【环球时报驻埃及、巴西特派记者 黄培昭 时元皓】编者的话："博物馆里的二战记忆"系列本期报道， 聚焦埃及阿拉曼军事博物馆露天展区的谢尔曼坦克和巴西二战烈士国家纪念碑旁展览馆中的"眼镜蛇抽 烟"雕塑，这些实物展示无不诉说着那些历史厚重的二战故事。 谢尔曼坦克：阿拉曼的钢铁印记 由埃及北部地中海滨城市亚历山大驱车西行近两个小时，就能到达阿拉曼军事博物馆。阿拉曼是埃及西 北边陲马特鲁省的一个小城市，曾是二战时的北非主战场，在这里，英国和德国进行了史上最大规模 的"沙漠坦克大厮杀"，最终以纳粹德国的落败而结束。 阿拉曼军事博物馆分室内展览和室外露天展区。在露天展区中，展出有坦克、装甲车、大炮等当年参战 的武器装备。指尖抚过谢尔曼坦克炮塔的垂直装甲，《环球时报》记者触到两道深嵌钢板的V型凹痕。 管理员谢哈布用放大镜对准锈斑："这是德军Pak 40型反坦克炮在800米距离留下的'吻痕'。"他介绍说， Pak 40型反坦克炮是德军二战期间的主力反坦克武器，威力巨大，有"破甲利刃"之称。 眼前，谢尔曼坦克躯体的钢板早已被烈日晒得泛白，履带覆着一层细沙，仿佛仍停留在80多年前的北非 战场。作为二战时期盟军最具代表性的坦克之一， ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the perspective of historian Richard Overy, who argues that the Second World War's narrative should be expanded beyond the traditional Western focus on Hitler, emphasizing the significance of the 1931 Mukden Incident as the war's starting point and highlighting China's crucial role in resisting new imperialism [1][2][5]. Group 1: Historical Context - Overy critiques the simplification of World War II as merely a conflict with Hitler, advocating for a broader understanding that includes the global context and the evolution of world order over the preceding decades [2][4]. - The rise of new imperialism in the late 19th century is identified as a key factor leading to World War II, with nations like Germany, Japan, and Italy seeking to establish new empires amidst the decline of old empires [4]. Group 2: China's Role - China is portrayed as the first nation to confront new imperialism, with its war against Japan beginning in 1931, marking it as a significant player in the broader conflict of World War II [5][6]. - The scale and impact of China's anti-Japanese war are emphasized, with Overy noting that the number of Chinese soldiers involved exceeded the combined forces of Britain and the United States [6]. Group 3: Lessons and Reflections - Overy stresses the importance of understanding the historical context of China's resistance to imperialism to fully grasp modern China [7]. - The article highlights the need for a more honest acknowledgment of Japan's wartime actions and the consequences of its imperial ambitions, suggesting that Japan has not adequately confronted its past [7][8]. - A central message from Overy's work is the imperative to prevent future global conflicts, emphasizing the need for protecting civilians in warfare and the lessons learned from World War II [9].

Group 1 - The article highlights a common misconception regarding the start of World War II, emphasizing that many people attribute it to September 1, 1939, while it argues that Japan's invasion began earlier in 1931 with the Mukden Incident [1]

Core Points - The 80th anniversary of the end of World War II was commemorated at the National WWII Museum in New Orleans, highlighting the historical significance and the lessons learned from the war [2][3] - The event featured speeches and reflections from veterans, emphasizing the importance of remembering the past to prevent future conflicts [3][4] Summary by Sections Commemoration Event - The ceremony included a playback of President Truman's announcement of Japan's unconditional surrender on September 1, 1945, alongside historical footage of the signing on the USS Missouri [2] - Approximately 300 attendees, including three centenarian WWII veterans, participated in the event, wearing red poppy flowers provided by the museum [2] Historical Context - The museum's director noted the staggering human cost of the war, with U.S. military casualties at 416,800 and global deaths exceeding 65 million [2] - The war's impact is described as global, shaping the post-war world and continuing to influence nations today [2] Reflections from Veterans - Veterans shared their experiences and conveyed messages of peace and the importance of learning from history to avoid future wars [3] - Attendees expressed the need for ongoing education and cultural exchange to foster understanding and reduce conflict in today's world [3] Contemporary Relevance - The remarks made during the ceremony resonate with current global tensions, highlighting the ongoing relevance of WWII lessons in promoting cooperation and peace [4]

