转自：新智元 编辑：艾伦 好困 【导读】 刚刚，2025年诺贝尔物理学奖公布。今年物理学奖没有颁给AI领域，而是量子力学。科学家John Clarke、Michel H. Devoret和John M. Martinis三人获奖，以表彰他们「发现电路中的宏观量子力学隧道效应和能量量子化」。 刚刚，2025年诺贝尔物理学奖公布！ 科学家John Clarke、Michel H. Devoret和John M. Martinis三人获奖，以表彰他们「发现电路中的宏观量子力学隧道效应和能量量子化」。 对此，诺贝尔物理学奖评审委员会主席Olle Eriksson激动得表示： 百年量子力学仍不断带来新的惊喜！更重要的是，它极具实用价值，因为量子力学构成了所有数字技术的基础。 计算机微芯片中的晶体管就是我们日常生活中已广泛应用的量子技术实例。 今年的诺贝尔物理学奖为新一代量子技术的发展奠定了基础，包括量子密码学、量子计算机和量子传感器等领域。 今年奖金总额达1100万瑞典克朗（约835万元人民币），由三位获奖者平分。 获奖贡献 2025年诺贝尔物理学奖得主John Clarke、Michel H. Devoret和Joh ...

昨日，在诺贝尔物理学奖公布现场，大屏幕显示三名获奖科学家的信息。 新华社发 上海交通大学李政道研究所介绍称，该理论彻底改变了世人对对称性的认识，在人类探索微观世界的道 路上打开了一扇新的大门，促进了物理学的发展。这也是华人科学家首次获得诺贝尔奖。 北京时间10月7日17时45分，瑞典皇家科学院宣布，2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予美国加州大学约翰·克拉 克，美国耶鲁大学米歇尔·H·德沃雷特，美国加州大学约翰·M·马蒂尼斯，以表彰他们发现了电路中宏观 量子力学隧穿效应和能量量子化现象。 评委会认为，获奖者们通过一系列实验证明，量子世界的奇异特性可以在一个大到可以握在手中的系统 中具体化。他们的超导电气系统可以从一种状态隧道进入另一种状态，就好像它直接穿过墙壁一样。他 们还表明，该系统以特定大小的剂量吸收和发射能量，正如量子力学所预测的那样。 这一成果为新一代量子技术的发展打开了大门，包括量子密码、量子计算机以及量子传感器等领域的创 新应用。 获奖者将平分1100万瑞典克朗(约合836万元人民币)奖金。 回顾 多位华裔科学家曾获奖 诺贝尔物理学奖的殿堂记录了人类探索自然奥秘的百年征程，既有加冕，也有遗珠。在这份名单中 ...

2025年度诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓。 当地时间10月7日，瑞典皇家科学院决定将2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予科学家约翰·克拉克 (John Clarke)、麦克·H·德沃雷特 (Michel H. Devoret) 、约翰·M·马蒂尼 (John M. Martinis)，以表彰他们"发现 电路中的宏观量子力学隧穿和能量量化"。获奖者将平分1100万瑞典克朗（约合836万元人民币）奖金。 这个宏观的类粒子系统最初处于电流流动但没有电压的状态。系统被困在这种状态中，就像 被困在一个无法跨越的屏障后面。在实验中，系统通过隧穿设法逃离零电压状态，展现了其 量子特性。系统状态的改变通过电压的出现被检测到。 约翰·M·马蒂尼，1958年生，1987年获美国加州大学伯克利分校博士学位。现任美国加州大学圣巴巴拉 分校教授。 诺贝尔基金会发布的新闻稿全文如下： 他们在芯片上的实验揭示了量子物理学的作用 物理学中的一个重大问题是，能够展现量子力学效应的系统的最大尺寸是多少。今年的诺贝 尔奖获得者用电路进行了实验，在这个足够大、可以用手握住的系统中，他们展示了量子力 学隧穿和量子化能级。 量子力学允许粒子通过一种被称为隧穿的过程直接穿 ...

