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Freightos (NasdaqCM:CRGO) Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:32
Summary of Freightos Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Freightos - **Industry**: International Freight and Logistics - **Market Size**: The international freight market is approximately $600 billion annually, with $150 billion in air cargo and $350 billion in ocean cargo [6][20] Core Insights and Arguments - **Digital Transformation**: Freightos aims to digitize the international freight industry, which is largely offline, using a platform that connects carriers, freight forwarders, and shippers [4][5] - **Market Opportunity**: Over 90% of international freight bookings are still offline, indicating a significant opportunity for digital solutions [6][20] - **Platform Structure**: The platform operates as a three-sided network, facilitating real-time pricing, instant booking, and efficient procurement across the supply chain [5][12] - **Growth Metrics**: Freightos reported over 1.3 million bookings in 2024, with a run rate of over 1.5 million bookings for the current year [9][21] - **Revenue Streams**: Revenue is divided into solutions revenue (SaaS and data) and platform revenue (transaction fees), with two-thirds currently from solutions revenue [16][17] Financial Performance - **Revenue Growth**: Expected revenue for 2025 is projected between $29.5 billion and $29.6 billion, with a year-on-year growth of 20%-22% [16][19] - **Gross Margin**: Non-IFRS gross margin is expected to grow from 73%-75%, while IFRS gross margin is projected to increase from 65%-69% [17][24] - **Profitability Outlook**: Freightos anticipates reaching profitability by Q4 of the next year, with a current cash position of $31 million [18][20] Competitive Landscape - **Market Position**: Freightos maintains a higher market share in the forwarding sector, with a unique position as it combines SaaS and transaction-based services [29][30] - **Competitive Advantage**: The company has built a robust network over 13 years, providing trust and reliability in its data and services [30] Additional Insights - **Cohort Retention**: Forwarders typically see their bookings grow 3-5 times over the first two years on the platform, indicating strong customer retention and value [13] - **Impact of Tariffs**: Tariffs have increased demand for Freightos' services as companies seek visibility and efficiency in navigating supply chain disruptions [31][32] - **Capital Structure**: Freightos has a clean balance sheet with no debt, operating primarily on an OpEx model [33] Conclusion - **Vision**: Freightos aims to become the indispensable digital backbone of global trade, leveraging its platform to drive efficiency and transparency in the international freight industry [21][20]
Waterdrop (NYSE:WDH) Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:32
Summary of Waterdrop Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Waterdrop - **Industry**: Insurance and Healthcare Services - **Founded**: 2016 - **Key Offerings**: Medical crowdfunding platform, insurance marketplace, and clinical trial patient matching platform [2][3] Core Business Segments 1. **Digital Insurance Brokerage**: Largest segment contributing nearly 90% of total revenue, operating under brands Waterdrop, Shenlanbao, and Waterdrop Financial [4][5][15] 2. **Medical Crowdfunding**: Charges a 6% service fee on raised funds, with a $1,000 fee per campaign [5][6] 3. **E-Find**: Charges pharmaceutical clients a fixed price per patient enrolled [6] Financial Performance - **Q3 2025 Revenue**: Over $136 million, with a net profit of over $22 million (16% margin) [15][16] - **Revenue Growth**: Insurance segment revenue increased 45% year-over-year to $122 million; total revenue up by almost 40% year-on-year [17][18] - **Cash Reserves**: Approximately $490 million as of September 2025; committed to shareholder returns with a recent dividend payout of $10.9 million [16][19] Market Insights - **Insurance Market Size**: $600 billion total premium paid annually in China, with 40% of healthcare expenditure from out-of-pocket payments [7][8] - **Market Penetration**: Only 7% of insurance policies sold by third-party brokers in China, compared to higher percentages in the U.S. and U.K. [8][9] Customer Acquisition and Retention - **Customer Segmentation**: Short-term plans account for 60-70% of total premium, while long-term plans contribute 50% of revenue [22] - **Retention Rates**: Approximately 50% for short-term