Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a net profit after tax of over $1.3 billion, with an EBITDA margin of 70%, which remains peer-leading despite lower realized prices and inflationary pressures [6][27] - The interim dividend was set at $0.53 per share, representing a half-year annualized yield of 6.9%, consistent with the company's policy to pay a minimum of 50% of underlying NPAT [5][34] - Unit production costs were reduced by 7%, with the average cost now at $7.7 per barrel of oil equivalent, and guidance for the full year adjusted to $8 to $8.5 per barrel [6][9][48] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Sangomar's production contributed significantly, achieving an outstanding half-year production of 548,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day, with total production reaching 99.2 million barrels of oil equivalent [5][11] - Marketing and trading activities generated a strong contribution of $144 million, accounting for approximately 8% of total EBIT [6] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The global LNG demand is expected to rise by approximately 60% by 2040, with Woodside positioned to meet this demand through projects like Scarborough and Louisiana LNG [14] - Gas hub exposure on produced LNG was 24.2%, realizing a premium of approximately 3% per MMBtu compared to oil-linked sales, indicating the value of price diversity in volatile markets [15] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to position itself as a global LNG powerhouse, focusing on sustainable operations and maximizing value from its core assets [4][19] - The acquisition of operatorship of Bass Strait assets from ExxonMobil is expected to strengthen Australian operations and unlock potential development opportunities [12][62] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management emphasized the importance of securing reliable and affordable energy supply while reducing emissions, highlighting the role of LNG in achieving these goals [13][14] - The company remains committed to safety and sustainability, with no high-consequence injuries reported during the period [5][39] Other Important Information - The company has made significant contributions to the Australian economy, paying AUD 1.3 billion in taxes, royalties, and levies during the half [40] - The Louisiana LNG project is seen as a game changer, with construction progressing and strong interest from potential partners for equity sell-downs [19][20] Q&A Session Summary Question: Update on Sangomar's performance and Phase two development - Management confirmed positive initial results from the S400 sand units and indicated that further data will inform decisions around Phase two development [45][46] Question: Unit production costs guidance - The guidance was adjusted to $8 to $8.5 per barrel, with Sangomar's strong performance contributing to the reduction [48][49] Question: Louisiana LNG sell-down expectations - Management stated that the project is advantaged, with competitive construction costs, and emphasized the importance of selecting the right partners [51][52] Question: Beaumont Demonia production schedule - The delay in production is due to construction delays managed by OCI, with no cost impact to Woodside [56][57] Question: Bass Strait development opportunities - Management expressed excitement about the operatorship transition and the potential for developing contingent resources [62] Question: Update on MOU with Aramco - Discussions with Aramco are ongoing, focusing on investment opportunities in LNG and low carbon ammonia [71][72] Question: Dividend payout ratio and balance sheet management - Management is confident in maintaining a strong balance sheet and generating strong cash flows to support the high payout ratio [75][78] Question: LNG carrier leasing plans - The company prefers leasing LNG carriers rather than owning them, with ongoing discussions about balance sheet exposure [94] Question: Decommissioning cost challenges - Management confirmed that lessons learned from decommissioning closed sites are being integrated into future planning to avoid similar challenges [96][97]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a net profit after tax of over $1.3 billion, with earnings of $0.69 per share, reflecting strong financial performance despite lower realized prices and inflationary pressures [5][27][34] - Unit production costs were reduced by 7%, bringing the average to $7.70 per barrel of oil equivalent, with guidance for the full year set between $8.00 and $8.50 [5][8][49] - The interim dividend was set at $0.53 