撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 一氧化二氮 （N₂O） 是导致 全球变暖 和 气候变化 的因素之一，其在地球大气中的浓度已达到前所未有的水平。目前，N₂O 的排放源超过了其吸收汇，这凸显 了全面了解消耗 N₂O 过程的必要性。 表达 N₂O 还原酶 （ N₂O R） 的微生物将 N₂O 转化为对气候变化无影响的 氮气 （N₂） 。已知的 N₂O R 属于典型的 NosZ 还原酶， NosZ 还原酶分为两个进 化支系—— 支系 I 和 支系 II，被认为是 N₂O 还原的关键酶。 2025 年 8 月 20 日， 田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校 何广 博士作为第一作者，在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上发表了题 为： A novel bacterial protein family that catalyses nitrous oxide reduction 的研究论文。 该研究发现了一个催化 一氧化二氮 （N₂O） 还原反应的新型细菌蛋白家族—— 内酯酶型 N₂O 还原酶 （L-N₂OR） 。这一发现 扩展了 N₂O 还原酶，有助于加 深对 N₂O 消耗源的理解，对温室气体排放和气候变化模型具有重要意义， ...

Core Insights - The research team from the Yangtze River Academy is conducting a comprehensive examination of the health status of the Chadan Wetland, focusing on the latest developments in permafrost thawing and greenhouse gas emissions [1][4]. Group 1: Research Activities - The Chadan Wetland, located in Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province, is the source of the southern tributary of the Yangtze River, the Dangqu [1]. - The research team is collecting water and sediment samples from the source of the Dangqu for physicochemical analysis to explore the sediment composition and runoff formation processes [2][3]. - The team is utilizing ground-penetrating radar to scan the land adjacent to the wetland, aiming to provide original data on the impact of climate change on the "groundwater-permafrost cycle" [4][5]. Group 2: Environmental Concerns - The wetland ecosystem, while rich in vegetation, is fragile and threatened by climate change, leading to degradation in some areas [3][4]. - Observations indicate a reduction in the thickness of permanent permafrost and an increase in seasonal permafrost thickness, with ongoing research to uncover more patterns [4][7]. - The melting of permafrost not only affects groundwater and surface water changes but also releases significant organic carbon, potentially exacerbating the greenhouse effect [7]. Group 3: Monitoring and Data Collection - The research team has established a long-term monitoring well from an abandoned water well to collect data on groundwater and permafrost relationships [4]. - Soil sensors are being used to monitor real-time soil temperature and moisture, contributing to the understanding of the relationship between vegetation, soil moisture, and permafrost degradation [4][6]. - Initial monitoring results show spatial differences in greenhouse gas emissions across the wetland, with melting thermal lakes identified as active "hotspots" for gas exchange [7].

Group 1 - The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion stating that countries may violate international law if they do not actively address climate change, potentially leading to legal consequences [1] - The advisory opinion emphasizes that a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment should be considered a fundamental human right, and countries have a legal obligation to curb greenhouse gas emissions and protect environmental systems [1] - The ICJ's president highlighted that the current climate crisis threatens the survival of the planet and all life, and failure to take appropriate action could result in legal responsibilities, such as ceasing harmful practices and compensating for negative impacts [1] Group 2 - The advisory opinion could serve as a basis for accountability among nations and may influence the agenda of the upcoming COP30 climate change conference [1] - The opinion was released amid efforts by the U.S. government to weaken environmental regulations, which could hinder future climate change initiatives [2] - The Pacific island nation of Vanuatu initiated a global response to climate change, gaining support from over 130 countries, leading to the UN General Assembly's request for the ICJ's advisory opinion [2]

Core Viewpoint - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is drafting a proposal to revoke a 2009 scientific finding that greenhouse gas emissions are harmful to public health, which is considered a cornerstone of the government's climate change measures and EPA's greenhouse gas regulatory framework [1] Group 1 - The proposal to revoke the 2009 report indicates a significant shift in the U.S. government's approach to climate change and environmental regulation [1] - The 2009 scientific finding has been foundational for various climate policies and regulations aimed at controlling greenhouse gas emissions [1] - The potential revocation could impact future regulatory actions and public health considerations related to climate change [1]

Core Insights - Extreme weather events have significantly impacted global food prices, with notable increases such as a 300% rise in Australian lettuce prices and an 80% increase in U.S. vegetable prices [1][2] - The report warns that unprecedented extreme weather conditions will become more common, surpassing the adaptability of current agricultural and economic systems [1] Food Price Increases - California has experienced its driest three years on record, leading to nearly 1 million acres of farmland left uncultivated, resulting in initial revenue losses of nearly $2 billion for vegetable crops [1] - Arizona faced water shortages due to drought in the Colorado River basin, contributing to significant vegetable price increases in the U.S. [1] - In South Korea, vegetable prices surged nearly 70% due to widespread high temperatures, prompting the government to utilize national reserves [2] - Australia experienced record floods, leading to lettuce prices soaring to approximately 12 AUD (about 7.81 USD) from around 2.80 AUD, marking a rise of over 300% [2] Climate Change and Agricultural Sensitivity - Not all agricultural products are equally sensitive to climate risks; coffee and beef prices have been rising due to specific production conditions, while more adaptable crops like corn have not seen similar price increases [3] - New U.S. tariffs may further squeeze foreign farmers' profit margins, complicating producers' decisions [3] Political and Economic Implications - High inflation rates linked to food price surges can alter election outcomes, as evidenced by studies from 18 countries [4] - Rising staple food prices exert pressure on economies and public health, particularly affecting low-income households [4] - The volatility in food prices poses challenges for macroeconomic management, complicating efforts to control overall inflation rates [4][5] - The rising cost of living has played a significant role in recent elections, with warnings that these impacts will worsen without achieving net-zero emissions [5] - The upcoming United Nations Food Systems Summit will address the threats posed by climate change to global food systems, with food price inflation as a central topic [5]

