以下文章来源于差评X.PIN ，作者江江 差评X.PIN . Debug The World，关注科技、数码、汽车、产经、游戏，传播能改变世界的科技互联网信息。 本文来自微信公众号： 差评X.PIN （ID：chaping321） ，作者：江江，头图来自：视觉中国 就在刚过去的这个国庆中秋8天长假，远在地球另一边的瑞典斯德哥尔摩，诺贝尔奖评选委员会的委 员们，显然没赶上好时候。 他们在我们的十一假期里，陆陆续续投票公布了2025年的诺贝尔奖。 目前，除了诺贝尔和平奖之外，其他奖项都已经全部公布。 不过有意思的是，今年在互联网上关于奖项本身反而没太多声音。 更多的人关注的，都是像今年日本一举拿下诺奖双黄蛋、谷歌又赢麻了之类的新闻。 因为这是小日子过得还不错的邻居， 在25年里拿下的第22个诺奖 ，而就在世纪初，日本曾提出50年 内拿30个诺奖的计划，现在看起来距离目标完成似乎只是提前多少年的问题。 而另一边的谷歌，在短短两年内， 已经有5名科学家拿下了3个诺贝尔奖 ，人类历史上，超过这个数 字的企业似乎只有宗门老祖贝尔实验室和IBM了。 又被劈柴哥装到了 所以大家就七嘴八舌聊着他俩。 其实，这些外界的言语讨论， ...

转自：新智元 编辑：艾伦 好困 【导读】 刚刚，2025年诺贝尔物理学奖公布。今年物理学奖没有颁给AI领域，而是量子力学。科学家John Clarke、Michel H. Devoret和John M. Martinis三人获奖，以表彰他们「发现电路中的宏观量子力学隧道效应和能量量子化」。 刚刚，2025年诺贝尔物理学奖公布！ 科学家John Clarke、Michel H. Devoret和John M. Martinis三人获奖，以表彰他们「发现电路中的宏观量子力学隧道效应和能量量子化」。 对此，诺贝尔物理学奖评审委员会主席Olle Eriksson激动得表示： 百年量子力学仍不断带来新的惊喜！更重要的是，它极具实用价值，因为量子力学构成了所有数字技术的基础。 计算机微芯片中的晶体管就是我们日常生活中已广泛应用的量子技术实例。 今年的诺贝尔物理学奖为新一代量子技术的发展奠定了基础，包括量子密码学、量子计算机和量子传感器等领域。 今年奖金总额达1100万瑞典克朗（约835万元人民币），由三位获奖者平分。 获奖贡献 2025年诺贝尔物理学奖得主John Clarke、Michel H. Devoret和Joh ...

摘要 ：1 0月7日，瑞典皇家科学院决定将2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予科学家约翰·克拉克、麦克·H·德沃雷特、约翰·M·马蒂尼，以 表彰他们发现电子电路中的宏观量子力学隧穿和能量量子化。 特别提示 微信机制调整，点击顶部"仪器信息网" → 右上方"…" → 设为 ★ 星标，否则很可能无法看到我们的推送。 10月7日，瑞典皇家科学院决定将2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予科学家约翰·克拉克、麦克·H·德沃雷特、约翰·M·马蒂 尼，以表彰他们在量子力学领域的贡献，发现电子电路中的宏观量子力学隧穿和能量量子化。宏观量子力学隧穿和能量 量子化已经得到广泛利用。 获奖者们通过一系列实验证明，量子世界的奇异特性可以在一个足够大到可以握在手中的系统中具体化。他们的超导电 气系统可以从一种状态隧道进入另一种状态，就好像它直接穿过墙壁一样。他们还表明，该系统以特定大小的剂量吸收 和发射能量，正如量子力学所预测的那样。 2024年诺贝尔物理学奖授予了约翰·霍普菲尔德和图灵奖得主、"AI教父"杰弗里·辛顿，"以表彰他们利用人工神经网 络进行机器学习的奠基性发现和发明"。 关于获奖人 约翰·克拉克（John Clar ke） 约翰·M·马 ...

Core Viewpoint - The report provides an in-depth analysis of the current state and future prospects of the quantum computing industry in China, highlighting significant developments, key players, and market trends. Group 1: Overview of Quantum Computing Industry - Quantum computing is defined as a computational model utilizing the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, which significantly differs from classical computing in terms of information storage, computational power, entanglement characteristics, and computation methods [7]. - The technology framework of quantum computing consists of three main pillars: hardware, software, and algorithms, with cloud platforms serving as an integration point for user services [11]. Group 2: Global and Chinese Market Development - The global quantum computing market is rapidly expanding, with the market size projected to grow from $5 billion in 2021 to $50 billion by 2024, accounting for 63% of the total quantum information industry [16]. - North America leads the global quantum computing market, followed closely by Europe and China, with market shares of 29.8%, 28.8%, and 25.2% respectively by 2024 [18]. Group 3: Key Players in the Industry - Major companies involved in quantum computing include Google, IBM, and domestic players such as Tencent, Huawei, and China Electronics Technology Group, with significant advancements in quantum computer prototypes [1]. - Notable developments include the "Jiuzhang" quantum computing prototype in China, which achieved rapid solutions for Gaussian boson sampling tasks [1]. Group 4: Industry Trends and Policies - The quantum computing industry is entering a phase of technological breakthroughs, with significant investments and supportive policies from governments, particularly in the U.S. and Canada, aimed at maintaining global leadership in quantum technology [20][21]. - In Europe, various countries are implementing favorable policies to support quantum computing development, with Germany and the EU investing heavily in quantum technology initiatives [27][28].