per share, representing a half-year annualized yield of 6.9%, consistent with the company's policy to pay a minimum of 50% of underlying NPAT [4][34][80] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Sangomar's production reached 548,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day, contributing significantly to the overall production of 99.2 million barrels of oil equivalent [4][5] - Marketing and trading activities generated a strong contribution of $144 million, accounting for approximately 8% of total EBIT [5][27] - The Louisiana LNG project is 22% complete, with a target for first LNG cargo in 2026, and has secured long-term offtake agreements [19][20][22] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The global LNG demand is expected to rise by approximately 60% by 2040, driven by increasing energy consumption in non-OECD Asia Pacific countries [13][14] - Gas hub exposure on produced LNG was 24.2%, realizing a premium of approximately 3% per MMBtu compared to oil-linked sales [15] - The company is well-positioned to meet growing LNG demand with projects like Scarborough and Louisiana LNG in the pipeline [14][15] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to maximize value through its global marketing and trading business, leveraging its diverse portfolio of high-quality assets [14][15] - The strategic acquisition of operatorship of Bass Strait assets from ExxonMobil is expected to enhance operational capabilities and unlock additional gas resources [11][12] - The company is focused on sustainable operations, with no significant environmental impacts reported and a commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions [4][39] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the company's ability to deliver strong returns and navigate the energy transition, emphasizing the importance of safety and sustainability [41][39] - The ongoing exceptional performance of Sangomar and the strategic positioning of Louisiana LNG were highlighted as key drivers for future growth [11][19] - Management acknowledged the challenges in securing federal approvals for the North West Shelf Extension but remains optimistic about a positive outcome [10][10] Other Important Information - The company has maintained a strong liquidity position with $8.4 billion available, and gearing remains within the targeted range of 10% to 20% [36][37] - Significant contributions to the Australian economy were noted, with $1.3 billion paid in taxes, royalties, and levies during the half [40] - The company is actively managing its decommissioning operations, with lessons learned from past challenges being integrated into future planning [26][68] Q&A Session Summary Question: Update on Sangomar's performance and Phase two development - Management confirmed positive initial results from the S-four 100 sand units and indicated that further data will inform decisions around Phase two development [46][48] Question: Insights on unit production cost reductions - Management attributed the reduction in unit production costs to strong performance at Sangomar and ongoing cost control measures across the business [49][50] Question: Status of Louisiana LNG equity sell-down negotiations - Management stated that the project remains advantageous, with competitive construction costs and a disciplined approach to selecting partners [52][54] Question: Update on Beaumont Demonia's production schedule - Management clarified that delays were due to construction issues managed by OCI, with no cost impact to Woodside, and emphasized the focus on marketing efforts [56][58] Question: Development opportunities in Bass Strait - Management expressed excitement about the operatorship transition and the potential for developing long-standing gas discoveries [64][65] Question: Update on MOU with Aramco - Management confirmed ongoing constructive discussions with Aramco regarding investment opportunities in LNG and low carbon ammonia [73][74] Question: Dividend payout and balance sheet management - Management reassured that the strong performance and disciplined capital management support the decision to maintain a high payout ratio [77][80] Question: Update on LNG carrier plans - Management indicated a preference for leasing LNG carriers rather than owning them, with ongoing evaluations of balance sheet exposure [98][99]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - In Q2 2025, the company generated revenues of $130 million, a decrease of 12% compared to the same period last year, primarily due to customers halting new business and canceling committed