Mobility and Transport Connectivity Series Performance-based contracts for in the State of Bahia Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Eric Lancelot Joanna Moody Gabriel Pereira Caldeira Carlos Garzón Guinea Carlos Augusto Costa David Anibal Coelho da Costa Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Performance-based contracts for Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance in the State of Bahia 3 © 2026 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washingt ...

公众披露批准 三月二〇二六 2026/150 一份能源与采掘业全球实践的知识点系列 稳定之手助稳步行：为何新兴电力市场需要 托管合同 新的电力市场具有固有的波动性和市场力量风险。 关键所在。 滥用——"换牙期的麻烦"，可能会破坏改革。授权合同是私有化前实施的过渡性财务避险措施，旨在稳定发电收入 并保护零售商——以及最终保护消费者——免受价格冲击。通过模仿垂直一体化公用事业的天然避险或成熟、流 动性市场的避险投资组合，这些合同在向竞争过渡期间提供稳定力量。然而，这些合同的顺利实施需要精确的价 格和量度建模，以规范市场行为，同时不牺牲短期经济效率或抑制长期投资。 是同一顾问伊布拉希姆·艾特梅·尔腾 智能平台，以及试点运营。一点常常 公众披露批准 推出新的批发电力市场涉及滥用市场力量，以及缺乏经验的零售商和发电厂。 一系列复杂的步骤——从修订基本立法者可能会犯下代价高昂的错误——有时代价高得令人难以承受 关于定义市场设计和规则，设立交易，以破产告终。 这些风险通过电力市场被忽视的事实而加剧，这是市场实际表现的方式。 改革通常旨在吸引新的投资于早期发电。特别是在最初几天和几周内，任何事物 这通常意味着供应已经紧张。可 ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1 CONTENTS SUMMARY REPORT CAMEROON HEALTH EQUITY DIAGNOSTIC NOVEMBER 2025 | Background | 3 | | --- | --- | | Methods | 5 | | Results | 5 | | High Level Summary of Key Findings | 5 | | System Performance Goals | 7 | | Health Status | 7 | | Financial Risk Protection | 9 | | Intermediate Performance Objectives | 11 | | Inequities in Service Coverage | 12 | | Inequities in Access | 13 | | Conclusi ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry or the project. Core Insights - The reconstruction of Princess Juliana International Airport (PJIA) represents a significant disaster recovery effort, showcasing how effective leadership and stakeholder engagement can transform setbacks into opportunities [18][22] - PJIA is crucial for Sint Maarten's economy, contributing 45% to GDP and generating 73% of foreign exchange revenues, highlighting its importance as a critical infrastructure asset [20][22] - The case study offers valuable lessons for disaster-prone regions, emphasizing the need for resilience and recovery strategies that can be applied globally [22][49] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The reconstruction of PJIA exemplifies a comprehensive recovery effort following the devastation caused by Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, culminating in the terminal's reopening in November 2024 [18][19] Introduction - The case study documents the challenges and successes of PJIA's recovery, emphasizing the airport's role as a vital economic lifeline for Sint Maarten [63][64] Hurricane Impact Overview - Hurricanes Irma and Maria caused extensive damage to PJIA, with damages estimated at US$1.38 billion, significantly impacting the island's economy and tourism sector [83][84] Reconstruction Process - The reconstruction involved multiple phases, with initial responses focusing on repairing critical infrastructure and gradually restoring passenger processing capacity [30][34][38] - Financing for the reconstruction was complex, requiring a blend of resources from various stakeholders, including the Government of Sint Maarten and international partners [34][35] Implementation Challenges - The project faced numerous challenges, including leadership vacuums, financial uncertainties, and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which extended the recovery timeline to seven years [33][41][42] Lessons Learned - Key lessons include the importance of disaster preparedness, financial resilience, and the need for robust governance structures to support recovery efforts [50][52][58] - The project demonstrated the effectiveness of innovative procurement approaches and stakeholder engagement in achieving successful outcomes [44][45][48] Future Recommendations - The report emphasizes the need for ongoing investment in infrastructure resilience, diversified revenue streams, and comprehensive disaster recovery plans to enhance future preparedness [53][56][58]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry discussed Core Insights - Business upgrading programs in developing economies yield significant benefits for male entrepreneurs but limited impacts for female entrepreneurs, highlighting concerns of efficiency and equity [5][11] - The study introduces a Program Readiness Scorecard (PRS) to identify entrepreneurs most likely to benefit from business upgrading programs, demonstrating that targeted interventions can close the gender program gap [5][19] - Targeting women in the top quartile of the PRS distribution results in performance returns statistically indistinguishable from those of male entrepreneurs, effectively closing the gender gap [5][18] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the disparity in revenue and profitability between male and female entrepreneurs, emphasizing the need for targeted business upgrading programs [11][12] - It highlights the significant investments made in these programs, particularly aimed at supporting women, yet notes the limited returns for female entrepreneurs [11][12] Conceptual Framework - The gender program gap is attributed to tighter credit constraints and lower baseline entrepreneurial ability for women, which limits their ability to capitalize on business upgrading programs [12][21] - The PRS is developed to target female entrepreneurs who are "program ready," thereby increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes from interventions [14][42] Methodology - The study utilizes data from randomized controlled trials in Uganda, South Africa, and Mexico, involving 2,595 entrepreneurs, with a focus on evaluating the effectiveness of the PRS [15][49] - The PRS is based on ten observable factors that indicate entrepreneurial readiness, allowing for targeted selection of participants [14][46] Findings - The analysis reveals a significant gender program gap, with male entrepreneurs experiencing substantial gains while female entrepreneurs see negligible returns [18][74] - Implementing gender-neutral screening improves outcomes for women, but they still lag behind men in terms of program returns [78] - Targeting high-PRS women completely closes the gender program gap, demonstrating the effectiveness of the PRS