NewAmsterdam Pharma pany N.V.(NAMS) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 21:15
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a significant reduction in major adverse cardiac events (MACE) by 21% in the BROADWAY trial, which included 2,500 patients, indicating strong efficacy of their drug [4][7] - The drug demonstrated a 50% reduction in Lp(a) levels, a key target for cardiovascular health, which is not addressed by statins [5][58] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The BROADWAY trial results have positioned the drug as a differentiated therapy in the lipid-lowering market, with additional benefits in diabetes risk reduction and potential Alzheimer's prevention [6][21] - The company is preparing for the PREVAIL study, which is expected to provide further validation of the drug's efficacy and safety [9][14] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company anticipates a significant increase in the patient population needing aggressive LDL treatment due to new guidelines emerging from studies like VESALIUS, which showed mortality benefits from lowering LDL below 55 [54][55] - The partnership with Menarini is expected to enhance market access in Europe, leveraging their extensive sales force of 6,000 representatives [52][50] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to position its drug as the go-to option for patients requiring LDL lowering, emphasizing its unique benefits beyond traditional lipid-lowering therapies [56][57] - Future studies are planned to explore the drug's effects on Alzheimer's and diabetes, with a focus on expanding its therapeutic indications [76][78] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the drug's potential to address unmet medical needs in cardiovascular health and Alzheimer's prevention, highlighting the growing recognition of its benefits in the medical community [8][20] - The company is committed to maintaining a strong adherence to study protocols in ongoing trials, which is crucial for regulatory approval and market success [9][13] Other Important Information - The company has published significant findings in reputable journals, enhancing its credibility and visibility in the medical community [50][19] - The management is exploring partnerships for funding large-scale studies to mitigate financial risks associated with drug development [31][34] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is the expected impact of the PREVAIL study on the drug's market potential? - Management indicated that the PREVAIL study is crucial for validating the drug's efficacy and will inform the timing of regulatory filings for U.S. approval [14][15] Question: How does the company plan to address skepticism regarding CETP inhibitors? - The management acknowledged the need to address skepticism and emphasized the importance of robust data from the BROADWAY trial to build confidence among healthcare providers [78][50] Question: What are the anticipated guidelines for LDL treatment following recent studies? - Management expects that new guidelines will significantly increase the number of patients requiring treatment, particularly those with atherosclerotic disease [54][55]
Bio-Techne(TECH) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 21:15
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company ended Q1 with a negative growth of 1%, but excluding two large cell therapy customers, the growth for the rest of the business was approximately 1% [6][8] - The company anticipates a similar overall growth rate for Q2, projecting a decline of about 1% but an improvement to 3% when excluding the impact of the two customers [25][30] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The diagnostics business grew mid-single digits in Q1, building on a mid-teen growth from the previous year, indicating a strong performance despite fluctuations [30] - The ProteinSimple franchise has consistently outperformed, with no down quarters and double-digit growth in recent periods, suggesting resilience in a challenging market [26][70] - The Spatial Biology segment experienced a flat performance in Q1 after a down quarter, but bookings increased double-digit, indicating potential for recovery [27][75] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The pharmaceutical market, which constitutes 30% of revenue, has shown recovery with double-digit growth in recent quarters, alleviating previous concerns about regulatory pressures [12][13] - Academic market conditions have stabilized, with expectations of a flat NIH budget, improving sentiment among academic customers [14][66] - Biotech funding has improved, with funding levels increasing from a decline of 30% to a decline of 13%, suggesting a potential recovery in spending [17][22] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focusing on its ProteinSimple and Spatial franchises to drive growth, especially as market conditions stabilize [26][75] - The strategy includes leveraging the strong demand for consumables and reagents associated with their instruments, which are expected to enhance margins over time [77][80] - The company is optimistic about the long-term potential of its cell therapy business, despite short-term challenges, due to the high quality of clinical trials being conducted [92][94] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed cautious optimism about the near-term outlook, noting that while challenges remain, there are signs of stabilization in key markets [12][14] - The company anticipates that improvements in funding and market conditions will begin to reflect in financial results by the second half of fiscal year 2026 [22][58] - Management highlighted the importance of maintaining strong relationships with customers and adapting to their needs as market conditions evolve [43][59] Other Important Information - The two large customers in the cell therapy space accounted for as much as 35%-40% of GMP revenue at their peak, but their absence is expected to impact revenue significantly in the near term [41][90] - The company has a diverse customer base, with 698 other customers, and is actively seeking to expand its reach in the cell therapy market through grant programs [94][96] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is the impact of the two large customers on revenue? - The two customers have significantly influenced revenue, making up a large portion of GMP revenue, and their absence is expected to reduce business temporarily [41][90] Question: How does the company view the recovery in the biotech market? - The company sees a lag of 2-3 quarters before funding translates into spending, but is optimistic about a recovery in fiscal year 2027 [58] Question: What are the expectations for the diagnostics business? - The diagnostics business is expected to continue performing well, with a more even revenue stream anticipated throughout the year [30][31] Question: How is the company addressing margin progression? - Management expects margin expansion to be consistent with revenue growth, projecting at least a 100 basis point improvement for the year [97]
