Policy Research Working Paper 10905 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Firm Networks and Global Technology Diffusion | --- | |---------------------| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Katherine Stapleton | | Daria Taglioni | | | Development Economics Development Research Group September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10905 Abstract This study examines the role of multinational firms and global value chain lin ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly state an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Rwanda's GDP growth has exceeded 8 percent annually over the past two years, nearly double the average for Sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a strong economic transition from agriculture to industry and services [13][14] - The electrification rate in Rwanda reached approximately 61 percent by 2022, with 47 percent from grid-based connections and 14 percent from off-grid solutions, showcasing significant progress towards universal access [13][14] - The government aims to achieve universal coverage for productive energy users through a mix of 52 percent on-grid and 48 percent off-grid solutions in its updated Energy Sector Strategic Plan [14] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The study assesses Rwanda's potential in the productive use of energy (PUE) and aims to bridge knowledge gaps on market actors, products, and the market environment [15] - Key objectives include evaluating the potential electricity demand of productive energy users and identifying barriers to the uptake of high-potential PUE technologies [15] Introduction - The study was conducted in four phases, utilizing extensive primary and secondary data from various actors in the PUE ecosystem, including government agencies and technology suppliers [16] Planning, Policies, and Investments - Rwanda's policy framework has made significant strides towards achieving universal energy access, with specific targets outlined in Vision 2050 and the National Strategy for Transformation [17] - Recent pilot initiatives have provided insights on scaling the adoption of existing PUE technologies, emphasizing the need for financial and technical support for cash-constrained suppliers [18] Analysis of Current Users - Over 86 percent of productive energy users are connected to the main grid, with a significant portion expressing a desire for specific appliances to enhance productivity [19] - The study found that unit price is the most significant factor influencing electricity consumption, with potential increases in demand under various scenarios [20][21]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report emphasizes the positive role of trade in job creation, labor earnings, and productivity, while also acknowledging the challenges and disparities in outcomes across different income levels and sectors [10][11][16][19] Summary by Sections Trade and Employment Levels - The share of employment tied to export activities increased from 26.5% in 2000 to 28.7% in 2018 across 71 countries [37] - Direct and indirect employment in exports rose by 133 million from 1995 to 2007, but declined by 45 million by 2018, particularly in low- and middle-income countries [40] Trade and Labor Earnings - Growing trade exposure is linked to higher labor earnings, with wage inequality decreasing in low- and middle-income countries due to global value chain integration [22] Trade and Labor Productivity - Labor productivity rises with export volumes, especially in low-tech manufacturing and agriculture, benefiting unskilled workers in developing countries [22][23] Trade and Job Quality - Job quality improves with increased exports, leading to transitions toward salaried positions and higher value-added activities [23] Gender and Trade - Firms engaged in international trade employ a higher percentage of women, with exporting firms showing a female labor share premium of around 4 percentage points on average [53][55]

Public Disclosure Authorized Knowledge Brief Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice AGING AND HEALTH: POLICY CONSIDERATIONS FOR LONG-TERM CARE Meriem Boudjadja, Sameera Altuwaijri, and Seemeen Saadat for the Healthy Longevity Team July 2024 | --- | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Gender gaps in access to and use of health and long-term care services affect both women and men differently [3] - Male mortality due to key non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is high in middle age, while women live longer with these diseases, impacting universal health coverage (UHC) and social protection systems [3] - Social and financial barriers accumulate across the life course, impeding women's access to care, necessitating cross-cutting solutions [3] - Health and long-term care systems must be gender-responsive, ensuring availability, accessibility, and quality of care [3] - Investment in sex-disaggregated data and gender-specific indicators is essential for monitoring key indicators for healthy longevity [3] Summary by Sections Introduction - Women and men experience aging differently due to physical, physiological, social, and gender norms, affecting socio-economic status and health outcomes [4] - Evidence indicates higher male mortality from heart disease and diabetes, while women live longer with these diseases, leading to more years lived with disability [4] Study Methods - The study utilizes literature review and data analysis from the Global Burden of Disease and World Development Indicators, focusing on NCDs and income data from 2019 [8] Disease Burden by Sex - Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality, with 41.6% of female deaths and 38.2% of male deaths aged 45 and above attributed to CVD in 2019 [9] - Diabetes accounted for approximately 1.55 million deaths in 2019, with 95% among those aged 45 and above, showing a higher burden among women in lower-middle-income countries [15] - Cancer mortality is higher among men globally, but women aged 45-60 have higher cancer prevalence, particularly breast and reproductive cancers [19] Key Barriers to Care - Factors such as income, mobility, and service availability significantly affect access to health services for aging populations, especially women [21] - Financial dependence and limited participation in formal labor markets hinder older women's access to healthcare [21] Policy and Programmatic Implications - Health systems play a crucial role in reducing gender gaps in age-related disability and disease, requiring universal health coverage and improved service delivery [22] - Continued efforts to enhance women's labor market opportunities and access to social protection systems are necessary to strengthen their agency and healthcare access [22] - Expanding the use of sex-disaggregated data and gender-specific indicators on NCDs is vital for understanding gender-based health gaps [22]

