Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The study investigates socio-emotional skills (SES) among Tanzanian youth, revealing that men self-report higher SES than women, but behavioral measures show minimal gender gaps, suggesting men's overestimation of their skills rather than women's underestimation [4][10][36]. Summary by Sections Introduction - The demand for socio-emotional skills in the labor market is increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. SES are recognized as foundational skills alongside literacy and numeracy, with potential high economic returns [8][9]. Methodology - The study utilizes a sample of over 4,000 youth not in education, employment, or training (NEET) in urban Tanzania, employing both self-reported and behavioral measures of 14 SES [10][16]. Results - Men score higher than women on all 12 positively-worded self-reported SES measures, with a gender gap of 0.20 standard deviations. However, behavioral measures show only small gender gaps for a few skills, indicating that self-reported measures may be influenced by social desirability bias [10][36][39]. - The gap between self-reported and behavioral measures is larger among men, suggesting that men's overestimation of their skills is linked to gendered beliefs about abilities [10][40]. Discussion - The findings contribute to the understanding of gender gaps in SES, indicating that apparent male advantages in self-reported skills may not reflect actual skill differences. The study emphasizes the importance of using behavioral measures to assess SES accurately [11][12][14]. - The report highlights the need for interventions that address beliefs about abilities and improve both men's and women's labor market outcomes [14][46].

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10876 Rate Cycles Kristin Forbes Jongrim Ha M. Ayhan Kose Public Disclosure Authorized Development Economics Prospects Group August 2024 Policy Research Working Paper 10876 Abstract This paper analyzes cycles in policy interest rates in 24 advanced economies over 1970–2024, combining a new application of business cycle methodology with rich time-series decompositions of the shocks driving rat ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10874 Private Management of African Protected Areas Improves Wildlife and Tourism Outcomes but With Security Concerns in Conflict Regions Sean Denny Gabriel Englander Patrick Hunnicutt Development Economics Development Research Group August 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http://reproducibility.worldbank.org, click here for direct access. Public Disclosu ...

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report emphasizes the growing importance of social sustainability and the need for a consensus on its measurement to effectively monitor progress towards sustainable development goals [4][7] - It introduces the Social Sustainability Index, which measures multidimensional social gaps across four dimensions: inclusion, resilience, social cohesion, and process legitimacy, using 16 indicators [4][8] - The findings indicate that approximately two-thirds of the population in Peru and South Africa experience overlapping social gaps, with intensity rates of 47% and 53% respectively, highlighting significant social fragility [4][9] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the increasing global attention on social sustainability due to rising poverty and inequality exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic [7] - It highlights the lack of an empirical measure for social sustainability, which hampers effective policy design and monitoring [7][8] Conceptual and Measurement Framework - The report outlines a conceptual framework for social sustainability that includes social cohesion, inclusion, resilience, and process legitimacy [15][19] - It critiques existing literature for lacking a consensus on measurement and proposes a comprehensive approach to assess social sustainability across multiple dimensions [19][20] Methodology - The report details a new methodology based on the Counting Approach to measure social sustainability multidimensionally, identifying individuals experiencing multiple social gaps [28][29] - It describes the process of aggregating individual social gap data into a synthetic index, the Social Sustainability Index (SSI), which can be disaggregated by population group [31][32] Application - The report applies the proposed Social Sustainability Index in Peru and South Africa, demonstrating its utility in identifying vulnerable populations and the dimensions driving social sustainability gaps [4][9][34] - It emphasizes the importance of accountability and inclusion in policy design to address the identified social gaps [4][9]

Policy Research Working Paper 10869 Micro-Level Impacts of the War on Ukraine's Agriculture Sector Distinguishing Local and National Effects over Time Klaus Deininger Daniel Ayalew Ali Nataliia Kussul Guido Lemoine Andrii Shelestov Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Development Economics Development Research Group August 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10869 Abstract This paper uses remotely sensed and farm-level data to ass ...

