BBC称，如果一切顺利，"猎户座"载人飞船安全进入轨道后，宇航员将测试飞船的操控性能，包括在地 球轨道上手动操控飞船，练习转向和对准轨道，为未来的登月任务做准备。然后"猎户座"飞船将沿 着"自由返回轨道"飞越月球后再返回，这样的设计能确保即使飞船的推进系统未能按计划运行，宇航员 仍能安全返回。尽管在远离地球的太空中，辐射水平会高于近地轨道上的国际空间站，但在飞船的保护 下，总体仍然安全。在此过程中，宇航员会检查"猎户座"飞船的生命维持系统、推进系统、动力系统和 导航系统是否正常工作。他们还将作为医学试验对象，从深空传回数据和图像，测试在失重状态下小型 舱室工作的情况。 在飞船重返大气层时，宇航员将经历一段颠簸过程，并在美国西海岸附近的太平洋溅落。由于"阿尔忒 弥斯1"号任务中暴露了"猎户座"飞船的隔热罩安全问题，而更换新一代隔热材料将严重推迟任务进度， NASA工程师的解决方案是改变飞船重返大气层的飞行轨迹，减少飞船在危险热环境中的暴露时间。 NASA局长艾萨克曼近日已经批准该方案。 美媒提到，即便"阿尔忒弥斯2"号任务进展顺利，真正执行载人登月计划的"阿尔忒弥斯3"号发射时 间"最早也要等到2027年"，而 ...

Core Viewpoint - NASA's new administrator, Jared Isaacman, announced plans for the U.S. to return to the Moon during President Trump's second term, emphasizing the importance of lunar exploration for establishing an "orbital economy" [1] Group 1: Lunar Exploration Plans - The U.S. aims to return to the Moon within three years, with opportunities for building space data centers and infrastructure, as well as mining helium-3 for potential nuclear fusion energy [1] - NASA is collaborating with contractors like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Boeing on the Artemis program, which not only focuses on lunar missions but also prepares for future Mars missions [1] Group 2: Artemis Program Timeline - The Artemis program has confirmed four missions, with Artemis 1 completed in 2022, but subsequent missions have faced delays; Artemis 2 is now scheduled for 2026 and Artemis 3 for 2027 [2] - The estimated cost of the crewed lunar program is projected to reach $93 billion by 2025, significantly exceeding the original budget [2] Group 3: SpaceX's Role and Challenges - SpaceX won a $2.9 billion contract in 2021 to develop a crewed lunar lander based on the Starship, chosen for its lower cost compared to competitors [3] - Despite the initial selection, SpaceX's development of the lunar lander has faced significant delays, with the lander expected to be completed by April 2025, but now projected to be delayed by approximately 2.5 years [4] Group 4: Future Testing and Uncertainties - SpaceX is preparing a new version of Starship, V3, for upcoming tests in 2026, but the reliability of this system remains uncertain due to past failures [4] - Experts estimate only a 40% chance of achieving crewed lunar landing by 2027, with low probabilities for 2028 as well [4]

Core Points - NASA has announced the reopening of the lunar lander development competition due to significant delays by SpaceX, raising concerns about the feasibility of the Artemis 3 manned lunar mission scheduled for 2027 [1][6][12] - The Artemis program aims to establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon and is more complex than the Apollo program, involving multiple launches and in-orbit docking [2][3] - The Artemis program's three core components—Space Launch System (SLS), Orion crew capsule, and lunar lander—are all facing technical issues and cost overruns, contributing to delays [5][13] SpaceX's Challenges - SpaceX's lunar lander, derived from the Starship, is significantly behind schedule, with the prototype still in early development stages and multiple test failures [6][10] - The original timeline required the lunar lander to complete validation tests by April 2025, but current estimates suggest it may be delayed by several years [6][10] Alternative Solutions - Blue Origin has been suggested as a potential replacement for SpaceX in developing the lunar lander, with its "Blue Moon" lander capable of meeting NASA's requirements [7][11] - Blue Origin's "Blue Moon" MK2 lander is currently aimed at the Artemis 5 mission in the early 2030s, and the company is also working on a modified version of its MK1 lander for potential earlier missions [11][12] Industry Implications - The delays in the Artemis program reflect broader issues within the U.S. space industry, including reduced funding and a decline in overall aerospace development capabilities [13] - The situation may inadvertently benefit SpaceX by providing additional time for development and testing of the lunar lander [13]