plans and over 90% for long-term plans [23] Technology and Innovation - **AI Utilization**: AI enhances customer acquisition, underwriting, and operational efficiency, with 70% of customer service requests processed by AI [26][28] - **Investment in R&D**: Approximately $8.2 million spent on R&D in the latest quarter [18] Regulatory Environment - **Stability in Regulations**: Recent commission rate caps have stabilized the regulatory environment, allowing for healthier business operations [29][30] Competitive Landscape - **Market Position**: Waterdrop operates in a large, underserved market with limited direct competition, focusing on scalable and sustainable business models [30][31] Capital Allocation Strategy - **Dividends and Buybacks**: Consistent dividend payouts and share buyback programs, with a focus on balancing growth investments and shareholder returns [32] Future Outlook - **Growth Projections**: Guidance for over 20% year-on-year growth in revenue and profits, with confidence in surpassing this target [19][20] Conclusion - Waterdrop is positioned to capture significant opportunities in the growing insurance market, leveraging technology and a proven business model to drive profitability and shareholder value [20]
Medicenna Therapeutics (OTCPK:MDNA.F) Update / Briefing Transcript
2025-12-10 14:32
Summary of Medicenna Therapeutics Update - December 10, 2025 Company Overview - **Company**: Medicenna Therapeutics (OTCPK:MDNA.F) - **Focus**: Clinical stage immunotherapy company developing next-generation superkines, specifically engineered cytokines to treat serious cancers [3][5] Key Industry Insights - **Clinical Study**: ABILITY-1 study evaluating MDNA-11, a next-generation IL-2 superagonist, both as a monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab (Keytruda) [2][10] - **Target Indications**: Advanced refractory solid tumors, including cutaneous melanoma, MSI-high tumors, and other difficult-to-treat cancers [10][12] Core Findings and Data Clinical Data Highlights - **Safety Profile**: MDNA-11 demonstrated a manageable safety profile with over 90% of treatment-related adverse events being grade one or two, typically resolving within 48 hours [13][14] - **Efficacy**: - Objective response rate (ORR) of approximately 38% in secondary immune checkpoint inhibitor-resistant cutaneous melanoma [17] - In patients treated immediately after progression on checkpoint inhibitors, ORR was 42% with a disease control rate (DCR) of 83% [17] - Notable individual cases included a patient with MSI-high pancreatic cancer in remission for over 21 months and a cutaneous melanoma patient with over seven months of remission [16][32] Mechanistic Insights - **Mechanism of Action**: MDNA-11 is designed to preferentially activate CD8 T cells and NK cells while minimizing toxic immune overreactions associated with conventional IL-2 therapies [5][6] - **Pharmacodynamics**: Robust expansion of effector CD8 T cells and stem-like CD8 T cells observed, supporting the intended mechanism of action [26] Survival Data - **Overall Survival**: Patients achieving disease control had a median overall survival of approximately 120 weeks compared to 29 weeks for those without disease control [23][24] Strategic Development Plans - **Next Steps**: Continue enrollment in phase two eligible expansion cohorts and expand sample sizes in tumor types showing clinical efficacy [27][66] - **NeoCyte Study**: Collaboration to evaluate MDNA-11 in a neoadjuvant therapy context for high-risk resectable melanoma [27] Expert Opinions - **KOL Insights**: Experts highlighted MDNA-11's potential as a best-in-class IL-2 variant, particularly in refractory settings and its promising safety profile compared to historical IL-2 therapies [36][40] - **Combination Strategies**: Interest in combining MDNA-11 with existing checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab and ipilimumab for enhanced efficacy [38][47] Additional Considerations - **Market Positioning**: MDNA-11 is positioned to address significant unmet medical needs in refractory cancer populations, particularly in melanoma and MSI-high tumors [30][34] - **Future Directions**: Potential for MDNA-11 to replace traditional IL-2 therapies in various treatment settings, including earlier lines of therapy as data matures [48][55] This summary encapsulates the critical insights and data presented during the Medicenna Therapeutics update, focusing on the company's innovative approach to cancer treatment and the promising results from the ABILITY-1 study.