fixtures [5][6] - EBITDA for the quarter was $72 million, with adjusted EBITDA of $60 million after excluding a $12 million book gain from the sale of Navigator Venus, indicating resilience in the business [5][12] - Earnings per share was €0.31, and the company maintained a strong cash position of $287 million at the end of the quarter [6][16] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Average Time Charter Equivalent (TCE) rates were $28,216 per day, lower than the approximately $30,000 achieved in previous quarters, with utilization at 84%, also down from prior quarters [7][14] - The ethylene spot fleet was most affected, while the semi-refrigerated fleet performed better [8][12] - Throughput at the joint venture ethylene export terminal rebounded to 268,000 tonnes for the quarter, more than three times Q1 but still below full capacity [8][45] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The Handysize ethylene twelve-month time charter rate remained steady at around $36,000 per day, while semi-refrigerated rates dipped to about $30,000 per day, and fully refrigerated rates fell to $25,000 per day [25] - LPG exports from Iraq to Asia increased, contributing positively to the company's performance despite geopolitical challenges [10][28] - July utilization rates improved to 90%, indicating a return to more normal trading conditions [29] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on fleet renewal by selling older vessels and acquiring modern tonnage, with plans to sell additional older vessels in the future [9][50] - The strategic emphasis is on diversifying the fleet to mitigate risks associated with market volatility, particularly in the petrochemical and LPG sectors [26][28] - The company aims to strengthen its position in the ammonia supply chain through new vessel orders and associated time charter contracts [8][50] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted that the geopolitical backdrop in Q2 was challenging but expressed optimism for Q3, expecting a return to previous operational levels [4][57] - The company anticipates continued growth in U.S. export infrastructure, which will support demand for the products transported [57] - Management highlighted the importance of a diversified customer base and operational efficiency in navigating geopolitical uncertainties [10][11] Other Important Information - The company completed a $50 million share repurchase program, buying back 3.4 million shares at an attractive price [6][41] - The balance sheet remains strong, with significant liquidity and a focus on returning capital to shareholders [17][20] - The company was included in the Russell 2000 and Russell 3000 indices, enhancing its trading liquidity and shareholder base [46][48] Q&A Session Summary Question: Outlook for Q3 and normalization of business - Management indicated that Q3 is expected to return to levels seen before Q2 disruptions, with utilization rates already improving [61][65] Question: Terminal contracts and capacity - Management refrained from disclosing specific details about contracted capacity but confirmed ongoing discussions with potential customers for additional long-term contracts [67][68] Question: Impact of tariffs and trade deals - Management expressed optimism that recent trade deals would provide clarity and stability for U.S. commodity exports, positively impacting business [85][87] Question: Financing for new builds and IMO regulations - Management is exploring various financing options for new builds and aims to secure favorable terms, while also considering the implications of new environmental regulations [88][92]

Financial Performance Highlights - Q2 2025 net earnings reached $386 million[9] - Q2 2025 adjusted EBITDA was $761 million[11], while the last twelve months (LTM) adjusted EBITDA totaled $25 billion[11] - First half (1H) 2025 net earnings amounted to $698 million[13] - First half (1H) 2025 adjusted EBITDA was $14 billion[13], a 16% increase compared to 1H 2024[18] - Last twelve months (LTM) free cash flow for Q2 2025 was $17 billion[13] - The company returned $19 billion to shareholders in the last twelve months (LTM) through Q2 2025[13] Operational Excellence and Capital Allocation - The company's capacity utilization for 1H 2025 was 99%[15] - The 12-month rolling average recordable incident rate was 030 per 200,000 work hours as of June 30, 2025[15] - Share repurchase authorizations through 2029 are approximately $24 billion[15] Strategic Initiatives and Outlook - The Donaldsonville carbon capture and storage (CCS) project started up in July 2025 and is capturing CO2 at the expected rate[18, 21] - The company projects ~$100 million in free cash flow annually for 12 years from the Donaldsonville CCS project[21] - Gross ammonia production in 2025 is expected to be approximately 10 million tons[18] - Strategic initiatives are projected to increase EBITDA by 20% to ~$3 billion and free cash flow by 33% to ~$2 billion from the current mid-cycle to the expected 2030 mid-cycle[18]

