Reforms for a Formal and Prosperous Indonesia Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Acknowledgements T his report was prepared by the Poverty and Equity and the Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment Glob- al Practices of the World Bank by a team that included Imam Setiawan (Economist), Samuel Nursamsu (Economist), Vinayak Alladi (Consultant), Christine Ablaza (Consultant), Dyah Pritadrajati (Consul- tant), Filip Jolevski (Economis ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER THEMATIC POLICY NOTES SERIES: EVIDENCE AND PRACTICE NOTE ADDRESSING PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY ELIZABETH COSTENBADER, LORENA LEVANO GAVIDIA, ANA MARÍA MUÑOZ BOUDET ABSTRACT: Pluralistic ignorance is a social norms phenomenon in which people mistakenly believe that their personal preferences are not what most people around them support or prefer. Th ...

With funding by the Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Subnational Business Ready in the European Union 2025: CZECHIA © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpr ...

公开披露经授权 公开披露经授权 在复苏之路上：应对乌克兰 交通运输劳动力短缺问题 ©MDCT 公开披露经授权 公开披露经授权 在复苏之路上：应对乌克兰交通运输劳动力短缺问题 © 2025 世界银行 1818 H街西北，华盛顿特区，20433，美 国 电话：202-473-1000；互联网： www.worldbank.org 部分权利保留。 此项工作是世界银行的成果。本报告中表述的发现、解释和结论不一定反映世界银行执行董事或其所代表政府的观点。 世界银行不对本作品中包含的数据的准确性、完整性或时效性做出保证，也不对信息中存在的任何错误、遗漏或差异，或对使用 或未使用所提供的信息、方法、程序或结论负责任。本作品中显示的边界、颜色、名称、链接/脚注和其他信息并不代表世界银 行对任何领土的法律地位做出的任何判断，也不代表世界银行对这些边界的认可或接受。引用他人的作品并不意味着世界银行认 可这些作者所表达的观点或其作品的内容。 本协议任何内容均不构成或被视为对世界银行的特权和豁免权的限制或放弃，所有这些特权和豁免权均被专门保留。 权利与许可 该作品中的材料受版权保护。由于世界银行鼓励传播其知识，只要注明对这项作品的完 ...

利比亚 经济监测 在公共财务管理中建立问责 制和透明度的路径 公开披露已获授权 2025年秋季 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 中东、北非、阿富汗和巴基斯坦（MENAAP）地区 2025年秋季 设定公共财政管理中的问责与透明路径 利比亚经济监测 © 2025 世界复兴银行 / 世界银行 1818 H街西北 华盛顿特区 20433 电话：202-473-1000 互联网：www.worldbank.org 这项工作是世界银行工作人员的成果，并得到了外部贡献。这项工作中表达的调查结果、解释和结论不一定反映世界银行的看法 、其执行董事会或它们所代表的政府的观点。 世界银行不保证本作品中包含的数据的准确性、完整性或时效性，也不对信息中出现的任何错误、遗漏或差异承担责任，或对使 用或未能使用所提供的信息、方法、程序或结论承担责任。本作品中任何地图上显示的边界、颜色、面值和其他信息，均不意味 着世界银行对任何领土的法律地位作出任何判断，也不意味着对这样或那样的边界给予认可或接受。 世界银行的联系，所有这些都专门保留。 本条款中任何内容均不构成或被视为对特权和豁免的限制或放弃 本作品中包含的材料受版权 ...

公共披露已获授权 公共披露已获授权 公共披露已获授权 公共披露已获授权 聚焦说明 青年女性的普惠 金融路径 金融服务提供者和出资者的机遇 2025年12月 • 拉尼·德什潘德和阿诺尼克·孔宁 致谢 这份CGAP焦点简报是在与加纳和坦桑尼亚的金融服务提供者 进行构思流程后开发的。作者感谢加纳的G-Money和CAMFE D以及坦桑尼亚的BRAC和CRDB银行基金会，以及来自金融 部门深化坦桑尼亚（FSDT）、71point4、Gmaurich Insights 、Indago、Yux和Konfidants咨询公司的同事，他们为研究和 构思工作做出了贡献。 同时感谢以下同行评审专家的宝贵反馈：CGAP的Jamie And erson、Estelle Lahaye和Xavier Faz，以及来自盖茨基金会的 Amani M'bale和Arora Associates的Sukhwinder Arora等外部 评审专家。我们还要感谢CGAP的Jahda Swanborough、Meli nda Wood和Simrin Makhija在沟通方面的支持。 权利与许可 这项工作在Creative Commons Attrib ...