Public Disclosure Authorized Knowledge Brief Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice THE HEALTHY LONGEVITY INITIATIVE: KEY INSIGHTS FOR POLICY AND ACTION Sameera Altuwaijri, Prabhat Jha, George Alleyne Paul Isenman, Seemeen Saadat, Jeremy Veillard August 2024 | --- | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...

blic Disclosure Auth olic Disclosure Authorize ERIA ECONOMIC 5th Edition | June 2024 Powering Growth with Reliable, Affordable and Sustainable Energy Access ORLD BANK GROUP croeconomics, Trade & Investment olic Disclosure Authorize c Disclosure Author © 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work d ...

Policy Research Working Paper 10904 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Convergence in Brazil Kaleb Abreha Rafael Ornelas Gabriel Zaourak Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10904 Abstract This paper examines whether labor productivity converged across Brazil's states ("departments") between 2002 and 2018. The results show strong evidence of unconditional con ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry but emphasizes the need for increased investment in climate resilience and adaptation in fragile and conflict-affected situations [19][22][39]. Core Insights - Fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS) are projected to house two-thirds of the global extreme poor by 2030, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions [16][22]. - Climate change acts as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities and increasing the risk of conflict and instability in FCS [18][26]. - The report underscores the importance of integrating conflict-sensitive approaches into climate financing to ensure that interventions do not inadvertently exacerbate tensions [82][84]. Summary by Sections Introduction - FCS face significant development challenges, with violent conflict and climate change compounding risks and impacts [16][18]. - The report notes that 80% of humanitarian financing is directed towards regions experiencing violent conflict [16]. Methodology - The analysis categorizes FCS based on their historical classification and examines climate risks and conflict trends from 2006 to 2023 [19][20]. Addressing Fragility and Conflict in Financing for Development - The report highlights that over 67% of IDA borrowing nations are on the FCS list, indicating a strong correlation between fragility and vulnerability to climate change [23]. - The GDP of FCS countries is expected to be 7.5% below pre-pandemic projections, exacerbating poverty and instability [22]. Challenges and Opportunities for Decarbonization in FCS - FCS countries contribute less than 3% of global GHG emissions but are heavily reliant on fossil fuels, complicating decarbonization efforts [29][41]. - The report emphasizes the need for conflict-sensitive climate financing to support decarbonization while addressing poverty [29][37]. Climate Risk and Resilience in FCS - FCS countries bear a disproportionate cost of climate change impacts, with 60% of climate-related disaster fatalities occurring in these regions [41][42]. - The report indicates that climate-related disasters are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, further destabilizing FCS [43][44]. Breakdown of Climate Change in FCV Settings - The report discusses the relationship between climate variability and conflict, noting that food insecurity and resource competition can lead to increased violence [54][56]. - It highlights the significant rise in conflict events during lean seasons, correlating with food scarcity [55][57]. Drought and Near-Term Climate Change Projections - FCS populations are highly dependent on rainfed agriculture, making them particularly vulnerable to climate variability and extreme weather events [59][60]. - The report calls for greater investment in climate adaptation strategies to mitigate these risks [59][61]. Discussion and Future Directions - The interconnectedness of climate change, fragility, and conflict necessitates comprehensive strategies that address root causes and foster sustainable development [78][79]. - The report advocates for integrated approaches that recognize the complex dynamics of FCV contexts in climate change financing [81][82].

Policy Research Working Paper 10901 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Evaluation of Door-to-Door Tax Enforcement Strategy in Indonesia Paulo Antonacci Muhammad Khudadad Chattha Governance Global Practice September 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10901 Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of a tax enforcement program conducted in Indonesia where officials from the tax authority visited properties to engage directly wit ...