Core Insights - CF Industries reported $1.89 billion in revenue for the quarter ended June 2025, marking a year-over-year increase of 20.2% and exceeding the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $1.73 billion by 9.08% [1] - The company's EPS for the same period was $2.37, compared to $2.30 a year ago, resulting in an EPS surprise of 0.85% against the consensus estimate of $2.35 [1] Financial Performance Metrics - Total tons of product sold reached 5,805 KTon, surpassing the average estimate of 4,904.49 KTon from four analysts [4] - Sales volume by product included: - Ammonia: 1,087 KTon vs. 1,026.80 KTon estimated [4] - UAN (urea ammonium nitrate): 1,902 KTon vs. 1,753.68 KTon estimated [4] - Granular Urea: 1,188 KTon vs. 1,232.47 KTon estimated [4] - Other Sales volume: 466 KTon vs. 533.92 KTon estimated [4] - AN (ammonium nitrate): 378 KTon vs. 355.81 KTon estimated [4] - Average selling prices per product ton: - Ammonia: $452 vs. $437.52 estimated [4] - Net sales figures compared to estimates and year-over-year changes: - Ammonia: $491 million vs. $449.04 million estimated (+20.1% YoY) [4] - Granular Urea: $547 million vs. $502.54 million estimated (+19.7% YoY) [4] - UAN: $610 million vs. $518.9 million estimated (+28.4% YoY) [4] - AN: $117 million vs. $104.39 million estimated (+19.4% YoY) [4] - Other: $125 million vs. $137.07 million estimated (-6% YoY) [4] Stock Performance - CF Industries' shares have returned -4.5% over the past month, while the Zacks S&P 500 composite has changed by +0.5% [3] - The stock currently holds a Zacks Rank 1 (Strong Buy), indicating potential for outperformance in the near term [3]

Core Viewpoint - CVR Energy reported mixed financial results for Q2 2025, with revenue exceeding analyst expectations but adjusted EPS falling short, indicating operational challenges and regulatory impacts [1][2]. Financial Performance - GAAP revenue for Q2 2025 was $1,761 million, surpassing the analyst consensus of $1,688.8 million, but down 10.5% from $1,967 million in Q2 2024 [2]. - Adjusted EPS was $(0.23), missing the expected $(0.13) and reflecting a 355.6% decline from $0.09 in Q2 2024 [2]. - The company reported a net loss attributable to shareholders of $(114) million, a significant drop from a net income of $21 million in the same quarter last year, marking a 642.9% decline [2]. - Adjusted EBITDA increased to $99 million, a 13.8% rise from $87 million in Q2 2024 [2]. Business Segments Overview - CVR Energy operates in three segments: petroleum refining, renewable fuels, and nitrogen fertilizers, with a focus on high-value transportation fuels and renewable diesel production [3][4]. - The petroleum segment faced challenges due to a planned refinery turnaround, reducing throughput and significantly impacting refining margins [5]. - The renewables segment continued to operate below breakeven, with throughput increasing but facing losses due to regulatory uncertainties [6]. - The nitrogen fertilizer segment showed stronger results, with net income rising to $39 million driven by higher prices for ammonia and UAN products [7][8]. Operational Challenges and Developments - The petroleum segment's refining margin dropped to $2.21 per barrel from $10.94 last year, impacted by a pre-tax $89 million loss related to Renewable Fuel Standard obligations [5][9]. - The renewables segment's adjusted EBITDA loss was $4 million, with throughput improving but still heavily reliant on government policies [6]. - Regulatory and compliance costs significantly affected profitability, with ongoing capital investments for environmental upgrades [9]. Leadership Changes - Dave Lamp announced his retirement as CEO, with Mark Pytosh set to take over in January 2026, and Brett Icahn appointed to the board, increasing Icahn Enterprises' influence [10]. Future Guidance - Management expects petroleum segment throughput of 200,000 to 215,000 barrels per day and ammonia utilization rates of 93% to 97% in the fertilizer segment [11]. - Cash flow concerns persist, with free cash flow turning negative by $12 million and a decline in cash position from $987 million at the end of 2024 to $596 million by June 30, 2025 [12].