Summary of Quantum Computing and Communication Conference Call Industry Overview - The conference focused on the **quantum computing** and **quantum communication** industries, highlighting their current status, challenges, and future potential [1][2][16]. Key Points and Arguments Quantum Computing - **Quantum Computing Basics**: Quantum computing utilizes quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for exponential speedup in specific algorithms compared to classical computing [5][14]. - **Current Technologies**: The main technologies in quantum computing include: - **Superconducting**: Used by companies like Google and IBM, known for high gate fidelity and long coherence times [6]. - **Trapped Ions**: Represented by companies like INQ, offering higher fidelity but facing scalability challenges [6]. - **Neutral Atom Optical Tweezers**: Lower environmental requirements but longer operation times [6]. - **Industry Stage**: The quantum computing industry is still in its early stages, primarily serving the education and research markets, with potential applications in materials, chemicals, biomedicine, and finance [1][21]. Quantum Communication - **Key Technologies**: Quantum communication includes: - **Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)**: Ensures secure key distribution using quantum properties, making interception detectable [9][33]. - **Quantum Teleportation**: Transfers quantum states using entangled particles, with significant implications for future information transmission [10]. - **Advantages**: Quantum communication offers enhanced security due to its fundamental properties, although it still relies on classical channels for information transmission [15]. Challenges and Development - **Key Issues**: The development of quantum computing faces challenges such as: - Environmental noise affecting qubits [17]. - The need for quantum error correction to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing [4][53]. - Weak upstream supply chains, particularly for dilution refrigerants [17][18]. - **Measurement Systems**: Current measurement systems require optimization for low-temperature environments, and specialized equipment is needed for effective quantum control [19]. Market and Future Outlook - **Market Applications**: The primary market for quantum technologies is currently in education and research, but significant potential exists in materials science, biomedicine, and finance due to their complex computational needs [21][28]. - **Future Projections**: By 2025-2030, specialized quantum computers for optimization problems are expected to emerge, with general-purpose quantum computers gradually becoming more prevalent [23]. - **Technological Maturity**: Technologies like quantum key distribution and quantum random number generators are nearing practical application, particularly in high-security sectors [24]. Notable Companies and Developments - **Leading Companies**: Key players in the quantum computing space include IBM, Google, and IONQ, with significant advancements in superconducting and trapped ion technologies [30][32]. - **Investment Trends**: The potential for breakthroughs in quantum technology could lead to significant shifts in funding towards successful companies, particularly if major milestones are achieved [46]. Additional Important Content - **Quantum Measurement**: Quantum measurement technologies are advancing rapidly, with applications in military and research fields [27]. - **Economic Challenges**: Each technology route faces unique economic challenges, and the lack of a decisive breakthrough currently prevents a clear funding shift [46]. - **Security and Commercial Value**: Enhancing security through quantum technologies can create commercial value, particularly in sectors requiring high security [47]. This summary encapsulates the key insights from the conference call, providing a comprehensive overview of the quantum computing and communication landscape, its challenges, and future opportunities.

Core Insights - IBM scientists claim to have solved the major bottleneck in quantum computing and plan to launch the world's first large-scale quantum computer by 2029, which will be 20,000 times more powerful than any existing quantum computer [1][2]. Quantum Error Correction - The primary technical barrier to the widespread adoption of quantum computers is "quantum error correction," as quantum bits (qubits) are highly sensitive to environmental interactions, leading to errors due to a phenomenon known as "decoherence" [1]. - IBM's new quantum computer, named "Starling," will utilize 200 logical qubits composed of approximately 10,000 physical qubits, while a subsequent model, "Blue Jay," is planned for 2033 with 2,000 logical qubits [2]. - IBM has developed a novel quantum error correction method that allows quantum hardware to surpass previous limitations, using more efficient LDPC error correction codes to reduce the number of physical qubits required for reliable logical qubits [2]. Future of Quantum Computing - Currently, quantum computers can only utilize a few hundred qubits, limiting their application to custom problems that test their potential against traditional binary computers [3]. - IBM envisions future quantum computers capable of using hundreds of millions of qubits to ensure widespread adoption, necessitating the development of new algorithms and programs to fully leverage their high performance [3].

