the report estimates firm-level DVAR using customs transaction data, allowing for a more accurate assessment of domestic value addition without relying on traditional industry input-output tables [11][27]. - The findings indicate that HSR facilitates the substitution of domestic materials for imported ones, thereby increasing DVAR, particularly for processing exporters and firms in the electronics sector [13][15][20]. Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the role of HSR in China's infrastructure modernization and its impact on global value chains (GVCs), particularly in increasing DVAR through improved firm-to-firm linkages [10][11]. Methodology - A new approach to estimate DVAR is introduced, which relies solely on customs transaction data, eliminating the need for matching with industrial census data [11][27]. - The methodology allows for the estimation of the share of imports used for exports, providing a clearer picture of domestic value addition in exports [29][36]. Empirical Findings - The analysis shows that as the proportion of potential domestic suppliers connected via HSR increases, firm-level DVAR also rises, especially for firms engaged in processing trade [13][15][20]. - The report highlights that HSR connections significantly enhance domestic supply chain integration, leading to lower material prices and greater access to a variety of domestic inputs [13][15][20]. Background of HSR Development - The report outlines the historical context of HSR development in China, emphasizing its rapid expansion since 2008 and its role in reshaping transportation infrastructure [21][22]. Comparative Analysis - HSR is compared to other transportation modes, highlighting its unique attributes such as being passenger-dedicated and primarily used for business purposes, which facilitates better communication and business interactions [22][24]. Network Effects - The report discusses the network effects of HSR, noting that indirect connections through multiple lines significantly enhance the value of HSR for firms, impacting their DVAR positively [26][24]. Conclusion - The report concludes that HSR plays a critical role in advancing China's position in global value chains by facilitating domestic sourcing and enhancing firm-level DVAR through improved transportation links [20][18].

ARMENIA o of of Gr Public Disclosu Armenia Waste Sector Reform Plan May 2024 Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK RWA Group Resources & Waste Advisory Group Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and Reform Plan Sector Assessment Report © 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the solid waste management (SWM) sector in Gyumri, Armenia. Core Insights - The municipal waste generation in Gyumri exceeds 30,000 tons annually, with organic waste constituting about 60% and recyclables around 20% of the total waste [17][39]. - The current waste management system is undergoing a transition, focusing on upgrading waste collection services and improving waste disposal methods [18][19]. - The financial sustainability of waste management services is a significant concern, with current waste fees being inadequate to cover operational costs [21][22][23]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - In 2024, municipal waste generation is projected to exceed 30,000 tons annually, with organic waste being the predominant type [17]. - The waste management system is in transition, aiming to enhance efficiency through upgrades in collection and disposal methods [18]. Current Waste Management Operations - The waste collection system serves the entire population of Gyumri, with efforts to upgrade containers and collection vehicles [18]. - The waste disposal site has not been updated since the 1950s and does not meet modern engineering standards [19]. - Gyumri is participating in an EU-funded project to establish a plastic recycling system, with 240 containers for source separation [20]. Costs and Financing - The polluter pays principle is emphasized, requiring waste producers to cover the costs of waste management services [21]. - Current waste fees are insufficient, leading to reliance on community budget subsidies to cover operational costs [22][23]. - In 2023, waste fees for legal entities did not cover their share of operating costs, necessitating additional funding from other communal revenues [23]. Improved Waste Operations and Cost Implications - Four scenarios for improved waste management are analyzed, focusing on collection, disposal, and recycling [31]. - Scenario 1 suggests that upgrading the waste collection system could reduce costs by 34% [31]. - Scenario 2 proposes establishing a sanitary landfill, which could be financially sustainable without subsidies [31]. - Scenario 3 involves source separation of recyclables, which may require public subsidization if implemented before Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) legislation is in place [31]. - Scenario 4 indicates that extensive treatment technologies are currently unaffordable, but regionalization of services could improve cost efficiency [37]. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Effects - Implementing Scenario 2 is estimated to reduce GHG emissions by approximately 429,000 tons over 15 years, with a marginal abatement cost of $36 per ton of CO2 equivalent [39]. Conclusions and Recommendations - The report recommends prioritizing the optimization of the waste collection system and establishing a sanitary landfill to improve waste management in Gyumri [38][42]. - Financial sustainability requires full cost accounting and adjustments to waste fees to cover service costs [41].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under discussion. Core Insights - The implementation of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is expected to impact North Macedonia's economy, particularly in sectors with high carbon emissions such as cement, aluminum, iron, and steel [7][9][10] - The CBAM aims to address carbon leakage by imposing a carbon price on imports from countries without comparable carbon pricing policies, with full implementation expected by 2026 [8][10] - The World Bank's MINDSET model projects a decline in exports to the EU, particularly in the aforementioned sectors, with an overall economic output decline of less than 0.3 percent [10][28] - Specific sectors like aluminum and steel may experience output losses close to 2 percent, while other sectors may see losses of around 0.5 percent or less [11][30] - The introduction of CBAM could lead to approximately 1,500 job losses in North Macedonia, primarily affecting the manufacturing sector [11][37] Summary of the CBAM Regulation - The CBAM will initially cover imports of carbon-intensive goods at high risk of carbon leakage, including cement, iron and steel, aluminum, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen [20] - The regulation operates on a declarative basis, requiring EU importers to report verified GHG emissions associated with imported goods [20][21] - The CBAM will be implemented in phases, with a transitional period from October 2023 to December 2025, followed by a fully operational period starting January 2026 [21][22] Implications of the CBAM Regulation in North Macedonia - The economic implications of the CBAM for North Macedonia vary across products and sectors, with expected effects depending on production processes and trade dynamics [24] - The MINDSET model simulates impacts under various scenarios, indicating that North Macedonia's economy could face a slight decline in output and employment due to reduced exports to the EU [26][28] - The sectors most vulnerable to the CBAM include metal-producing industries, which account for a significant portion of North Macedonia's exports to the EU [27][39]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report emphasizes the detrimental effects of stigma and discrimination on individuals with mental health conditions, exacerbating marginalization and reducing access to care, education, and employment opportunities [17][28] - A global survey indicated that 80% of respondents believe stigma and discrimination can be worse than the mental health condition itself [17][28] - Effective interventions to reduce stigma are based on social contact principles, which should be culturally adapted [17][22] - The report highlights the feasibility of scaling up anti-stigma programs at the national level, showcasing successful case studies from various countries [18][19] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Stigma and discrimination violate basic human rights and have severe negative impacts on individuals with mental health conditions, leading to social exclusion and reduced access to essential services [17] - The report synthesizes over 260 systematic reviews on stigma reduction, focusing on effective interventions [17][18] Importance of Stigma and Discrimination - Stigma and discrimination adversely affect social inclusion, leading to loss of rights and poor healthcare quality [28] - A significant portion of individuals with mental health conditions experience barriers to full citizenship due to stigma [28] Defining Stigma and Discrimination - Stigma is defined as a deeply discrediting attribute that reduces individuals' perceived value, while discrimination refers to unfair treatment based on specific characteristics [31] Evidence on Reducing Stigma and Discrimination - The report reviews systematic interventions aimed at reducing stigma, highlighting the importance of community-based approaches and the involvement of individuals with lived experience [39][40] - Structural stigma can be addressed through effective policies and community engagement, although more research is needed on cultural sensitivity and effectiveness [42][44] Overview of Case Studies - The report includes case studies demonstrating successful anti-stigma programs across various cultural contexts, showcasing the adaptability of evidence-based principles [19][20] Conclusions and Recommendations - Long-term programs are essential for sustainable stigma reduction, with specific recommendations for funding, implementation, and evaluation of these initiatives [24][25] - The report stresses the need for cross-sectoral support and the active involvement of individuals with mental health conditions in program design and delivery [26]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The report emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to manage