Sanofi(SNY) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 21:15
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Company revenue increased from EUR 33 billion to approximately EUR 45 billion since 2019, indicating significant growth [2] - The workforce reduced from 118,000 in 2019 to around 72,000, reflecting a strategic shift towards modernization [2] - Manufacturing sites decreased from over 70 to 38, showcasing efforts to streamline operations [2] - In Q3, the company reported an 8.8% growth in revenue, 9.7% growth in BOI, and 12.4% growth in EPS, excluding buybacks [16] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Dupixent sales grew by 26% in Q3, demonstrating strong commercial capabilities despite competitive threats [3] - The company is focusing on advancing its pipeline, with key drugs like Tolebrutinib and Amlitelimab expected to contribute to future growth [4][5] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The U.S. market is projected to face LOE in 2031, while Europe is expected to follow in 2033, with the company holding numerous patents to mitigate risks [3] - The company anticipates significant growth opportunities in specialty care, which is becoming a larger part of its portfolio [16] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to transform into an R&D-led pharmaceutical entity, having exited consumer products to focus on high-quality drug development [2] - There is an emphasis on filling the pipeline with high-quality preclinical and phase one programs, as the current pipeline is considered insufficient [5] - The acquisition of Blueprint is seen as a strategic move to support top-line growth through the upcoming LOE of Dupixent [10] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the company's ability to commercialize new drugs effectively, despite challenges in R&D [3][4] - There is a cautious outlook for 2027, primarily due to the anticipated loss of R&D offsets from Regeneron [14] - The company is committed to maintaining R&D investment while ensuring financial efficiency and growth [16][21] Other Important Information - The company is actively pruning its R&D portfolio to focus on high-value indications, which is expected to enhance overall efficiency [40] - Management highlighted the importance of understanding patient populations and market dynamics in immunology to drive future success [57] Q&A Session Summary Question: How does the company plan to navigate the LOE in 2031? - The company has a robust pipeline and numerous patents, with plans to launch new medicines to sustain revenue post-LOE [3] Question: What is the company's strategy regarding internal pipeline versus M&A? - The company acknowledges a shortfall in high-quality preclinical programs and is looking to enhance its pipeline through strategic acquisitions [5] Question: How does the company view margin progression and R&D spending? - Management indicated that while R&D spending is crucial, the focus will be on ensuring that investments yield returns and contribute to overall financial health [21][23] Question: What are the expectations for Dupixent's growth in the face of competition? - Management believes Dupixent will continue to grow, supported by a large untapped patient population and the company's strong commercial execution [68] Question: How does the company assess the potential of Amlitelimab? - Amlitelimab is viewed as a potential blockbuster, with management expressing confidence in its market positioning and efficacy [45][51]
Amgen(AMGN) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 19:47
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a 10% revenue growth through the first nine months of the year, with product sales growth at 11% driven by a 14% volume growth [9][10] - In Q3, revenue growth was 12%, also driven by 14% volume growth, indicating strong momentum in the business [10] - Non-GAAP research and development expenses increased by 31% year over year in Q3, with a total of approximately $200 million spent on business development [12] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Repatha experienced a 30% year-over-year growth over the first nine months, with significant potential for future growth due to low penetration rates in the PCSK9 therapy market [13] - Evenity also grew by 30% year over year, holding a 60% market share in the U.S. bone builder market, with a large untapped patient population [14] - Tezspire achieved a remarkable 50% growth year over year, reaching $1 billion in sales in the U.S. for severe asthma [14] - The rare disease portfolio is annualizing at nearly $5 billion, growing 12% year over year, with Uplizna growing 50% year over year [15] - The innovative oncology segment grew by 11% year over year, driven by products like Blincyto and Imdeltra [15] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company noted that the penetration rates for PCSK9 therapy remain low, indicating significant growth opportunities in the market [13] - The rare disease market is expanding, particularly for Uplizna, which has seen increased usage in IgG4-related diseases [15] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on a volume-driven growth strategy, investing in innovation and science to enable longer, healthier lives [11] - Capital allocation priorities emphasize innovation, with a mid-20% allocation to R&D and a capital expenditure guide of $2.2 billion to $2.3 billion for the year [27][30] - The company is actively engaging with the government on pricing and access issues, aiming to enhance affordability for patients [32] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the strong momentum of the business and pipeline, highlighting the importance of innovation in the current environment [11][27] - The company anticipates increased competitive intensity in the biosimilar market, particularly for Prolia and Xgeva, but expects growth from its six major growth drivers [46][47] Other Important Information - The company is exploring opportunities in rare diseases and remains open to business development activities, including licensing and acquisitions [55] - The company has launched Amgen Now, a direct-to-consumer program aimed at increasing access to Repatha [32][40] Q&A Session Summary Question: What are the expectations for the impact of biosimilars on Prolia and Xgeva? - Management expects competitive intensity to increase, leading to revenue declines for Prolia and Xgeva, but anticipates growth from other product lines to offset this erosion [46][47] Question: How is the company navigating the pricing and access landscape? - The company has a history of successfully navigating pricing and access issues and remains confident in its ability to manage these challenges moving forward [36] Question: What is the company's strategy regarding rare diseases? - The company is pleased with its entry into the rare disease market and is open to further opportunities in this area, leveraging its existing capabilities [49][55]
Cabaletta Bio(CABA) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 19:47
Cabaletta Bio (NasdaqGS:CABA) FY 2025 Conference December 03, 2025 01:45 PM ET Company ParticipantsDavid Chang - CMOSteve Nichtberger - President, CEO, and Co-founderSteven Gavel - Chief Commercial OfficerConference Call ParticipantsSamantha Semenkow - Senior Biotech AnalystSamantha SemenkowGood afternoon. I'm Samantha Semenkow, Senior Biotech Analyst here at Citi, and today it's my pleasure to be hosting Cabaletta Bio for a fireside chat at Citi's Global Healthcare Conference. I'm joined today by President ...
Glaukos(GKOS) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 19:47
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company has transitioned from a cash-burning phase to a cash flow break-even profile, with the convertible debt retired and a focus on capital-light operations [31][32] - Revenue growth is expected to continue, with operating margins projected in the 30% to 35% range as the company progresses towards profitability [76][77] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The core MIGS market has seen double-digit growth over the past year but is projected to decline in the mid-single digits next year, with the stent business expected to stabilize [13][16] - iDose is becoming a significant driver of revenue, with a shift towards pharmaceutical revenue potentially surpassing device revenue [9][10] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The reimbursement landscape for concomitant MIGS is facing low double-digit decreases, impacting professional fees while facility economics remain stable [20] - The company is currently working with four of the seven MACs that are reimbursing for professional fees, representing about 70% of Medicare lives [44] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to establish itself in the interventional glaucoma market, focusing on innovative product solutions and expanding its pipeline to include rare disease treatments like Epioxa [9][62] - The strategy includes enhancing education and awareness for rare diseases, which requires a different approach compared to more prevalent conditions like glaucoma [60][62] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about the future, highlighting the importance of clinical outcomes and physician enthusiasm for iDose, which is expected to drive growth [28][30] - The company is focused on executing its strategies and addressing reimbursement challenges to facilitate broader adoption of its products [84][85] Other Important Information - The next-generation iDose TREX is in development, designed to carry a larger drug payload and potentially allow for longer durations of effect [55][56] - The company is also exploring in-office procedures for iDose, which could expand its market reach [57] Q&A Session Summary Question: What are the expectations for the iDose launch? - Management noted that while there were initial challenges with reimbursement, the clinical performance of iDose has exceeded expectations, leading to increased physician interest [26][28] Question: How is the company approaching profitability? - The focus remains on achieving cash flow breakeven in the short term while balancing revenue growth with necessary investments in product launches and R&D [75] Question: What is the outlook for the reimbursement landscape? - Management indicated that continued education and clinical demand are essential for expanding reimbursement coverage, with a goal of reducing the focus on reimbursement issues over time [49][50]
Amgen(AMGN) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 19:47
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a 10% revenue growth through the first nine months of the year, with product sales growth at 11% driven by a 14% volume growth [10] - In Q3, revenue growth was 12%, also driven by 14% volume growth, indicating strong momentum in the business [10][11] - Non-GAAP research and development expenses increased by 31% year-over-year in Q3, with a total of approximately $200 million spent on business development [12] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Repatha experienced a 30% year-over-year growth over the first nine months, with significant potential for future growth due to low penetration rates in the PCSK9 therapy market [13] - Evenity also grew by 30% year-over-year, holding a 60% market share in the U.S. bone builder market, with a large untapped patient population [14] - Tezspire achieved 50% year-over-year growth, surpassing $1 billion in sales in the U.S. for severe asthma [14] - The rare disease portfolio is annualizing at close to $5 billion, growing 