Core Insights - A research team from the University of Oxford has successfully reduced the error rate of quantum bit manipulation to one in ten million using microwave technology, achieving an unprecedented level of precision [1] Group 1: Research and Development - The study published in the latest issue of "Physical Review Letters" highlights a significant advancement in quantum computing technology [1] - This breakthrough paves the way for the development of quantum transistor-like devices, which could enhance the practicality and precision of quantum computers [1]

Core Viewpoint - Current research in quantum computing remains in the realm of basic science, with significant advancements needed in error correction capabilities across various platforms [1][2][3] Group 1: Quantum Computing Platforms - The platforms for quantum computing, including neutral atoms and photons, are now competitive with ion and superconducting platforms [1][2] - Different quantum computers have unique characteristics and standards, making simple comparisons difficult; the number of qubits is just one indicator of performance [2][3] - Recent investments in quantum computing platforms by the US and Europe have reached approximately 500 million euros each over the past two years [3] Group 2: Challenges and Developments - Quantum computers face challenges such as high sensitivity to interference and noise, which affects their reliability [3][4] - Error correction is crucial for the functionality of quantum computers, and significant progress has been made in achieving fault-tolerant quantum information [3][4] - The best quantum computers in Germany are still in university laboratories, with various startups exploring different quantum computing directions [4] Group 3: Integration with Classical Computing - Current quantum computing still requires support from classical computing for data analysis and operational understanding [4] - Successful integration of quantum processors into supercomputers has been demonstrated, highlighting the importance of a robust network for quantum computing development [4]

Summary of Quantum Computing Conference Call Industry Overview - The conference focuses on the **quantum computing industry**, discussing its principles, technologies, applications, and challenges. Core Points and Arguments - **Definition and Principles of Quantum Computing**: Quantum computing is based on quantum mechanics, utilizing quantum bits (qubits) that can represent 0, 1, or both simultaneously, allowing for exponential growth in processing power as more qubits are added [3][4][10]. - **Current Quantum Computing Technologies**: The main technological routes include: - **Superconducting**: Mature but requires extremely low temperatures [5][12]. - **Ion Trap**: High precision but complex operations [5][15]. - **Neutral Atom**: Similar to ion traps but uses optical methods [5][12]. - **Optical**: Performs well in fast computation scenarios but is still debated regarding its stability [5][12]. - **Applications**: Quantum computers excel in simulating and optimizing complex problems, such as drug simulations and molecular dynamics, but are less efficient for simple arithmetic tasks [10][11]. - **Challenges**: High error rates, stability in large-scale systems, and material science issues are significant hurdles for practical applications [6][18]. - **Quantum Entanglement**: This phenomenon allows qubits to be interconnected, affecting each other's states instantaneously, but does not allow for faster-than-light information transfer [7][8]. Additional Important Content - **Performance Metrics**: Quantum volume (QV) is a key performance indicator, with Honeywell's ion trap quantum computer achieving a QV of over 1.1 million, while IBM's superconducting technology has a QV in the thousands [20]. - **Commercialization Efforts**: Companies like IONQ are exploring commercial applications, primarily in military sectors, with limited revenue currently [22]. - **Impact on Security**: Quantum computing poses a potential long-term threat to current encryption systems, but immediate risks are minimal. Preparations for quantum-resistant algorithms are underway [23][24]. - **Types of Quantum Chips**: Various quantum chips exist, including superconducting, ion trap, and optical chips, each with unique materials and stability challenges [25]. - **Market Landscape**: Currently, there are no publicly listed companies solely focused on quantum computing in China, although companies like GuoDun are involved in related fields [26]. This summary encapsulates the key discussions and insights from the quantum computing conference call, highlighting the industry's current state, technological advancements, and future challenges.

Core Viewpoint - Microsoft is making significant strides in quantum computing, with recent developments suggesting a potential breakthrough in the creation of practical quantum computers, which could revolutionize fields like cryptography and medicine [2][3]. Group 1: Quantum Computing Development - Microsoft has been working on quantum computing for nearly 20 years, led by Chetan Nayak and a team of hundreds, using a riskier approach compared to competitors like Google [2][3]. - The company announced a breakthrough in developing a chip capable of producing Majorana particles, which could accelerate the timeline for practical quantum devices from decades to just a few years [3]. - Microsoft invests approximately $300 million annually in quantum research, which, while modest compared to AI investments, reflects a long-term commitment to the field [3]. Group 2: Challenges and Criticism - Despite progress, there are concerns regarding the reliability of quantum bits (qubits), as even minor disturbances can lead to significant errors [5]. - Critics in the quantum physics community have raised doubts about Microsoft's claims regarding the observation of Majorana particles, suggesting that the data may not support their assertions [7]. - Microsoft is working to enhance the reliability of qubits using topological superconductors, which could help mitigate error rates [5][7]. Group 3: Future Outlook - Executives from Microsoft and other tech companies predict that practical quantum computers driven by qubits could be commercialized within the next few years to a decade [5]. - The ongoing research and development efforts are crucial for establishing a stable quantum computing platform, with the potential to reshape various industries [5][7].