Rambus (NasdaqGS:RMBS) FY Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:32
Rambus FY Conference Summary Company Overview - Rambus has over 35 years of experience in high-performance memory subsystems, providing leading ICs and Silicon IP solutions that enhance data center connectivity, addressing the bottleneck between memory and processing [3][4] Financial Performance - Patent licensing business generates approximately $210 million annually with a 100% margin, stable but not expected to grow long-term [4] - Silicon IP business generated $120 million last year, growing at 10%-15% annually [5] - ICs business projected to reach about $340 million this year, with a growth rate of 40% year-over-year, driven by data center demand [5] Market Dynamics - The market for interface chips is estimated at $800 million annually, with additional opportunities from companion chips adding $600 million, and further expansion into high-end client systems adding another $200 million [6][7] - Transition to DDR5 technology has created new chip opportunities, increasing the total addressable market (TAM) from $800 million to $1.4 billion [9] AI and Server Market - AI servers are driving demand for traditional servers, as they require both AI and traditional processing capabilities [10] - AI inference is expected to be a significant growth driver, as it is more cost-effective and simpler than AI training [11] MRDIMM Technology - MRDIMM technology doubles memory capacity and bandwidth on existing infrastructure, significantly increasing Rambus's content opportunity [12][14] - Expected rollout linked to next-generation platforms from Intel and AMD by late 2026 to early 2027 [15] CXL Opportunities - Rambus has a CXL offering as part of its Silicon IP business, but the market is fragmented, and the company sees MRDIMM as a more elegant solution for memory expansion [16][17] Silicon IP Business Strategy - Focused on security and high-speed interfaces, with a projected growth of 10%-15% annually [20][21] - Minimal exposure to China, with less than 5% of business from that market [22] Patent Licensing Insights - Patent licensing provides a stable revenue stream and insights into future technology trends, with contracts typically lasting 3 to 10 years [23][24] Financial Model and Capital Allocation - Patent licensing has a 100% gross margin, Silicon IP at 95%, and product business between 61%-63% [28] - Rambus aims to return 40%-50% of free cash flow to investors, having generated $300 million in cash from operations over the last 12 months [30] Competitive Landscape - Rambus maintains a strong position in hardware-based security against fast followers and internally developed solutions [34][35] - The company is developing quantum-safe security solutions in anticipation of future challenges posed by quantum computing [35] Conclusion - Rambus is well-positioned for growth in the evolving data center and AI markets, leveraging its strong patent portfolio, innovative technologies, and strategic focus on high-performance memory solutions [1][2]
Nano-X Imaging (NasdaqGM:NNOX) Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:32
Summary of Nano-X Imaging Conference Call (December 10, 2025) Company Overview - **Company**: Nano-X Imaging (Ticker: NNOX) - **Industry**: Medical Imaging Technology - **Core Offering**: Advanced diagnostic imaging solutions, including hardware, AI solutions, teleradiology services, and OEM business [2][3][4] Key Points and Arguments Business Model and Technology - **Nano-X Arc**: A digital multi-source 3D tomosynthesis imaging system cleared by the FDA and CE, ready for commercialization in the U.S. and European markets [2][3] - **AI Solutions**: Comprises three main applications for chest, bone, and liver diagnostics, all FDA and CE cleared, aimed at early detection of chronic diseases [3][21] - **Teleradiology Services**: Acquired USARAD in November 2021, enhancing service offerings [3] - **OEM Business**: Involves proprietary tube and chip technology, applicable in medical and other industries [4][23] Recent Developments - **FDA Clearance**: Recently cleared the Arc-X, a second-generation imaging device that is smaller, mobile, and has lower radiation exposure compared to traditional CT machines [11][12] - **Commercial Deployment**: Started commercial deployment of Arc systems in the U.S. and EU, with consistent utilization and clinical adoption reported [6][14] - **Production Plans**: Initial production of Nanox.ARC-X in Israel, with mass production set to commence in Thailand in 2026 [14] Financial Highlights - **Q3 2025 Financials**: - Cash and cash equivalents: $55 million - Shareholders' equity: $156 million - Revenue: $3.5 million - Inventory for pay-per-use model: $49.5 million [24][25] - **Funding**: Recently raised $50 million to support commercialization efforts [24][27] Market Strategy - **Target Markets**: Imaging