Abandoned, Lost, and Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) across the entire life cycle of fishing gear, highlighting significant gaps in current policies and practices [26][28][46]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Global policies exist to address ALDFG but are often fragmented and lack coordination across the life cycle of fishing gear [26][27]. - The report outlines the importance of integrating various management approaches to effectively tackle ALDFG [28][46]. Solutions Across the Fishing Gear Life Cycle - Solutions to ALDFG can be categorized into prevention, mitigation, and remediation, with a focus on addressing issues at the design, usage, and end-of-life stages [54][55][56]. - Prevention measures are prioritized as they are often more cost-effective in reducing ALDFG [57][58]. Existing Initiatives and Potential Opportunities - The report discusses the establishment of an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to develop an International Legally Binding Instrument (ILBI) on plastic pollution, which includes addressing ALDFG [27][40]. - Collaboration among various stakeholders is essential for effective management of ALDFG [36][46]. Key Considerations and Implications for ILBI - The report identifies key considerations such as harmonization of management authorities, collaboration among stakeholders, and the need for regulatory measures and standards development [36][46]. - Financing solutions are necessary to support the adoption of alternative fishing gears and waste management processes [36][46]. Design and Production Stage - The design and production of fishing gear should incorporate considerations for its eventual disposal, promoting durability and recyclability [71][72][74]. - Innovative designs, such as gear with tracking capabilities, can help prevent loss and abandonment [75][76]. Usage Stage - Effective fisheries management measures, including gear restrictions and education, are crucial to prevent ALDFG during the usage stage [31][31][33]. - Best fishing practices and awareness training can significantly reduce the occurrence of ALDFG [31][33]. End-of-Life Stage - Providing feasible waste management options for end-of-life fishing gear is essential to prevent discards [32][33]. - Circular business models can create markets for end-of-life fishing gear and facilitate the retrieval of ALDFG [32][33].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Thailand is transitioning to a Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy to address economic challenges, climate vulnerability, and environmental degradation [34][38]. - The BCG+ model updates the original BCG framework, integrating climate resilience and sustainable resource management into economic development strategies [37][38]. - The agriculture and fishing sectors are particularly vulnerable to climate change, with potential production losses estimated between $2.9 billion to $5.4 billion for agriculture and up to $26.2 billion for fishing [44][50]. - Without proactive measures, Thailand could face up to $553 billion in GDP losses by 2050 due to ecological tipping points like deforestation and flooding [46][51]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Thailand's economic growth is slowing, and the country faces significant climate risks and environmental degradation [33]. - The BCG model aims to leverage Thailand's biodiversity and technology for sustainable growth [34]. - The report emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to climate adaptation and mitigation, highlighting the economic implications of climate change [44][52]. Methodology - Advanced modeling tools were used to assess the impacts of the BCG+ model, including macro-econometric and ecosystem services models [41][42]. Key Findings - Climate change poses severe risks to Thailand's agriculture and fishing sectors, with significant economic implications [44][50]. - The report outlines the potential for economic growth through the transition to a circular economy, which could increase GDP by 1.0% and create 160,000 jobs by 2030 [53]. Focus Areas and Recommendations - The report categorizes actions into short-term, medium-term, and long-term priorities, emphasizing the importance of governance and community-based adaptation [56][58]. - Key recommendations include implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, enhancing flood management strategies, and promoting climate-smart agriculture [62][70].