Financial Results - Q2 2025 net loss attributable to IEP was $165 million, compared to a net loss of $331 million for Q2 2024[6] - Q2 2025 Adjusted EBITDA loss attributable to IEP was $43 million, compared to an Adjusted EBITDA loss of $155 million for Q2 2024[6] - Indicative net asset value as of June 30, 2025, was approximately $3.3 billion, an increase of $252 million compared to March 31, 2025[6] - The company declares a second quarter distribution of $0.50 per depositary unit[6] Segment Performance - Energy segment: Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $127 million to a loss of $24 million for Q2 2025 compared to $103 million in Q2 2024[17, 20] - Automotive segment: Adjusted EBITDA decreased $27 million for Q2 2025 compared to Q2 2024, impacted by higher labor costs and operating expenses[23, 24] - Investment segment: Returns of negative 0.5% for Q2 2025[12, 14] - All Other Segments: Q2 2025 Adjusted EBITDA attributable to IEP was $17 million compared to $28 million for Q2 2024[31] Energy Segment Details - Refining margin for Q2 2025 was $2.21 per throughput barrel, compared to $10.94 during Q2 2024[17, 20] - Renewable margin for Q2 2025 was $0.38 per vegetable oil throughput gallon, compared to $0.43 in Q2 2024[17, 20] - Q2 2025 average realized gate prices for UAN increased by 18% to $317 per ton and ammonia increased by 14% to $593 per ton when compared to Q2 2024[17, 19]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a TCE per available day of $39,726, despite a heavy drydock schedule resulting in 195 days not available for revenue generation [11] - Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter was $38,600,000, but would have been $49,500,000 after adjustments for bonuses and dry docking expenses [14] - Free cash at the end of the quarter was reported at $278,000,000, with a debt balance of $543,500,000, resulting in a debt to total book capitalization of 34.4% [16] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The Helios Pool reported spot rates for the quarter of about $37,700, indicating strong performance in the charter out portfolio [11] - Daily OpEx for the quarter was $10,108, down from $11,001 in the previous quarter, with spares and stores costs leading the decline [12] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - U.S. LPG exports continued a multi-year growth trend, supported by ongoing expansion at U.S. fractionation plants and export terminal capacity [7] - The Eastern market improved by approximately 46% over the quarter, while the Western market improved nearly 16% [26] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability, with plans to upgrade vessels to carry ammonia cargoes, enhancing commercial optionality [30] - The company aims to balance shareholder distributions, debt reduction, and fleet investment while maintaining a constructive market view [19] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted that geopolitical tensions and tariff escalations have created a resilient market, with freight rates strengthening despite uncertainties [7][20] - The company expects continued positive market conditions due to limited new build deliveries and capacity expansion at U.S. Gulf terminals [26] Other Important Information - The company declared a dividend of $0.60 per share, totaling $25,600,000, reflecting a commitment to returning capital to shareholders [6] - The company has completed 10 of its 12 planned dry dockings for 2025, with two more expected to be completed in the upcoming quarter [8] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is driving the current market strength compared to last year? - Management attributed the market strength to the U.S.'s ability to produce and export NGLs, along with the industry's adaptability to trade barriers [36][38] Question: Why is the freight rate capturing a larger share of the export spread? - The increase in terminal capacity has allowed freight rates to capture a larger portion of the arbitrage compared to previous years [39][40] Question: What would happen if ethane trade in the U.S. were to stop? - Management indicated that ethane carriers would likely enter the VLGC market if ethane trade were halted, but they do not foresee this happening due to strong demand from China [48][49]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company achieved the highest second quarter production since the merger of Exxon and Mobil over 25 years, with significant growth in production from high return advantaged assets, expected to exceed 60% by the end of the decade [5][6] - The company anticipates $3 billion in earnings from 2025 project startups in 2026, contributing to a total of $20 billion in additional earnings and $30 billion in cash flow compared to 2024 [14] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - In the upstream business, production from Guyana reached approximately 650,000 gross barrels per day, with expectations to achieve a total production capacity of 1.7 million oil equivalent barrels per day by 2030 [6][9] - The Permian Basin produced roughly 1.6 million oil equivalent barrels per day, with plans to grow production to 2.3 million by 2030, leveraging technology to improve recovery rates [11][12] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company is ramping up operations at the China Chemical Complex, which supplies high-value consumer-oriented chemical products to the largest domestic market in the world [12] - The company is also expanding its renewable diesel production in Canada and has signed an MOU for manufacturing rebar in the Middle East [13] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company focuses on leveraging its diversified business model and competitive advantages to maximize shareholder value, regardless of market conditions [4] - The strategy includes a strong emphasis on technology and innovation, particularly in the Permian Basin, to