社会效应更加突出。过去我国农户40%左右的收入来自养殖业，是农民增收的主要渠道。而当前， 我国畜牧业生产规模化、专业化和集约化程度快速提升，特别是近年来快速发展起来的过度单体大规模 养殖，挤压了广大中小养殖场户的生存空间，一般农户很难从事养殖，特别是养猪、养奶牛、养鸡这些 高度规模化、集约化的行业，一般农户退出现象更为严重；也导致种养严重分离，养殖业发展的经济效 应、环境效应和社会效应协同推进难以实现，不利于"大国小农"背景下的农业现代化和乡村振兴的实 现。适度规模养殖更有利于普通农户从事养殖，近年来越来越多的外出务工者返乡从事适度规模养殖， 通常情况下能保障家庭收入稳定，实现乡村就近就业、家庭团聚、教育子女、赡养老人，展现出在乡村 振兴方面"聚财气""聚人气"的重大意义。 因地制宜确定不同畜种养殖的适度规模标准。在不同区域根据当地农户正常年份收入状况、家庭资 源禀赋、养殖畜种、种植品种及规模等综合情况来确定，确定标准比较复杂，且标准是动态的。最基本 的标准是这一规模能保障养殖场户获得的收入满足其稳定从事该项生产。养殖场户若是以养殖为主体， 种植业可以忽略不计。大致标准应该是：一个农户，按照两个劳动力核算，则 ...

Core Insights - The integration of crop and livestock farming is proving to be an effective model for rural revitalization, demonstrating significant economic benefits and ecological advantages [1][2] Economic Benefits - Specialized pig farming operations that implement crop-livestock integration have an average production cost that is 1.22 yuan lower per kilogram compared to non-integrated operations. Similarly, integrated beef cattle operations have an average cost that is 2.71 yuan lower per kilogram [1] - During the downturn in beef prices in 2024, integrated farming households were able to sustain operations and later achieve profitability during the price recovery phase, offsetting previous losses [1] Environmental Advantages - The annual direct manure discharge from livestock farming exceeds 1.4 billion tons in China, leading to increased costs for manure management. Crop-livestock integration facilitates the resource utilization of manure, achieving both ecological and economic benefits [1] Social Impact - Approximately 40% of farmers' income historically came from livestock, but the rapid scale-up and specialization in livestock farming have squeezed out smallholders, making it difficult for them to participate in high-capital industries like pig and dairy farming [2] - The trend of returning migrant workers engaging in moderate-scale livestock farming is stabilizing family incomes and promoting local employment, which is crucial for rural revitalization [2] Policy Recommendations - National legislation is needed to establish nutrient management standards and to set stricter entry requirements for livestock farming, ensuring that livestock numbers are within the land's capacity to absorb waste [3] - Different livestock species should have tailored moderate-scale standards based on local conditions, ensuring that farming operations can sustain stable incomes [3] - Support policies should focus on moderate-scale crop-livestock integration standards and nutrient management thresholds, shifting from simple scale-based criteria to more nuanced standards [3]