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Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry [9]. Core Insights - The forests in Ghana cover approximately 31% of the country's area, supporting 2.5 million people and meeting 54% of the national energy needs. The estimated cost of deforestation is $400 million, accounting for 0.7% of Ghana's GDP in 2017 [15][29]. - The Ghanaian government has made significant efforts to reduce deforestation and improve forest management, including various initiatives and projects supported by the World Bank [30][32]. - The study estimates the financial and economic profitability of selected land use changes, focusing on the national benefits of forests, particularly water services, rather than global benefits like carbon and biodiversity [16][32]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Ghana's forests are crucial for the economy, providing significant ecosystem services and supporting livelihoods. However, many forests are being converted to other land uses, leading to adverse effects on local communities and the national economy [29][30]. Methodology - The study employs a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) over a 30-year period, using a 7% discount rate to assess the net benefits of selected land use changes from both farmers' and national perspectives [18][40]. Cost-Benefit Analysis Results - In the Pra basin, converting closed forests to single cocoa cultivation yields a net benefit of approximately $1,300 per hectare for farmers. However, when considering the economic value of reduced water availability due to increased sedimentation, the net present value (NPV) can drop to negative values in areas with high sediment transport [19][70]. - In the Volta basin, the net benefit for farmers converting closed forests to maize cultivation is estimated at $1,200 per hectare. Similar to the Pra basin, the economic NPV becomes negative in areas with significant sediment transport [19][71]. Conclusion - The study indicates that while converting closed forests to selected alternative uses is financially attractive for farmers, it can lead to economic losses for the country in areas with high sediment transport. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes could encourage forest conservation in these regions [26][27].

公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 提升腰果行业的卫生和植 物卫生实践及产品质量 由詹姆斯·费茨帕特里克翻译 加纳 阿什维尼·雷卡·塞巴斯蒂安 / 世界银行 © 2025 世界银行 1818 H街西北，华盛顿特区20433 www.worldbank.org 电话：202-473-1000。互联网： 这项工作是世界银行工作人员的成果。本工作中表达的研究结果、解释和结论不一定反映世界银行、其执行董事 会或他们所代表政府的观点。 世界银行不对本作品中包含的数据准确性作保证。本作品中任何地图上所示的国界、颜色、名称及其他信息均不 构成世界银行对任何领土法律地位的任何判断，也不构成对所述国界的认可或接受。 权利和许可 本章内容受版权保护。由于世界银行鼓励其知识的传播，只要充分注明来源，本章内容即可为非商业目的而全部 或部分复制。 归因： 请如下引用此项工作："世界银行，2025年。加纳：改进腰果行业的卫生和植物卫生实践及产品质量。© 2025 世界银行。" 所有关于权利和许可的查询，包括附属权利，应致世界银行出版物，世界银行集团，美国华盛顿特区西 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The rise of digital lending in Indonesia has significantly impacted the financial landscape, with over 40% of borrowers having taken at least one fintech loan by the end of the sample period [3][10] - Digital lenders have expanded financial inclusion by reaching previously unbanked households, although their geographical coverage remains limited and primarily focuses on consumer financing [3][12] - A notable portion of borrowers transitioned from high-interest fintech loans to cheaper conventional credit over time, but high default rates persist among those who initially relied on digital loans [3][13] - Recent regulatory reforms, such as interest rate caps and unified reporting standards for digital and traditional loans, have been assessed for their impact on credit market stability and consumer protection [3][14] Summary by Sections Introduction - Indonesia has made significant progress in financial inclusion, driven by a wave of retail financial product innovations, particularly digital lending since around 2020 [9][10] - The expansion of fintech loans raises questions about their effectiveness in enhancing financial inclusion in underserved urban areas and supporting small business lending [9][10] Data and Methodology - The analysis is based on a unique dataset of over 139,865 anonymized personal credit records from a private credit bureau in Indonesia, covering the period from 2018 to 2024 [22][24] - The dataset allows tracking individual credit histories and understanding the role of fintech loans in the emerging digital financial ecosystem [10][11] Findings on Credit Market Trends - The average borrower in Indonesia has seen a steady increase in credit volume, with significant regional disparities in credit access and borrower characteristics [36][39] - Fintech loans, while growing rapidly, still represent a small portion of total credit, accounting for about 5% of all loans [54][55] - The majority of digital loans are used for consumption rather than productive investments, indicating a potential limitation in supporting economic growth [62][63] Borrower Characteristics and Behavior - Fintech borrowers tend to be younger, more likely to be entrepreneurs, and concentrated in urban areas, contrasting with traditional borrowers [58][59] - Borrowers who start with fintech loans exhibit higher default rates compared to those who begin with traditional loans, with a difference of 5 to 7 percentage points [13][73] Regulatory Impact - Recent regulations aimed at supporting financial inclusion have inadvertently restricted credit access for unbanked households, as lenders shift focus to lower-risk borrowers [14][15] - The report emphasizes the importance of non-traditional credit information in lending to unbanked households, highlighting the role of private credit bureaus [14][15]