Core Insights - An international collaborative research team from Denmark, the United States, Canada, and South Korea has experimentally demonstrated the capability of quantum technology to significantly outperform classical methods, achieving a task completion time reduction from 20 million years to just 15 minutes, thereby realizing "quantum advantage" [1][2]. Group 1: Research Findings - The research addresses a common challenge in efficiently understanding complex and noisy physical systems, where traditional methods require extensive measurements to infer system behavior, which becomes increasingly difficult for quantum systems due to measurement disturbances and exponential growth in required measurements as system size increases [1]. - The Danish technical university team introduced a unique quantum resource: entangled light, which allows for simultaneous extraction of more effective information through joint measurements, significantly reducing measurement ambiguity [2]. Group 2: Implications and Applications - The results indicate that the efficiency improvement is not due to more precise equipment but rather the inherent quantum advantage of the measurement method itself, achieved in a realistic lossy system rather than an idealized lossless environment [2]. - This breakthrough not only highlights the speed enhancement but also showcases the potential applications of quantum technology in fields such as sensing, system identification, and machine learning, paving new paths for quantum metrology and sensing [2][3]. - The transition of quantum advantage from theoretical discussions to practical demonstrations suggests a promising future for the development of high-sensitivity quantum sensors and innovative solutions in big data analysis and machine learning, significantly reducing energy consumption and time costs [3].

Core Insights - Quantum technology is a crucial development direction for China's future industries and is expected to revolutionize emerging technologies [1] - The field of quantum technology encompasses quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum measurement, leveraging principles of quantum mechanics [3][24] Group 1: Quantum Technology Developments - China has made significant strides in quantum technology, with the "Zu Chongzhi III" quantum computing prototype set to be launched in March 2025, establishing a new global record in superconducting quantum computing [4] - A research team successfully constructed a 300-kilometer quantum direct communication network, demonstrating the feasibility of long-distance secure communication [6] - The "Nano-Photon Factory" was developed in July 2025, producing a new type of quantum entangled light source with a fidelity of 99.4%, laying a critical foundation for advanced quantum applications [6] Group 2: Quantum Sensing and Measurement - Quantum sensors, which are atomic-scale devices, can measure extremely small quantities, such as the temperature of individual cells or molecules, thus opening the door to the microscopic world [9] - Quantum precision measurement can detect magnetic field signals that are 10 billion times smaller than Earth's magnetic field, and portable gravity meters can identify mineral deposits deep underground [10][11] - The core team from Guoyi Quantum aims to transform research outcomes in quantum measurement into products, achieving breakthroughs in domestic high-end scientific instruments [11][13] Group 3: Quantum Applications in Power Systems - The world's first quantum application demonstration substation in Hefei operates 85 types of quantum technology-related products, enhancing the safety and efficiency of power transmission [18][20] - Quantum communication ensures secure transmission of electrical information, while quantum computing performs dynamic data calculations between power nodes [20] - Future developments in quantum sensors are expected to replace traditional measurement devices, significantly reducing size and costs, which is crucial for power systems [23] Group 4: Industry Growth and Policy Support - Hefei is a key hub for quantum technology innovation, with plans to develop the quantum industry into a 100 billion yuan industry cluster by 2027 [35] - Various cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, are accelerating the practical application of quantum technology through supportive policies and the establishment of innovation incubators [37]