Group 1: Artemis Program Overview - The Artemis program aims to return humans to the Moon and establish a long-term presence, ultimately paving the way for Mars exploration [2][3] - The program's complexity involves multiple launches and in-orbit docking, contrasting with the direct launch method used in the Apollo program [2] - The first four missions of the Artemis program have been confirmed, with Artemis 1 successfully completing an uncrewed test in 2022 [3] Group 2: Mission Delays and Challenges - Artemis 2, originally scheduled for 2024, has been delayed to April 2026, raising concerns about the timeline for Artemis 3 [3][4] - Technical issues with the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft have contributed to the delays, with SLS facing fuel leak problems [4][5] - The lunar lander, developed by SpaceX, is significantly behind schedule, impacting the overall timeline of the Artemis missions [4][5] Group 3: Lunar Lander and Technical Hurdles - The lunar lander requires advanced capabilities for landing and takeoff on the Moon, with significant engineering challenges due to the lunar environment [5] - SpaceX's plan involves launching multiple Starship rockets to create a fuel depot in low Earth orbit for the lunar lander, but this technology has not been tested [5] - The development of a backup lunar lander by Blue Origin is also lagging behind schedule, compounding the issues faced by the Artemis program [5] Group 4: Spacesuit Development Issues - The new generation of lunar spacesuits is facing delays, which are critical for astronaut safety and functionality during extended missions on the Moon [6][8] - NASA has outsourced spacesuit development to Axiom Space due to internal delays, with prototypes being tested but still requiring significant work [9][10] - The AxEMU spacesuit is expected to undergo critical design reviews and integration testing with the lunar lander, but this process has contributed to project delays [9][10] Group 5: Long-term Goals and Nuclear Power Plans - The Artemis program aims to establish a long-term presence on the Moon, including plans for a nuclear reactor to provide energy [10][11] - NASA is targeting the deployment of a 100-kilowatt nuclear reactor by 2030, but experts express skepticism about meeting this timeline due to technical challenges [11][12] - The development of a biological life support system is also critical for long-term lunar habitation, with current systems relying on supply missions [12]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the renewed focus on the lunar exploration competition between the United States and China, highlighting the differences in their approaches and the implications for future space exploration [1][16]. Comparison of Lunar Exploration Plans - The U.S. relies on a complex system involving the SLS heavy-lift rocket and the Orion spacecraft, requiring multiple in-orbit refueling operations, which adds complexity and potential delays [4][8]. - In contrast, China's plan involves a simpler "dual rocket integration" approach using two Long March 10 rockets to send a crewed spacecraft and lunar lander into orbit, allowing for a more straightforward mission structure [7][12]. - The Apollo program was characterized by a single Saturn V rocket delivering all components in one go, which, while effective, was costly and limited in sustainability [6][10]. Progress and Risk Analysis - The U.S. aims to conduct the Artemis II mission in 2026 and Artemis III by 2027, but faces significant delays due to technical challenges and high costs, with each SLS launch exceeding $4 billion [10][14]. - China's timeline for a crewed lunar landing is set for before 2030, with steady progress on the Long March 10 and associated technologies, indicating a more manageable risk profile [11][12]. Cost and Sustainability - The Apollo program's limited missions highlight the financial unsustainability of high-cost lunar missions, while the Artemis program's complexity raises concerns about its long-term viability [14][16]. - China's approach, with lower costs and a clearer path to execution, suggests a potential for more frequent lunar missions and sustainable exploration efforts [12][16]. Future Implications - The competition is shifting from merely reaching the moon to establishing a sustainable presence, with China already planning for lunar base construction while the U.S. debates the necessity of a lunar gateway [16]. - The ability to transition from concept to reality in lunar base development will determine strategic advantages in future deep space exploration [16].

Core Points - The Trump administration's proposed budget for NASA for fiscal year 2026 includes a significant reduction of approximately 25%, from $24.8 billion to $18.8 billion, while the defense budget increases by 13% to a historic high of $1.01 trillion [1][2] - The budget shift indicates a strategic focus on manned missions to Mars, with $1 billion allocated specifically for Mars exploration, while other NASA projects will face cuts and restructuring [2][3] - Major adjustments to the Artemis program are expected, including the potential retirement of the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft, which have been criticized for their high costs and delays [3][5] Budget Cuts and Impacts - The budget for space and Earth sciences, as well as mission support, will see a nearly 50% reduction, dropping from $7.325 billion to $3.899 billion [6] - Planetary science funding will decrease from $2.7 billion to $1.929 billion, with the Mars sample return mission being canceled due to budget overruns and delays [6][12] - Earth science funding will be cut by over 50%, with the new generation land satellite project being entirely canceled [6][12] International Cooperation and Competition - The cancellation of the Lunar Gateway project and other international collaborations raises concerns about the U.S. losing its leadership in space exploration [12][13] - The shift towards commercial space companies like SpaceX for future missions may disrupt traditional partnerships and lead to a more fragmented global space landscape [10][15] - Critics argue that the budget cuts will hinder international cooperation and alter the competitive dynamics in the global space industry [15] Commercial Space Sector - The budget cuts for NASA may benefit private space companies, as funding for Mars missions is expected to flow towards commercial launch providers [8][10] - SpaceX is positioned to take over many of the roles previously held by traditional aerospace contractors, with its Starship system being more cost-effective than NASA's SLS [10][11] - The reliance on fixed-price contracts for commercial projects may challenge traditional defense contractors while benefiting companies like SpaceX [11] Scientific Research and Development - The significant budget reductions are expected to limit NASA's scientific research capabilities, with major projects facing termination [7][12] - The cuts could lead to a loss of talent in the aerospace sector, as funding shortages may drive scientists and researchers away from NASA [7] - The overall impact on scientific data and research output could slow advancements in understanding the universe [15]