centers, orthopedic clinics, multispecialty clinics, and urgent care facilities [14] - **Reimbursement Model**: Utilizes CPT code 76100, allowing operators to charge $90-$110 per scan, with a pay-per-use model at $30 per scan [13][17] - **Sales Strategy**: Direct sales force in the U.S. and distributor sales in Europe, focusing on shorter sales cycles due to lower capital investment required [15][17] Clinical and Competitive Advantages - **3D Imaging**: Provides superior imaging capabilities compared to traditional 2D and CT imaging, with reduced radiation exposure [18][19] - **AI Integration**: AI tools enhance diagnostic capabilities and integrate with PACS systems, providing value to radiologists and other medical professionals [21][22] Future Outlook - **Focus on Profitability**: Transitioning from R&D to a product-focused company, with an emphasis on commercialization and shareholder value [27][28] - **AI Expansion**: Plans to accelerate monetization of AI tools and expand business models, indicating potential growth in 2026 [29][30] Additional Important Information - **Regulatory Approvals**: Holds multiple regulatory approvals, including FDA and CE, with installations in Israel and Ghana for clinical data accumulation [18] - **Market Reception**: Positive reception at the RSNA conference, indicating strong interest from prospective clients and distributors [26]
Apollo Global Management (NYSE:APO) Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:02
Summary of Apollo Global Management Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Apollo Global Management (NYSE: APO) - **Date**: December 10, 2025 - **Context**: Discussion at Goldman Sachs Financial Services Conference Key Industry Insights Private Credit Market - **Current State**: The private credit market is experiencing uncertainty, but Apollo primarily operates in the investment-grade space, which is less affected by market jitters [2][3] - **Definition Issues**: There is confusion surrounding the term "private credit," which encompasses various asset classes. Apollo plans to clarify this with a definitive guide [3] - **Risk Assessment**: Private credit is viewed as a de-risking trade compared to equities, with lower default rates than high-yield bonds. Investors are reallocating funds from equities to private credit for better risk-adjusted returns [4][5] Origination as Growth Driver - **Origination Focus**: Apollo emphasizes origination as the core of its business model, differentiating itself from traditional asset managers who invest based on available capital [9][10] - **Current Performance**: The firm has achieved strong origination volumes, exceeding five-year targets within the first year, with stable spreads around 300 basis points over treasuries [7][10] - **Collaboration with Banks**: Apollo collaborates with banks to originate loans, focusing on long-dated, high-quality assets, which are in high demand due to a global industrial renaissance [12][13] Emerging Opportunities - **AI and Infrastructure**: The demand for capital in sectors like AI and infrastructure is unprecedented. Apollo is cautious about taking on renewal risks associated with these investments [14][15] - **Wealth Market Growth**: The wealth management sector is expected to grow significantly, with Apollo positioned to benefit from a flight to quality in credit products [24][25] Financial Performance and Strategy Fundraising and Client Base - **Diverse Client Demand**: Apollo's client base has expanded beyond traditional institutional investors to include retail and insurance companies, indicating a growing acceptance of private assets [18][19] - **Future Fundraising**: The firm anticipates that fundraising will be driven by its ability to originate quality assets rather than merely raising capital [20][22] Hybrid and Private Equity - **Hybrid Business Growth**: Apollo's hybrid business is expected to be its fastest-growing segment, offering attractive risk-reward profiles [41][42] - **Private Equity Outlook**: While private equity remains a strong asset class, it is not viewed as a growth business. Apollo plans to raise over $20 billion in its next vintage [40][43] Athene and Insurance Strategy - **Athene's Role**: Athene is seen as a strategic asset for Apollo, allowing the firm to earn higher fees on originated assets. The focus is on achieving mid-double-digit returns [46][48] - **Market Positioning**: Apollo aims to leverage Athene to support guaranteed income products for retirees while capitalizing on the demand for investment-grade assets [50] Conclusion - Apollo Global Management is well-positioned for growth in the evolving financial landscape, with a strong focus on origination, a diverse client base, and strategic investments in private credit and hybrid assets. The firm is navigating market challenges while capitalizing on emerging opportunities in sectors like AI and infrastructure.