Group 1: Historical Context - The article commemorates the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War and the World Anti-Fascist War, highlighting the importance of WWII artifacts in museums to convey historical memories [1] - The siege of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) lasted for 872 days, during which the city faced extreme hunger and deprivation, with citizens receiving only 125 grams of bread daily, made from increasingly scarce and poor-quality ingredients [2][3] Group 2: Leningrad's Struggles - The initial bread was made from a mixture of oats, barley, and soy, but as supplies dwindled, it began to include flaxseed, bran, and eventually inedible materials like cotton and wall plaster [2] - The situation improved slightly with the establishment of the "Road of Life" across Lake Ladoga, allowing some food supplies to reach the city, despite the extreme cold and danger from German artillery [3] Group 3: Commemoration and Legacy - Museums in Leningrad, such as the Defense and Siege Museum and the Bread Museum, preserve these artifacts, symbolizing the resilience and dignity of the city's inhabitants during the siege [4] - The story of Vasily Zaitsev, a legendary Soviet sniper, illustrates the human spirit and bravery during the war, as he became a feared figure among German troops, achieving significant kills with his old rifle [7][8] Group 4: Intelligence and Technology - The Cabinet War Rooms in London served as a crucial strategic command center during WWII, where important decisions were made, and it operated continuously for six years [10] - Bletchley Park, known as the "Silicon Valley of Intelligence Warfare," was pivotal in code-breaking efforts, including the Enigma and Lorenz ciphers, which significantly impacted the war's outcome [11][13]

Group 1 - The article discusses the various factors that contributed to the victory of the anti-fascist alliance in World War II, highlighting the significance of American industrial capacity and the challenges faced by Germany in transitioning to a wartime economy [1] - It emphasizes the importance of understanding the evolution of global order, particularly in the context of the aftermath of World War I and the rise of nationalism and imperialism [4][5] - The article suggests that the lessons from World War II are relevant for contemporary geopolitical dynamics and the need for a restructured global order [1][8] Group 2 - The article reviews the economic mobilization during World War II, noting that both the United States and the Soviet Union exemplified large-scale production capabilities, albeit through different methods [11][12] - It contrasts the industrial strategies of the U.S. and the Soviet Union with Germany's struggles in military production, attributing the latter's failures to a lack of efficient mass production techniques [12][13] - The discussion includes the implications of wartime economies on post-war industrialization and the subsequent deindustrialization trends observed in both the U.S. and Russia [14] Group 3 - The article draws parallels between the current global situation and the interwar period, suggesting that the rise of trade populism and geopolitical tensions echo the conditions of the 1930s [16][17] - It highlights the role of technology and social media in shaping contemporary political landscapes, contributing to polarization and the erosion of long-term perspectives [18][19] - The importance of maintaining order in society is emphasized, with historical reflections on the consequences of losing order during the Weimar Republic serving as a cautionary tale for today's world [19]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the historical significance of luncheon meat, particularly its role during World War II, highlighting its evolution from a disliked food item to a vital military ration for soldiers [5][15]. Group 1: Historical Context - Luncheon meat was first introduced by Hormel during the recovery period after the Great Depression, initially facing strong consumer aversion due to its appearance and perceived safety concerns [7]. - The onset of World War II shifted the perception of luncheon meat as it became a practical food choice for soldiers due to its long shelf life, portability, and high caloric content [9]. Group 2: Military Usage - The U.S. government selected luncheon meat as an ideal ration for soldiers, leading to increased production by Hormel and other canning companies to meet military demands [9]. - During the war, over 100 million pounds (approximately 45,000 tons) of luncheon meat were supplied to Allied forces, showcasing its importance as a food resource [12]. Group 3: Global Reception - Despite initial disdain from American soldiers, luncheon meat gained popularity among Allied troops, including British and Soviet soldiers, who found it to be a valuable food source amidst scarcity [12][14]. - Even German soldiers began to appreciate luncheon meat as supplies dwindled, indicating its unexpected acceptance across enemy lines [12]. Group 4: Contribution to War Efforts - The article concludes that while American soldiers grew tired of luncheon meat, its availability was crucial for maintaining the physical and mental stamina of troops, thus contributing significantly to the war effort against fascism [15].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the significant contributions of Chinese seamen to the British merchant fleet during World War II, emphasizing their sacrifices and the historical neglect they faced post-war [1][4][8]. Group 1: Historical Context - During World War II, the British merchant fleet played a crucial role in supplying resources to the UK and its allies, with approximately 20,000 Chinese seamen contributing to the war effort [1][4]. - The British merchant fleet, consisting of around 2,000 ships, was vital for transporting essential goods such as oil and food, which were critical for sustaining the nation against Nazi Germany [1][4]. Group 2: Experiences of Chinese Seamen - Many Chinese seamen were recruited due to a shortage of local crew members, and they often worked in challenging conditions, receiving low wages and facing dangerous situations [4][5]. - Reports indicate that over 2,000 Chinese seamen lost their lives during the war, with an average age of just 35 years [4][5]. Group 3: Notable Individual Case - Pan Lian, a Chinese seaman, gained fame for surviving 133 days adrift in the Pacific after his ship was sunk, showcasing remarkable survival skills [5][7]. - After his rescue, Pan Lian received recognition, including the British Empire Medal, highlighting the contrast between his fame and the anonymity of many other Chinese seamen [5][7]. Group 4: Post-War Treatment - After the war, many Chinese seamen faced discrimination and were subjected to a secretive deportation plan by the British government, which aimed to protect local employment [7][8]. - The British government later acknowledged this discriminatory action, labeling it as a blatant act of racism [8].