12% year-over-year, with Uplizna growing 50% year-over-year [15] - The innovative oncology segment grew by 11% year-over-year, driven by products like Imdeltra and Blincyto [15] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company noted that the penetration rates for PCSK9 therapy remain low, indicating significant growth opportunities in the market [13] - The competitive intensity in the biosimilar market is expected to increase, particularly for Prolia and Xgeva, which may lead to revenue declines [43] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on a volume-driven growth strategy, investing in innovation and science to enable longer, healthier lives [11] - Capital allocation priorities emphasize innovation, with a mid-20% allocation to R&D and a capital expenditure guide of $2.2-$2.3 billion for the year [26][29] - The company is actively engaging with the current administration regarding pricing and access policies, aiming to enhance affordability for patients [30] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the strong momentum of the business and pipeline, highlighting the importance of innovation in the current environment [11][26] - The company anticipates continued growth from its six major growth drivers, including Repatha, Evenity, Tezspire, and its rare disease portfolio [15][45] - Management acknowledged the challenges posed by increasing competition in the biosimilar market but remains optimistic about offsetting these challenges with growth from other segments [43][45] Other Important Information - The company is exploring opportunities in rare diseases and remains open to business development activities, including licensing and acquisitions [52] - The direct-to-consumer program, Amgen Now, was introduced to enhance access to Repatha, reflecting a strategic move towards consumer engagement [30][38] Q&A Session Summary Question: What are the expectations for the impact of biosimilars on Prolia and Xgeva? - Management expects competitive intensity to increase, leading to revenue declines for Prolia and Xgeva, but anticipates different erosion curves for each product due to their market dynamics [43][44] Question: How does the company view its position in the rare disease market? - Management expressed satisfaction with its entry into the rare disease market and sees significant opportunities for growth, leveraging its existing capabilities [46][52] Question: What is the company's strategy regarding Maritide and its potential in other indications? - The company is monitoring the field for opportunities to expand Maritide's use beyond obesity and diabetes, considering its potential in related comorbidities [60][62]
Glaukos(GKOS) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 19:47
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company has transitioned from a cash-burning phase to a cash flow break-even profile, with the convertible debt retired and a return to normal capital spending [31][32] - Operating expenses are growing, but the company is showing leverage in its financial model as revenues increase [32][33] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The core MIGS market has seen double-digit growth over the past year but is projected to decline in the mid-single digits next year [13][16] - The introduction of iDose is cannibalizing some of the stent business, but it is also expanding the overall market opportunity [15][19] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The reimbursement landscape for concomitant MIGS is expected to decline in low double digits for 2026, impacting professional fees [20] - Four out of seven MACs are now reimbursing for the professional fee associated with iDose, covering about 70% of Medicare lives [44] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on creating differentiated product solutions in large market opportunities, with a shift towards pharmaceutical revenues [9][10] - The strategy includes a strong emphasis on education and awareness for rare diseases, particularly with the launch of Epioxa [62] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management is optimistic about the future, citing strong physician enthusiasm and positive clinical outcomes for iDose [28][30] - The company aims to shift discussions from reimbursement issues to clinical adoption and standard of care improvements in the coming year [84] Other Important Information - The next-generation iDose TREX is in development, designed to carry a larger drug payload and potentially allow for longer duration effects [55][56] - The company recognizes the challenges in treating rare diseases and is committed to transforming its approach to market access and patient education [60][62] Q&A Session Summary Question: What are the expectations for the MIGS market? - The MIGS market has grown but is expected to stabilize next year, with iDose impacting the stent business [15][16] Question: How is the reimbursement landscape evolving? - Four of the seven MACs are now reimbursing for iDose, with ongoing efforts to educate and drive demand for the remaining MACs [44][45] Question: What is the company's path to profitability? - The focus remains on achieving cash flow breakeven in the short term while aiming for operating margins of 30%-35% in the medium to long term [75][76] Question: What are the key challenges in launching Epioxa? - The company is aware of the need for education and awareness in the rare disease space, which requires significant investment and effort [60][62] Question: What will the company be discussing next year? - Management hopes to focus on clinical adoption and the opportunities associated with iDose and Epioxa, moving past reimbursement-related discussions [84]
Waystar Holding Corp.(WAY) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 19:47