Public Disclosure AuthorizedECONOMIC UPDATE TANZANIA Harnessing the Opportunity for a Climate-Smart and Competitive Livestock Sector in Tanzania Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Issue 21 2024 Tanzania Economic Update Harnessing the Opportunity for a Climate-Smart and Competitive Livestock Sector in Tanzania Issue 21 2024 THE WORLD BANK GROUP | EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION MACROECONOMICS, TRADE AND INVESTMENT GLOBAL PRACTICE © 2024 International Bank f ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SOCIAL PROTECTION & JOBS DISCUSSION PAPER No. 2406 | JUNE 2024 Safety Nets in Contexts of Violence, Fragility and Forced Displacement: The Case of Burkina Faso and Cameroon Anne Della Guardia, Milli Lake, and Mira Saidi © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1 (202) 473 1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the food fortification industry Core Insights - Food fortification is a critical strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies globally, with an estimated 2 billion people affected by such deficiencies [5][6] - The cost-benefit ratio of food fortification interventions is approximately 1:30, indicating significant societal benefits [6][14] - Mandatory fortification of staple foods has proven effective in improving population nutrient status [12] Overview of Food Fortification - Food fortification involves adding nutrients to food to combat deficiencies due to inadequate dietary diversity [4] - The practice has evolved over nearly a century, with early initiatives addressing public health concerns related to micronutrient deficiencies [5] Historical Context - The first recorded instance of food fortification dates back to 400 B.C. [5] - Switzerland was the first country to fortify salt with iodine in 1923, leading to widespread adoption of fortification practices globally [5][6] Types of Food Fortification - Fortification can restore lost nutrients, add absent nutrients, or standardize nutrient content in food products [8] - Common vehicles for fortification include vegetable oils, cereals, and condiments [26][36][49] Public-Private Sector Partnership - Successful food fortification requires collaboration among government, private sector, NGOs, and academia [9] - Governments set standards and regulations, while the private sector drives innovation in fortification practices [9] Key Considerations for Food Fortification - Essential requirements include reliable consumption data, compliance with technical standards, and effective quality assurance processes [11] - Promotion and social marketing are crucial for encouraging the consumption of fortified foods [11][18] Economic Considerations - Understanding the costs involved in food fortification across the value chain is vital for sustainability [14] - Stakeholders must share the financial burden to ensure successful implementation of fortification programs [14] Safety of Fortified Foods - No documented evidence of toxicity from fortified foods produced under official standards [15] - Risks of under-fortification and contamination exist, necessitating strict quality control measures [15] Consumer Acceptance & Regulatory Standards - Fortified foods are considered "credence goods," relying on producers and regulatory agencies for quality assurance [17] - Adherence to guidelines is essential to avoid negative sensory impacts on fortified products [16] Fortification in Specific Sectors - Vegetable oils are ideal for fortification with vitamins A and D due to their high lipid content and consumption rates [26][28] - Cereal grains, particularly wheat and maize, are widely fortified to combat micronutrient malnutrition [36][37] - Packaged and processed foods, including condiments, are increasingly recognized as suitable vehicles for fortification [49] Fortification Techniques - Various methods exist for fortifying rice, including rinse-resistant coating and extrusion, with the latter being more effective [43] - Fortification of sugar has been implemented in limited regions, primarily in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa [51]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The Hybrid Social Protection Scheme (HSPS) aims to enhance crisis resilience among vulnerable households in Pakistan by promoting savings and financial inclusion through a contributory savings model with government matching incentives [15][35][36]. - The study highlights that financial literacy, digital inclusion, and family support are critical drivers of saving behavior, while loans and lack of self-control negatively impact savings [15][36]. - The pilot program targets 150,000 individuals from poor households, requiring a minimum contribution of PKR 1,500 every three months, with a government matching incentive of 40% [35][36]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Pakistan has invested in social protection initiatives for over a decade, including cash transfer programs managed by the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) [21][22]. - The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for enhanced resilience among vulnerable populations, particularly those in the informal sector [23][24]. Objectives and Design of the Savings Scheme - The HSPS aims to smooth consumption during economic hardships, promote saving behavior, and enhance financial inclusion through bank savings accounts [34][35]. - The scheme includes a two-year pilot with matching contributions to encourage savings among participants [35][36]. Quantitative Analysis - The analysis reveals that only 28% of respondents save money, with the majority saving approximately 8% of their income [61][62]. - Trust in formal financial institutions is a significant barrier to saving, with many respondents expressing a preference for informal saving methods [62]. Qualitative Analysis - Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) indicate that beneficiaries recognize the importance of saving but face challenges due to low disposable income and financial literacy [61][62]. - The qualitative insights support the need for training and awareness initiatives to improve financial and digital literacy among participants [58][62].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under discussion Core Insights - The paper examines the role of additionality for environmental integrity under Article 6.2 approaches, emphasizing that additionality may serve as a risk management tool rather than a binary decision-making criterion [8][9][12] - It highlights the importance of ensuring that internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) do not lead to a net increase in global emissions, aligning with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) [9][10][36] - The report suggests that the host country must assess and decide how much and which mitigation outcomes it wishes to sell to achieve its NDC commitments without overselling [39] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - Article 6.2 approaches must contribute to achieving NDCs while ensuring environmental integrity [9] - Environmental integrity is defined as the ability to transfer mitigation outcomes without increasing global emissions [9] 2. Role of Additionality in Earlier Market-Based Mechanisms - Additionality has historically been judged as a yes/no dichotomy, with methods varying across mechanisms like Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) [8][12] - The report discusses how additionality testing has evolved and its implications for current mechanisms [12][15] 3. Considerations for the Role of Additionality for Article 6.2 Approaches - The report analyzes the characteristics of Article 6.2 in comparison to other market mechanisms, noting its similarities with JI and International Emission Trading (IET) [25][27] - It emphasizes that additionality should not be a strict requirement but rather a tool for managing risks associated with overselling and ensuring environmental integrity [31][33] 4. Relationship between Environmental Integrity and Additionality for Article 6.2 - Environmental integrity under Article 6.2 is broader than additionality under CDM, focusing on the alignment of mitigation actions with NDC commitments [37][38] - The report suggests that if NDCs are rigorously defined, additionality testing may not be necessary for A6.2 actions [37] 5. Transition Period to Streamlined Additionality - The report proposes a transition period where activity-specific methods are used to define a below-BAU scenario as the baseline/reference level [43][44] - It advocates for continuous improvement of NDCs and regular updates to enhance transparency and ambition in the context of A6.2 activities [44]