Industry Overview - The study focuses on the impact of leadership turnover in local bureaucracies, particularly in Indonesian villages, and its effects on bureaucratic performance and public service provision [1][2] - The research highlights the role of village elections in disrupting nepotistic networks and improving governance at the grassroots level [2][5] Key Findings - Leadership turnover in village elections leads to a revitalization of local bureaucracies, with new leaders appointing more officials, engaging in promotions and demotions, and setting higher salaries [8][34] - Turnover reduces the prevalence of nepotistic networks, with new leaders less likely to employ relatives or bureaucrats with family connections to previous administrations [36][37] - Bureaucrats under new leadership report higher morale and motivation, leading to increased interactions with citizens and better alignment with their needs [40][42] - Electoral turnovers improve the quality of public service provision, particularly in locally managed services such as garbage collection and street lighting [49][50] Mechanisms and Implications - The positive effects of turnover on bureaucratic performance are driven by the disruption of nepotistic networks, which allows for more meritocratic governance and improved service delivery [60][61] - Newly elected leaders who successfully reduce nepotism achieve the most substantial improvements in bureaucratic performance and public goods provision [59][60] - The study suggests that regular, free, and fair elections are crucial for ensuring accountability and improving governance at the local level [68] Data and Methodology - The analysis is based on a large-scale survey conducted in 852 villages across Indonesia, combined with administrative data on public goods provision [6][19] - The study employs a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to estimate the causal effects of electoral turnovers on bureaucratic performance and public service provision [24][25]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The paper challenges the widely held belief that younger generations are more concerned about climate change than older generations, presenting evidence that older individuals may be equally or more concerned about climate change [2][9][46] - The findings indicate that older respondents are more likely to oppose tax increases for climate policies, reflecting a general decline in willingness to pay taxes with age rather than a specific aversion to climate change financing [9][60] - The study utilizes data from 38 countries in Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, collected during the 2023 Life in Transition Survey, to analyze the relationship between age and climate change attitudes [2][33] Summary by Sections Introduction - The concept of a "climate change age gap" is introduced, suggesting that younger people are perceived to care more about climate change due to their longer expected lifespan under adverse conditions [6][8] - The paper aims to explore this notion and its implications for climate policy implementation [6][7] Literature Review - Previous studies show mixed results regarding age as a predictor of climate change beliefs, with some indicating younger individuals are more concerned while others find minimal differences [12][14][16] - The literature highlights various socio-structural and psychological factors influencing climate change beliefs across different age groups [12][18] Theoretical Framework - A theoretical model is developed to explain how age-related factors influence perceptions and willingness to act on climate change [21][26] - The model suggests that older individuals may have heightened concerns about climate change impacts due to their increased vulnerability [21][30] Data - The analysis is based on the 2023 Life in Transition Survey, which includes a representative sample from 38 countries, focusing on climate beliefs and actions [33][34] - Key questions assess personal beliefs about climate change and willingness to support government actions through taxes [33][35] Empirical Results - The results show that older individuals are generally more concerned about climate change impacts on future generations but are less willing to pay higher taxes for climate policies [46][60] - A significant age gradient is observed in willingness to support climate change actions, with younger individuals showing higher willingness to pay [44][60] Conclusion - The study concludes that the perceived age gap in climate change concern may be overstated, with older individuals demonstrating significant concern but lower willingness to finance climate actions through taxes [9][60] - The findings suggest that policymakers should consider these dynamics when designing climate policies to ensure broad support across age groups [9][60]

Policy Research Working Paper 10919 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Regenerative Agriculture in Practice | --- | --- | |-------|-----------------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A Review | | | | | | Andrew Dabalen | | | Aparajita Goyal | | | Ruozi Song | Africa Region Office of the Chief Economist September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10919 Abstract Regenerative agriculture, a farming approach that focuses on soil health ...