enhance production efficiency and recovery rates [10][11] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the company's ability to navigate geopolitical uncertainties and market fluctuations, emphasizing the importance of contractual rights in the upstream industry [7][8] - The company is committed to developing low-carbon solutions and has made significant progress in carbon capture and storage projects, with expectations for continued growth in this area [15][16] Other Important Information - The company is actively exploring M&A opportunities, focusing on value creation rather than volume acquisition, and is looking for synergies similar to those achieved in the Pioneer acquisition [21][23] - Management highlighted the importance of integrating advanced technologies, such as AI and robotics, to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs [76][78] Q&A Session Summary Question: Thoughts on M&A opportunities given strong organic growth - Management emphasized the focus on building unique capabilities and competitive advantages, with a high bar for acquisitions, looking for value deals rather than volume [21][23] Question: Views on Permian production potential and consolidation opportunities - Management expressed confidence in the technology's potential to enhance recovery rates and indicated that unique capabilities could create opportunities for consolidation [31][37] Question: Insights on downstream projects and future growth ambitions - Management reported success in bringing large projects online efficiently and indicated plans to continue shifting production towards higher value products [49][53] Question: Perspectives on low carbon business opportunities and CapEx evolution - Management acknowledged the uncertainty in the low carbon space but expressed optimism about the carbon capture business and its growth potential [60][64] Question: Update on Guyana production and debottlenecking efforts - Management confirmed ongoing efforts to optimize production and maximize capital efficiency, with a focus on infill drilling and debottlenecking [99][100]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - For Q2 2025, the company reported net sales of $169 million, net income of $39 million, and EBITDA of $67 million, with a declared distribution of $3.89 per common unit [5][8] - Consolidated ammonia plant utilization was 91%, impacted by planned and unplanned downtime, with combined ammonia production of 197,000 gross tons [5][8] - UAN and ammonia prices increased by 181% and 14% respectively compared to the prior year, driven by strong demand and tight inventories [6][12] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company sold approximately 345,000 tons of UAN at an average price of $317 per ton and 57,000 tons of ammonia at an average price of $593 per ton [6][8] - Direct operating expenses for Q2 2025 were $60 million, with an increase of approximately $6 million from the previous year due to higher natural gas and electricity costs [8][34] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The USDA estimates a 4% increase in corn planting and a 3% decrease in soybean planting for 2025, with yield estimates of 181 bushels per acre for corn and 52.5 bushels per acre for soybeans [11][12] - Global nitrogen fertilizer inventories remain tight, supporting pricing, with geopolitical conflicts impacting supply [13][14] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on expanding ammonia capacity by approximately 8% and improving feedstock flexibility at its Coffeyville facility [16][18] - Ongoing projects aim to enhance reliability and production rates, with a target of operating plants at utilization rates above 95% [17][18] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in strong demand for nitrogen fertilizers continuing into the second half of the year, despite some planned and unplanned downtime [11][12] - The company anticipates a significant portion of capital spending for 2025 will be funded through cash reserves, with total capital spending estimated between $55 million and $65 million [8][9] Other Important Information - The company plans a 30-day turnaround at the Coffeyville facility starting in early October, with expected expenses of approximately $15 million [18][19] - The CEO of the parent company, CVR Energy, announced retirement, with the current CEO of CVR Partners set to take over the role [19] Q&A Session Summary Question: Timing of UAN summer fill program and pricing strength - Management indicated that the summer UAN fill has not yet been completed, with expectations for it to occur in the next few weeks, and pricing is expected to decline less than usual due to tight supply [24][25] Question: Outlook on ammonia pricing for fall application - Management expects fall pricing to be similar to spring pricing, with a discount anticipated but not as significant as in previous years [26] Question: Increase in direct operating costs and maintenance expenses - Management acknowledged higher repair costs and inventory drawdowns contributing to increased direct operating expenses, with expectations for continued elevated costs in the third quarter [27][34] Question: Status of unplanned downtime and future utilization - Management confirmed that planned outages were managed well, and unplanned outages were addressed without expectation of recurrence [35][36] Question: Industry consolidation outlook - Management noted a favorable view towards consolidation in the nitrogen fertilizer space, influenced by geopolitical events and the potential merger of major rail companies [41][42] Question: Capacity from brownfield reliability and redundancy projects - Management indicated that brownfield projects could add approximately 100 tons per day of ammonia production at Coffeyville and 5% at East Dubuque, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness of these projects [44][45]