Core Insights - Quantum technology is a crucial development direction for China's future industries and is expected to disrupt emerging technologies [1] - Recent innovations in China's quantum technology field have led to significant advancements in quantum computing, communication, and measurement [1][3] Group 1: Quantum Technology Innovations - China's self-developed quantum computing prototype "Zu Chongzhi III" was launched in March 2025, setting a new global record for superconducting quantum computing superiority [3] - In July 2025, a research team created a "nano-photon factory," producing a new type of quantum entangled light source with a fidelity of 99.4%, laying a critical foundation for advanced quantum applications [3] - A 300-kilometer quantum direct communication network has been successfully established, demonstrating the feasibility of long-distance high-security communication [5] Group 2: Quantum Sensing and Measurement - The world's smallest quantum sensor, located at the tip of a diamond probe with a diameter of only 500 nanometers, is capable of measuring at the atomic level [8] - Quantum sensors can measure extremely small entities, such as individual cells and molecules, which traditional sensors cannot detect [10] - The core team from Guoyi Quantum aims to transform quantum measurement research into products, achieving breakthroughs in China's high-end scientific instruments [12] Group 3: Applications in Power and Energy - The world's first quantum application demonstration substation in Hefei integrates 85 types of quantum technology-related products, enhancing operational safety and efficiency [14] - Quantum communication ensures secure transmission of electrical information, while quantum computing performs dynamic data calculations between power nodes [15] - Quantum sensors in the substation can monitor multiple parameters with high sensitivity, significantly improving the reliability of the power system [17][19] Group 4: Quantum Computing Capabilities - China's highest bit-count superconducting quantum computer has 504 qubits, potentially exceeding the computational power of all current supercomputers [21] - Quantum computing can revolutionize fields such as meteorological prediction and information security, with ongoing explorations proving its feasibility [23] - New quantum communication technologies are being tested to ensure absolute information security, with future applications in global secure information networks [25] Group 5: Industry Development and Policy Support - The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other departments have proposed plans to develop future industries, including quantum technology, aiming to create a hundred billion-level industrial cluster by 2027 [26] - Hefei is recognized as a key innovation hub for quantum technology, with specialized parks and clusters being established [26] - Other cities like Beijing and Shanghai are also accelerating the practical application of quantum technology through various initiatives and policies [26]

Core Insights - Quantum technology is a crucial development direction for China's future industries and is expected to revolutionize emerging technologies [1] - China has made significant strides in quantum technology, including the development of the "Zu Chongzhi No. 3" quantum computing prototype and a new type of quantum entangled light source with a fidelity of 99.4% [1][2] Group 1: Quantum Technology Innovations - Quantum technology is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, enabling advancements in quantum computing, communication, and measurement [1] - The "Zu Chongzhi No. 3" quantum computing prototype was launched in March 2025, setting a new global record for superconducting quantum computing superiority [1] - A research team created a "nano-photon factory" in July 2025, producing a new quantum entangled light source with a fidelity of 99.4%, laying the groundwork for advanced quantum applications [1] Group 2: Quantum Communication and Measurement - A 300-kilometer quantum direct communication network was successfully constructed, demonstrating the feasibility of long-distance high-security communication [2] - Quantum sensors, which are capable of measuring at the atomic level, are being developed to provide precise measurements for applications in various fields [3][4] - The world's smallest quantum sensor, with a scale of 0.5 nanometers, is being utilized for measuring extremely small entities, such as individual cells and molecules [4][5] Group 3: Practical Applications and Industry Development - The world's first quantum application demonstration substation in Hefei integrates 85 types of quantum technology-related products, enhancing operational safety and efficiency [8][9] - Quantum sensors are expected to replace many traditional measurement devices, significantly improving accuracy and reducing costs in power systems [9] - The quantum computing capabilities demonstrated in Hefei, with a quantum computer featuring 504 qubits, show potential for applications in weather prediction and information security [11][12] Group 4: National and Regional Strategies - The Chinese government is promoting the development of future industries, including quantum technology, through various policies and initiatives [13][14] - Hefei is recognized as a key hub for quantum technology innovation, with plans to develop a hundred billion-level industry cluster by 2027 [14] - Other cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen are also advancing their quantum technology initiatives, focusing on practical applications and industry cultivation [14]