Roku (NasdaqGS:ROKU) FY Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:02
Summary of Roku's Earnings Call Company Overview - **Company**: Roku - **Industry**: Media and Entertainment, specifically focusing on streaming and advertising Key Points Revenue Growth and Drivers - Roku is experiencing an acceleration in core platform revenue growth, projected at approximately **20%** for the upcoming year, excluding political and Frndly contributions [3][4] - Both subscription and advertising activities are growing at a rate close to **20%**, indicating strong performance across both revenue streams [4][5] - The company is heavily investing in subscriptions as a core strategy to enhance revenue streams and platform ownership [4] Advertising Market Dynamics - The total addressable market (TAM) for TV advertising is around **$90 billion**, with the digital CTV segment estimated at **$30 billion** and growing [6][7] - A significant shift is occurring from linear to digital advertising, with ad dollars increasingly following viewer hours [7] - Roku holds a competitive advantage due to its presence in over **50%** of broadband households in the U.S., allowing it to capture a larger share of the growing CTV market [7][8] Programmatic Advertising - The shift towards programmatic advertising is expected to continue, driven by its efficiency and performance measurement capabilities [9][10] - Roku has integrated with multiple demand-side platforms (DSPs), enhancing its ability to attract new advertising demand [10][11] - The integration with Amazon DSP is highlighted as a significant development, expected to improve ad buying behavior and performance [12][13] Subscription Business - Roku's premium subscriptions are growing well, with new tier-one partners being onboarded [32][34] - The company is launching new products to enhance user experience and reduce churn, which is expected to drive further growth in subscriptions [35] Market Trends and Competitive Landscape - The advertising market is evolving, with advertisers seeking greater flexibility in their campaigns, potentially establishing a new normal [17] - Roku is positioned to benefit from the ongoing consolidation in the streaming industry, leveraging its scale to maintain a competitive edge [37][38] Financial Performance and Margins - Roku expects gross margins to remain stable, with a diversified revenue stream contributing to overall margin improvement [40][41] - The company has achieved profitability in EBITDA and is focused on increasing free cash flow, which is projected to grow in proportion to EBITDA [42][43] International Expansion - Roku has launched premium subscriptions in Mexico, indicating a strategic move to monetize its international footprint despite a slower ad market [38] Future Outlook - The company anticipates continued growth in both advertising and subscription revenues, supported by innovative product offerings and strategic partnerships [31][32] Additional Insights - Roku's Ads Manager is gaining traction among small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs), with expectations for significant contributions to overall ad revenue in the future [24][31] - The integration of generative AI for creating advertisements is seen as a game-changer for SMBs, removing previous barriers to entry in CTV advertising [25][26] This summary encapsulates the key insights from Roku's earnings call, highlighting the company's growth strategies, market dynamics, and financial performance.
The Allstate Corporation (NYSE:ALL) Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:02
Summary of Allstate Corporation Conference Call (December 10, 2025) Company Overview - **Company**: Allstate Corporation (NYSE: ALL) - **Industry**: Property and Casualty Insurance Key Points Financial Performance - Property liability premiums increased to **$56.8 billion**, an **8.2%** increase year-over-year [2] - Net investment income rose to **$3.4 billion**, an **18%** increase [2] - Net income reached **$8.3 billion**, over **100%** increase from the previous year [2] - Adjusted net income was **$7.6 billion**, a **72.8%** increase [2] - Return on equity stood at **34.7%** [2] - Total shareholder return was slightly over **15%** [2] - Price-earnings ratio at **7.4**, significantly below market averages [2] Market Position and Strategy - Allstate aims to increase personal property liability market share and expand protection offerings [2] - The personal property liability market exceeds **$500 billion** in premiums, with significant competition [3] - Allstate's auto insurance combined ratio was **97.1**, below the industry average, indicating strong profitability [4] - Homeowners insurance combined ratio was **92.3**, outperforming many competitors [5] - Market share in auto insurance increased from **9.3%** to **10.2%** since 2019 [6] - Homeowners insurance market share also increased to **8%** [6] Growth Initiatives - Transformative growth plan initiated in 2019 includes five components aimed at increasing market share [6] - Significant cost reductions allowed for competitive pricing while maintaining returns [6] - Distribution expanded through acquisitions and new product launches [7] - Marketing investments increased to **$2.2 billion**, up from **$900 million** in 2019 [8] - New