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a standalone growth rate of 8% year-over-year for Q4, indicating strength in the business [48] - Revenue mix is approximately 50% subscription and 50% volume-based, allowing the company to capture upside from increased utilization [18] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company is seeing significant demand for multiple sales solutions and platform-type opportunities, particularly as clients seek to reduce the number of vendors in their ecosystem [15][16] - The acquisition of Iodine is expected to enhance the company's ability to submit "perfect undeniable claims," improving the overall claims process [10][12] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company has a total addressable market opportunity of over $17 billion, with low penetration in the high single digits [43] - Utilization has been strong, with continued patient engagement leading to increased revenue opportunities for healthcare providers [18] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to build, buy, or partner in the digital front door market to enhance patient engagement and revenue capture [44] - There is a focus on autonomous coding as a means to improve efficiency and accuracy in claims processing [45] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in maintaining long-term low double-digit revenue growth and strong free cash flow conversion [51] - The company is cautiously optimistic about the future, with no immediate changes expected in growth expectations [51] Other Important Information - The company has a high gross revenue retention rate of 97% and typically sees annual price increases of 3-4% [24] - The generative AI solutions have shown significant early reception, with clients reporting a 70% decrease in prior authorization times and a 90% reduction in time for denials and appeals management [21][22] Q&A Session Summary Question: How has the sales cycle shaped up this year versus prior years? - Management noted strong activity in the pipeline and demand for multiple sales solutions, particularly from health systems and hospitals [14][17] Question: Can you discuss the impact of AI on your technology stack? - The company highlighted the integration of over 160 AI modules from Iodine, which enhance the processing of unstructured data into clinical codes [13] Question: What is the competitive dynamic in the market? - Management emphasized the differentiation in ROI and client experience compared to legacy competitors and new entrants, highlighting the importance of a high-touch client experience [29][30] Question: What are the future opportunities for growth? - The company is exploring opportunities in the digital front door market and autonomous coding, aiming to address client pain points and enhance service offerings [44][45]
Amgen(AMGN) - 2025 FY - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-12-03 19:45
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a 10% revenue growth through the first nine months of the year, with product sales growth at 11% driven by a 14% volume growth [9][10] - In Q3, revenue growth was 12%, also driven by 14% volume growth, indicating strong momentum in the business [9][10] - Non-GAAP research and development expenses increased by 31% year over year in Q3, with a total of approximately $200 million spent on business development [12][28] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Repatha experienced a 30% year-over-year growth over the first nine months, with significant potential for future growth due to low penetration rates in the PCSK9 therapy market [13] - Evenity also grew by 30% year over year, holding a 60% market share in the bone builder market in the US, with a large untapped patient population [13] - Tezspire achieved 50% year-over-year growth, surpassing $1 billion in sales in the US for severe asthma [14] - The rare disease portfolio is annualizing at close to $5 billion, growing 12% year over year, with Uplizna growing 50% year over year [15] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The biosimilar portfolio grew by 40% year over year, now annualizing at approximately $3 billion, with cumulative revenues of $13 billion since inception [15] - The company expects increasing competitive intensity in the biosimilar market, particularly for Prolia and Xgeva, which may lead to revenue declines [43][44] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company emphasizes innovation as its top capital allocation priority, with a focus on internal and external growth opportunities [26][28] - The company is actively engaging with the current administration regarding pricing and access policies, aiming to enhance affordability for patients [31][32] - The company is exploring opportunities in rare diseases, indicating a strong interest in expanding its portfolio in this area [48][57] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in the strong momentum of the business and pipeline, highlighting the importance of volume-driven growth strategies [9][10] - The company remains optimistic about the long-term growth outlook, driven by its therapeutic areas and ongoing investments in innovation [10][12] - Management acknowledged the challenges posed by increasing competition in the biosimilar market but believes that growth drivers in other areas will offset these challenges [46] Other Important Information - The company is preparing for upcoming PDUFA dates, particularly for Uplizna, which is expected to drive further growth [15] - The company is focused on expanding its manufacturing capabilities to support the increased volume growth [29][30] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is Amgen's current position regarding agreements with the administration on manufacturing and pricing? - The company is actively engaging with the administration and has had positive relations, emphasizing its commitment to innovation and affordability for patients [31][32] Question: How does the company view the competitive landscape for Maritide in the obesity and diabetes space? - The company is confident in its ability to navigate pricing and access challenges, leveraging its experience from previous product launches [35][39] Question: What are the expectations for the denosumab biosimilar market? - The company anticipates increased competitive intensity and revenue declines for Prolia and Xgeva, but expects growth from other product lines to offset these declines [43][44] Question: How does the company plan to approach business development in rare diseases? - The company is open to various business development strategies, including licensing and acquisitions, to expand its rare disease portfolio [48][57]