| --- | --- | |-------------------|-----------| | | | | | | | | | | Mongolia | | | GENDER ASSESSMENT | June 2024 | Public Disclosure Authorized 1 Mongolia GENDER ASSESSMENT June 2024 Mongolia Gender Assessment © 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive D ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the agriculture and rural connectivity sectors in Togo. Core Insights - The Public Finance Review emphasizes the need for improved public investment management to accelerate rural development and structural transformation in Togo, where 50% of the population living under the national poverty line relies on agriculture as their primary income source [12][29]. - The report highlights that low agricultural productivity and inadequate rural connectivity hinder economic growth and poverty reduction, necessitating a holistic approach that combines agricultural advancements with infrastructure development [12][29]. - It identifies that public investment can mobilize private sector investment, especially when fiscal constraints limit public funding, and suggests reforms to enhance the business environment and governance [14][28]. Summary by Sections Country Context and Challenges - Togo has faced significant challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic and global trade disruptions, but managed to maintain robust growth with public investment reaching 9.7% of GDP in 2022, up from 3.2% in 2019 [19]. - Despite growth, structural transformation has been limited, with stagnant agricultural productivity and poor connectivity between rural and urban areas contributing to persistent poverty [19][20]. Public Investment Management and Structural Transformation - The report assesses the quality of public investment management in Togo, noting that while there has been progress in project selectivity, inefficiencies remain in budgeting and transparency [40]. - It emphasizes that improving public investment efficiency could significantly enhance infrastructure quality without additional budget resources, with potential gains of 14% to 37% by matching the efficiency of peer countries [13][43]. Agriculture Sector - The agriculture sector in Togo is characterized by low productivity, with only 37% of households using fertilizers and 8% using improved seeds, leading to reliance on self-subsistence farming [20][21]. - The report suggests that improving access to agricultural inputs and enhancing public sector governance are critical for boosting productivity and food security [15][16]. Energy Sector - Rural electrification is a major constraint, with only 25% of the rural population having access to electricity, which limits agricultural modernization and productivity [17][25]. - The report recommends reforms in the electricity tariff structure and governance of public utilities to improve rural electrification and support renewable energy solutions [17][25]. Transport Sector - Despite significant investments in rural road connectivity, many roads remain unpaved and poorly maintained, with 37% of the rural population living more than two kilometers from an all-weather road [18][26]. - The report calls for improved road asset management and prioritization of climate-resilient road designs to enhance rural access and agricultural productivity [18][26].

Policy Research Working Paper 10914 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |-------|-------|--------------------------------------|-------|-------| | | | | | | | | | Why Did Support for Climate Policies | | | | | | Decline in Europe and Central Asia? | | | | | | | | | | | | Alexandru Cojocaru | | | | | | Michael Lokshin Iván Torre | | | Europe and Central Asia Region & Poverty and Equity Global Practice September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Dis ...

Policy Research Working Paper 10916 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |-----------------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------| | | | | | | | | | How Well Did Real-Time Indicators Track | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Household Welfare Changes in Developing | | | | | | | | Countries during the COVID-19 Crisis? | | | | | | | David Newhouse Rachel Swindle Shun Wang Joshua D. Merfeld Utz Pape Kibrom Tafere Mic ...

Public Disclosure Authorized ID4D DPI Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES ENABLING TRUSTED DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION Public Disclosure Authorized DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION POLICY NOTE SERIES SEPTEMBER 2024 © 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Generative AI has the potential to significantly impact economic growth, labor markets, and global trade patterns, with varying predictions on its effects [8][9] - The paper introduces a multi-sector growth model to analyze the effects of generative AI, emphasizing the distinction between high-skill, highly digitalized services and low-skill, less digitalized services [4][10] - The risk of "premature de-professionalization" is highlighted, where generative AI may limit the creation of well-paid jobs in high-skill services, particularly in developing countries [4][17][23] Summary by Sections Introduction - Generative AI could increase global GDP by 7% over a decade according to Goldman Sachs, while more conservative estimates suggest a 0.9% to 1.1% increase [8] - The impact of generative AI on labor markets could lead to increased competition and lower wages in cognitive occupations [8][9] Structural Transformation - The report discusses the shift in economic activities across sectors, noting the decline of agriculture and manufacturing in favor of services [10][11] - It emphasizes the importance of understanding the interplay between growth and structural transformation for sustainable development [11][12] Model Construction - A multi-sector growth model is constructed to analyze the influence of AI on economic growth and structural transformation, incorporating demand-side factors and sectoral differences [12][20] - The model includes four sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, high-skill services, and low-skill services, with labor as the only production factor [12][55] AI's Impact on Growth - AI influences growth through demand, supply, and international production specialization channels [13][15] - Simulations reveal that unless AI achieves widespread adoption and drives transformative innovations, its growth benefits may be limited [18][23] Employment and Income Dynamics - The report predicts a stagnation or decline in high-skill services employment share, with a shift towards low-skill services due to AI advancements [16][17] - It warns that developing countries slow to adopt AI risk becoming commodity exporters, facing youth underemployment and declining living standards [17][23] Conclusion - The paper contributes to the literature by analyzing generative AI's effects through structural transformation and international production specialization [20][23] - It underscores the need for timely AI adoption to avoid economic stagnation and to foster high-skill service employment opportunities [23]

Policy Research Working Paper 10913 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Fiscal Challenges in Small States Weathering Storms, Rebuilding Resilience Samuel Hill Jeetendra Khadan Development Economics Prospects Group September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10913 Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic and the global shocks that followed have worsened fiscal and debt positions in small states, intensifying their already substantial fisc ...