products launched in **42 states** for auto and **24 states** for homeowners insurance [8] Artificial Intelligence and Technology - Allstate is developing a large language intelligence ecosystem called ALI to enhance customer service and operational efficiency [11] - Generative AI is being utilized for billing, software coding, and financial work [11] - Future plans include agentic AI to improve customer interactions and analytics [11] Competition and Market Dynamics - Competition in auto insurance remains intense, particularly from Progressive and State Farm [14] - GEICO has lost market share due to previous poor business decisions [15] - Allstate's multi-channel approach positions it well against competitors [16] Retention and Customer Value - Retention rates have declined over the past five years, influenced by significant price increases [19] - Strategies are in place to improve retention by enhancing customer value and reducing prices for millions of customers [22][23] - Bundling of auto and home insurance is being emphasized to improve retention [29] Future Outlook - Allstate expects policy growth to continue in 2026, despite competitive pressures [12] - The company is focused on maintaining profitability while growing market share [31] - Plans to further reduce expenses and improve operational efficiency through technology [35][36] Capital Management - Allstate maintains a favorable capital position, with a focus on organic growth and potential share repurchases [39] - The company has successfully executed acquisitions that have significantly increased premium volumes [41][42] Conclusion - Allstate is positioned for sustainable growth through strategic initiatives, technological advancements, and a focus on customer value, despite competitive challenges in the insurance market [12][39]
Fifth Third Bancorp (NasdaqGS:FITB) Conference Transcript
2025-12-10 14:02
Fifth Third Bancorp (NasdaqGS:FITB) Conference December 10, 2025 08:00 AM ET Company ParticipantsTim Spence - Chairman and CEOModeratorKicking off the second day, we are pleased to have Fifth Third joining us once again. Fifth Third has continued to execute on its strategy, including building out its Southeast footprint, growing fees fast in the balance sheet, maintaining excellent cost control. More recently, it announced its intention to buy Comerica Bank, just its second bank acquisition in the last 20 y ...
Deutsche Börse (OTCPK:DBOE.F) 2025 Capital Markets Day Transcript
2025-12-10 14:02
Deutsche Börse Capital Markets Day Summary Company Overview - **Company**: Deutsche Börse Group - **Event**: 2025 Capital Markets Day - **Date**: December 10, 2025 Key Messages and Financial Outlook - **Growth Commitment**: Deutsche Börse is committed to achieving an 8% growth in net revenues, excluding treasury results, driven by structural trends and technology advancements [4][6] - **Cost Management**: The company anticipates a 3% growth in costs over the next few years, leading to a margin expansion of approximately 3 percentage points [5][6] - **Revenue Target**: The target for net revenues is set at EUR 6.4 billion for the upcoming year, with a focus on maintaining a balanced portfolio across four segments [13][15] - **Cash Flow Generation**: Strong cash flow generation is expected, with a commitment to share buybacks amounting to EUR 500 million in 2026 [6][7] Strategic Focus Areas - **Market Transformation**: Deutsche Börse aims to lead transformations in European capital markets and adapt to new asset class dynamics, including digital assets and alternatives [16][34] - **Buy-Side Growth**: The buy-side segment is projected to grow at 8%, with 36% of revenues currently derived from this sector. The company is positioned as a neutral infrastructure provider to address margin compression issues faced by asset managers [23][24] - **Technological Advancements**: The company has invested significantly in technology, with 74% of its capacity now in the cloud, enhancing its ability to leverage AI and improve operational efficiency [10][26] Industry Dynamics - **European Market Trends**: Despite challenges, there are structural growth opportunities in Europe, particularly in pension and retail investments, which are expected to drive demand for market infrastructure [31][32] - **Asset Class Evolution**: The emergence of new asset classes, including digital assets, presents opportunities for Deutsche Börse to expand its offerings and maintain relevance in a changing market landscape [34] Operational Insights - **Global Footprint**: Deutsche Börse has a significant global presence, with 16,000 employees, and is the largest infrastructure provider in many markets [10][11] - **Client Engagement**: The company emphasizes strong relationships with clients, boasting a high retention rate of over 92% across its businesses [52] M&A Strategy - **M&A as a Growth Driver**: M&A will complement organic growth strategies, with a disciplined approach to capital allocation ensuring that acquisitions are accretive and aligned with the company's growth objectives [36][41] Conclusion - **Commitment to Transformation**: Deutsche Börse is dedicated to leading market transformations while ensuring sustainable growth through strategic investments, cost management, and technological innovation [43][44]