Core Viewpoint - The extreme heat waves experienced in multiple countries in the Northern Hemisphere this summer are attributed to abnormal atmospheric circulation, occurring against the backdrop of significant greenhouse gas emissions and rising global temperatures [1] Group 1 - The summer of this year has seen record-breaking high temperatures in various countries [1] - The chief of the International User Service Center at the National Satellite Meteorological Center, Zheng Zhaojun, indicates that the extreme heat is a direct result of abnormal atmospheric circulation [1] - The phenomenon of extreme heat is occurring within the context of ongoing greenhouse gas emissions and a continuous rise in global temperatures [1]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint is that the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Europe, is experiencing extreme heat waves this summer, with temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius in several regions [1][3][4] - Spain and France are among the most affected countries, with Spain recording temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius and France experiencing widespread high-temperature alerts [1][3] - The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) indicates that global temperature rise is a trend, primarily driven by human-induced carbon emissions [4][6][8] Group 2 - The Mediterranean region is experiencing record high sea surface temperatures, which contribute to the extreme heat on land [6][8] - The WMO reports that the duration and intensity of heat waves are increasing globally, with the third hottest June on record recently observed [4][6] - Climate change is exacerbating extreme weather events, leading to more intense rainfall and storms due to increased atmospheric moisture [8][10]

Group 1 - The heatwave in France has reached temperatures between 38°C to 40°C since June 19, 2023, and is expected to peak in the coming days, threatening the power grid and public health [1] - The Eiffel Tower was temporarily closed due to structural concerns from heat expansion, and cooling stations were set up for public safety [1] - The heatwave has disrupted rail transport across Europe, with some trains slowing down or halting due to track expansion, and emergency responses have been initiated in several countries [1] Group 2 - China is experiencing significant impacts from climate change, with warming rates exceeding the global average, leading to more frequent and intense extreme weather events [2] - In 2024, China is projected to set new records for average annual temperature and other climate indicators, with accelerated glacier melting in the western regions [2] - Experts emphasize the need for urgent actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing societal resilience [2][3]

Core Viewpoint - The photovoltaic industry is undergoing a deep transformation driven by policy compliance, technological innovation, and social responsibility, with leading companies seeking to break through with green technologies and explore new market possibilities [1] Group 1: ESG Disclosure - A total of 27 renewable energy companies in A-shares are required to disclose ESG reports, with 26 having completed their 2024 independent ESG report disclosures, except for Siyuan Electric [2][3] - The seven photovoltaic companies required to disclose ESG reports have all completed their disclosures, indicating an overall improvement in ESG reporting within the photovoltaic sector [3] - Factors contributing to the positive ESG performance in the photovoltaic sector include early industry development, strong awareness of information disclosure, and the leadership of major enterprises driving improvements across the supply chain [3][4] Group 2: Carbon Emissions and Reduction Efforts - TCL Zhonghuan reported a 33% year-on-year decrease in total greenhouse gas emissions for 2024, while Tongwei's scope two emissions increased due to new factory operations [3][4] - Companies are adopting different methods for calculating greenhouse gas emissions, with some choosing to disclose both "location-based" and "market-based" results to enhance transparency [4] - Leading photovoltaic companies are actively promoting supply chain emissions reductions through green procurement and technical collaboration [5][6] Group 3: Technological Innovations and Market Expansion - Leading companies like Tongwei are focusing on advanced photovoltaic technologies such as TOPCon, HJT, and perovskite stacking, implementing 101 energy-saving projects in 2024 [7] - Longi Green Energy is expanding into the green hydrogen sector, reporting a 24% increase in renewable electricity usage in 2024, contributing to a reduction in overall greenhouse gas emissions [7] - The photovoltaic industry is facing challenges in emissions accounting, particularly for scope three emissions, which are more complex and resource-intensive for many companies [8] Group 4: Employment Trends in the Industry - The photovoltaic industry is experiencing a reduction in workforce size, with major integrated companies like Longi Green Energy and JinkoSolar reducing their employee numbers by over 10,000 [9] - Conversely, some companies, such as North Huachuang and Sungrow, are expanding their workforce, indicating a mixed employment trend within the sector [9]

Core Insights - The research published in the journal "Nature" indicates that approximately 52% of individuals born in 2020 will face unprecedented heatwave exposure risks under a 1.5°C warming scenario, compared to only 16% of those born in 1960 [1][3]. Group 1: Research Findings - The study predicts that under current mitigation policies aiming for a 2.7°C increase by 2100, the exposure risk for those born in 2020 will double compared to those born in 1960 [3]. - Among the 1960 cohort, about 16% (13 million people) will face unprecedented lifetime heatwave exposure risks, while for the 2020 cohort, this figure rises to approximately 52% (62 million people) if warming reaches 1.5°C, and up to 92% if it escalates to 3.5°C [3][4]. Group 2: Broader Implications - The study expands its analysis to include five additional extreme climate events (crop failure, wildfires, droughts, river flooding, and tropical cyclones), finding that exposure levels will significantly increase with each successive birth cohort [4]. - It highlights that within each birth cohort, the socio-economically vulnerable groups are more likely to face higher degrees of exposure to extreme climate events compared to their less vulnerable counterparts [4].