9月25日，欧亚开发银行(Eurasian Development Bank, EDB)董事会主席尼古拉·波德古佐夫(Nikolay Podguzov)应北京大学新结构经济学研究院邀请发表演讲。 他的报告主题聚焦于多边开发银行(MDB)的 作用与未来，这些银行每年向全球经济投资约2000亿美元。 多边开发银行对全球和区域市场产生着重要影响，其资产总额接近2万亿美元。然而，这一体系正在经 历停滞：过去25年间，多边开发银行资产占全球GDP的比重从1.9%下降至1.7%。 "这一体系仍在运转，但完全可以做得更好。它需要复兴——新的理念、新的能量和新的动力。"波德古 佐夫强调。 据欧亚开发银行董事会主席称，目前发展中国家在基础设施领域的实际投资与所需投资之间存在巨大缺 口。为应对全球挑战，多边开发银行的资产和投资增速必须超过全球经济增速。 为此，多边开发银行需要大幅增加投资规模，尤其是在关键领域——工业、农业、低碳能源以及跨境交 通基础设施。同时，还应增加本币融资力度，并联合推进大型项目。 多边开发银行在中国及其主要合作伙伴国积极开展业务，推动和建设战略性项目，包括可再生能源设 施、节水技术、基础设施工程、绿色生产 ...

来源：清华金融评论 文/外交学院国际经济学院院长欧明刚 作为布雷顿森林机构的多边开发银行，世界银行已从一个单一的机构发展成为一个多边开发集团。80多年来，世行顺应时代的需要做出了多轮改革。特 朗普重返白宫后，其单边主义的行为对世界银行的改革进程的推进和目标的实现可能会造成阻扰。同时，考虑到当前不稳定的国际形势，世行正在进行 的有关变革的效果也值得观察。 作为布雷顿森林机构的多边开发银行，世界银行已从一个单一的机构发展成为一个多边开发集团，包括国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）、国际开发协会 （IDA）、国际金融公司（IFC）、多边投资担保机构（MIGA）和国际投资争端解决中心（ICSID）。80多年来，世行顺应时代的需要做出了多轮改革。 由于美国持有世行的一票否决权，世行行长由美国人来任命，因此，世行的重大改革大多是由美国发起和推动或得到美国认可的。但美国政府的更迭自 然会对世行改革产生溢出效应。发轫于新冠疫情并由2023年拜登政府任命的彭安杰（Ajaypal Singh Banga）行长推动的世行改革正在逐步实施之中，但特 朗普政府关于世行的看法有所不同，相应改革能否按期推进不得不引起各方的关注。 世行改革的主要 ...

Core Viewpoint - The World Bank, as a multilateral development bank, is undergoing significant reforms to adapt to global challenges such as public health crises, geopolitical conflicts, climate issues, and food security, while facing potential disruptions from the return of unilateralism under the Trump administration [1][4]. Group 1: Structure and Evolution of the World Bank - The World Bank has evolved from a single institution to a multilateral development group, including IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, and ICSID, and has undergone multiple reforms over the past 80 years [2]. - The leadership of the World Bank is influenced by the U.S. due to its veto power, with major reforms often initiated or approved by the U.S. government [2]. Group 2: Key Reforms and Initiatives - The World Bank's vision and mission have been expanded to address global challenges, changing its vision from "a world free of poverty" to "creating a world free of poverty on a livable planet" [5]. - The World Bank plans to increase its financing capacity by $100 billion through a reduction in its capital adequacy ratio from 20% to 19%, allowing for an annual release of $4 billion for climate-related projects [6]. - The World Bank aims to mobilize private capital and domestic resources to support sustainable development goals, with potential financing capacity increases of up to $50 billion over the next decade [7]. - A historic agreement for capital increase was reached in 2018, allowing for an increase of $75 billion in paid-in capital for IBRD, enhancing its total lending capacity by approximately $100 billion [8][10]. Group 3: Operational Changes - The World Bank is focusing on improving loan operational efficiency and enhancing coordination within its group to achieve synergies [10]. - A new framework for joint financing with the Asian Development Bank aims to streamline project processes and provide quicker results for borrowers [11]. - The World Bank has implemented a scoring method for international procurement to assess quality and sustainability, promoting environmentally and socially responsible practices [11]. Group 4: Impact of U.S. Political Changes - The return of Trump to the White House may hinder the progress of World Bank reforms, as his administration favors a reduction in funding and a focus on core functions of poverty alleviation and economic growth [12][13]. - The Trump administration's approach contrasts with the Biden administration's willingness to increase funding for the World Bank, raising concerns about the future direction of the institution [12][13].

Core Insights - The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has rapidly grown into a global multilateral institution with 110 members, focusing on financing "future-oriented infrastructure" projects, particularly in green, technology-driven, and interconnected areas [1][2] Group 1: Governance and Operations - AIIB adheres to a transparent governance model, emphasizing multilateralism and high operational standards, which has garnered broad international recognition [1] - As of June 2025, AIIB has approved 322 projects with a total financing amount exceeding $60 billion, facilitating over $200 billion in capital investment [1] - AIIB's operations align with the Paris Agreement, having exceeded climate financing targets for three consecutive years [1] Group 2: Strategic Focus - AIIB prioritizes four key business areas: green infrastructure, connectivity, technology-driven initiatives, and mobilizing private capital, aiming to enhance global infrastructure investment and address climate change [1] - The bank is positioning itself as a new benchmark for multilateral development banks with a focus on being Asia-centric, globally oriented, green-focused, and innovation-driven [2]