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Argentina faces persistently high poverty rates, which have shown an upward trend in recent years despite increased resources aimed at mitigating poverty. Over the past four decades, poverty has consistently affected more than 25 percent of the urban population, even as public spending grew 2.6 times, reaching the highest levels among middle- and upper-middle-income countries [21][22][23]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Poverty persists despite the implementation of strengthened policies aimed at reducing it, explained by economic dynamics that limit the ability of low and middle-income households to sustainably increase their incomes. Recurring macroeconomic imbalances and inflation erode real household income, particularly among the poorest segments [21][22]. Chapter 1: Poverty in Argentina - Poverty has increased in Argentina, while it has declined in most countries in the region. The latest estimate showed a poverty rate of 10.9 percent in 2022, with real per capita household income declining for both the population as a whole and among the bottom 40 percent [79][80][81]. Chapter 2: Drivers of Poverty - An assets approach to analyzing household income generation reveals that labor income is the largest component of total household income, but the accumulation of human capital and productive assets is insufficient and of low quality. Structural barriers and economic distortions affect productive capital accumulation, and low-income populations are more vulnerable to adverse climate events [27][30][37][53]. Chapter 3: Policy Responses and Poverty Traps - Income transfer programs have been the cornerstone of anti-poverty policy, but the limits of these policies highlight the complexity of transforming the lives of the most vulnerable. The establishment and expansion of social transfers have built a foundational infrastructure for poverty reduction, but ongoing macroeconomic instability undermines these efforts [32][36][45]. Poverty Traps - The report identifies four interconnected poverty traps: 1. Fiscal imbalance and inflation, which limits allocative efficiency and disproportionately impacts poorer households [36][43]. 2. Intergenerational and geographical imbalances leading to chronic poverty, with a higher incidence of poverty among children and adolescents [45][46]. 3. A spiral of low productivity and income vulnerability, where informal employment dominates among the poorest segments [53][60]. 4. Increasing climate risks and limited capacity for resilience, with climate-related events posing significant risks to economic activities, particularly in agriculture [62][67]. Overcoming Poverty Traps - Key priorities for overcoming poverty traps include macroeconomic stabilization, addressing structural barriers to income generation, enhancing human capital development, and improving the targeting of economic subsidies and social programs [74][76].

| --- | --- | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------| | | | | | | | PEOPLE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE: | | | FROM VULNERABILITY TO ACTION Insights from World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Reports | covering 72 economies | © 2024 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Group. "The World ...

Industry Overview - The report focuses on initiatives aimed at reducing gender inequalities in land tenure in Senegal, particularly in rural areas where women face significant challenges in accessing and controlling land [17][20] - Women in Senegal account for 70% of the rural working population and contribute significantly to agricultural production, yet only 6% own farmland and 2.5% own housing [17] - Customary and socio-cultural practices are major barriers, with over 60% of obstacles to women's land access attributed to these norms [44] Core Tools and Initiatives - The report identifies 15 initiatives categorized into two main groups: promoting women's access to land and promoting women's participation in land governance [40] - Tools for promoting women's access to land include integrated capacity building, quota systems, financial support, and helping women make productive use of land [41][44][64][76] - Tools for promoting women's participation in land governance include setting up joint consultation frameworks, expanded land commissions, and gender-sensitive land governance charters [88][93] Key Findings - Integrated approaches combining awareness-raising, training, and advocacy have shown positive results, with women gaining better understanding of their land rights and securing land allocations [44][53] - Quota systems in public land development projects have enabled some women to access land, but the effectiveness remains limited, with access rates around 5-6% [64][65] - Financial support for women in land tenure procedures, such as reducing demarcation fees, has facilitated land access but is highly dependent on project funding and mayors' sensitivity to gender equity [75][77] Impact and Sustainability - Over 20,000 women have benefited from documented initiatives, with significant improvements in income, land access, and knowledge of farming practices [36][37] - Initiatives integrating multiple tools, such as awareness-raising combined with financial support, have achieved greater impact in securing land for women [110] - Sustainability depends on local authorities' commitment, community participation, and the integration of gender-sensitive approaches into broader agricultural projects [53][101] Recommendations - Increase the quota for women in public land development projects to at least 30% and institutionalize this through specific regulations [71] - Strengthen women's leadership and capacity through training in social negotiation techniques and strategic alliances with opinion leaders [59] - Institutionalize participatory land governance frameworks through local charters to ensure sustainability and prevent gains from being reversed by changes in municipal teams [104]