在装置设计上，钻石依然不可或缺。团队制作了"钻石砧"。它由两块平坦的钻石表面组成，每块宽约 400微米，大致相当于4颗尘埃颗粒的宽度。这两个表面在高压腔中挤压在一起，高压腔能产生超过3万 倍大气压的极端环境。 科技日报北京9月15日电 （记者张佳欣）据最新一期《自然·通讯》杂志报道，美国华盛顿大学领导的研 究团队研制出一种量子传感器，能够在超过大气压3万倍的极端条件下稳定工作，并实现对材料应力和 磁性的高灵敏测量。这是首个在如此高压环境中成功运行的量子传感器，为探索物质在极端状态下的量 子效应开辟了新途径。 此次团队利用中子辐射束从氮化硼薄片中击出硼原子，在晶格中留下空位。这些空位可以立刻捕获电 子。由于量子级相互作用，电子的自旋能量会根据磁性、应力、温度以及附近材料的其他特性而改变。 通过追踪每个电子的自旋，他们能在量子层面深入洞察被研究的材料。 此前，团队曾经基于钻石缺陷开发出量子传感器。但因为钻石是三维结构，很难让传感器紧贴待研究的 材料。相比之下，氮化硼薄片的厚度可以小于100纳米，大约是一根头发丝宽度的千分之一。这种传感 器本质上是嵌在二维材料里的，传感器与被测材料之间的距离不到1纳米，极大提升了信 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Japanese Quantum Science and Technology Agency (QST) is set to mass-produce high-sensitivity quantum sensors that can accurately measure temperature changes within human cells, potentially enabling early disease detection by 2028 [1][6]. Group 1: Quantum Sensor Technology - Quantum sensors utilize phenomena from the quantum realm to achieve ultra-high sensitivity in measuring parameters like temperature, distinguishing them from traditional sensors [3][6]. - QST's quantum sensors are made from diamonds containing trace amounts of nitrogen, allowing them to detect minute temperature changes, with a current capability of measuring variations as small as 0.1 degrees Celsius and theoretically down to 0.01 degrees Celsius [6][7]. Group 2: Production and Market Potential - QST plans to establish a production system capable of manufacturing between 60,000 to 100,000 sensors annually by 2028, with current production at approximately 10 grams per year, aiming to increase this to 520 grams [1][7]. - The global market for quantum sensors is projected to reach approximately $1 billion to $2 billion by 2030, indicating significant commercial potential [8]. Group 3: Applications in Healthcare - The ability to measure temperature changes in individual cells could lead to advancements in understanding disease severity and predicting drug efficacy, particularly in differentiating between healthy and diseased cells [6][7]. - QST is exploring the use of quantum sensors for detecting disease markers in blood, which could alleviate the burden of invasive testing methods currently required for conditions like Alzheimer's disease [7]. Group 4: Broader Implications and Future Goals - Beyond healthcare, quantum sensors made from durable diamonds could be utilized in harsh environments, such as space, and could replace numerous traditional sensors in devices like electric vehicles and smartphones, enhancing efficiency [8]. - QST aims to collaborate with enterprises to advance the mass production and quality management of quantum sensors, with a long-term goal of promoting quantum technology across various industries [7][8].

Group 1 - A recent study led by a team from Rice University has achieved the strongest phonon interference effect in silicon carbide systems to date, known as "Fano resonance," with an intensity two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported [1] - This phonon-based technology is expected to advance molecular-level sensing technology and open new application pathways in energy harvesting, thermal management, and quantum computing [1] - The breakthrough relies on constructing a two-dimensional metallic interface on a silicon carbide substrate, significantly enhancing the interference effect of different vibration modes within silicon carbide [1] Group 2 - The interference sensitivity is high enough to detect single molecules without the need for chemical labels, and the device is simple and scalable, promising applications in quantum sensing and next-generation molecular detection [2] - In low-temperature experiments, the team confirmed that this effect is entirely due to phonon interactions rather than electronic effects, making this "pure phonon" quantum interference rare and specific to the two-dimensional metal/silicon carbide system [2]