approach [18][79] Policy Implications - The PRS can be used to enhance program outcomes for women-led firms and identify those needing additional support before engaging in high-value initiatives [5][20] - The findings suggest that the PRS is a cost-effective and operationally simple tool for targeting entrepreneurs with the greatest potential for growth [20][21]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under analysis. Core Insights - The empirical assessment of Saudi Arabia's industrial policy reveals no statistically significant impact on exports during the sample period, indicating that structural transformation and export upgrading typically require long-term horizons [2][15][79] - Industrial policy interventions have led to a reduction in the number of active firms, suggesting a shift in firm composition within the industry [15][84] - Local content requirements have resulted in increased employment but decreased capital investment, while domestic subsidies have shown transitory declines in earnings [16][90] Summary by Sections Introduction - Saudi Arabia's economic transformation is characterized by a shift from a rentier model reliant on oil to a diversified economy, with industrial policy playing a central role in this transition [7][8] - The Vision 2030 framework aims to establish Saudi Arabia as a "Global Industrial Powerhouse" through various strategic programs [8] Industrial Policy Landscape - Saudi Arabia has announced a high number of industrial policy measures compared to other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, particularly from 2018 to 2020 [14][45] - The predominant use of domestic subsidies and export-related measures characterizes the policy mix, with a shift in sectoral targeting from extractive industries to more complex manufacturing activities [14][48] Empirical Evaluation - The analysis employs a staggered Difference-in-Differences methodology to evaluate the impact of industrial policy on export volumes and firm-level outcomes [10][73] - The findings indicate that while industrial policies have not significantly affected export performance, they have led to a decrease in the number of active firms and modest changes in employment and capital investment [15][84][90] Domestic Outcomes - On the extensive margin, industrial policy interventions have resulted in a statistically significant decline in the number of active firms, while average firm age remained unchanged [84] - On the intensive margin, employment showed positive trends, but capital investment and earnings exhibited negative trends, indicating a complex relationship between policy interventions and firm performance [87][90]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under review Core Insights - The paper investigates the balance between career and family for college-educated women in Indonesia, highlighting increasing polarization in choices among younger cohorts, with some delaying marriage and others opting out of the labor force post-marriage [3][16] - The findings suggest that rapid economic growth in Indonesia has led to a divergence in women's choices, influenced by the entry of more women into high-skilled professions and rising conservatism among young men, creating challenges in the marriage market [3][14] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the stagnation of female labor force participation in low- and middle-income countries despite economic growth, challenging the U-shaped hypothesis of female labor participation [11][12] - It emphasizes the role of family formation decisions in mediating female labor supply and the implications for gender equality in emerging economies [12][14] Background Contexts and Data - Indonesia is identified as a rapidly growing economy with significant improvements in female higher education, with female enrollment in tertiary education surpassing male enrollment since 2012 [20][22] - The analysis utilizes data from the Labor Force Survey and the Indonesia Family Life Survey to examine labor market dynamics and family formation across different birth cohorts [23][24] Empirical Strategy - The report adapts Goldin's framework to analyze the stages of career and family decisions among college-educated women in Indonesia, focusing on the evolution of these dynamics across birth cohorts [27][30] - It employs a regression framework to assess labor market and family formation outcomes, allowing for a detailed examination of the interplay between these factors [44][72] Evolution of Family Formation and Labor Market Dynamics - Marriage trends indicate a rising delay in marriage among college-educated women, particularly from the 1990s birth cohorts, suggesting a shift in societal norms [46][48] - Labor force participation rates fluctuate but show a tendency for younger cohorts to remain in the labor force longer while delaying family formation [53][58] - The analysis reveals a polarization in outcomes, with younger cohorts increasingly specializing in either career or family, rather than balancing both [78][87] Potential Drivers - The report identifies "greedy work" as a significant factor contributing to the challenges faced by women in balancing career and family, alongside rising conservatism among men affecting marriage market dynamics [88]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry analyzed. Core Insights - Global fertility is declining, with significant variations influenced by climate-related hazards, particularly distinguishing between population disruption and lethality [4][20][26]. - Climate-related hazards do not show a systematic fertility response under population disruption but are linked to persistent fertility reductions under lethality lasting at least 15 years [20][22][26]. - Different types of climate hazards have varying impacts on fertility, with storms and droughts leading to declines, while heat and cold waves may result in modest increases [20][23][26]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Fertility rates have sharply declined globally, with most regions falling below replacement levels by 2023, except for Oceania and Africa [10][11]. - The decline is attributed to factors like education, delayed marriage, and economic costs of child-rearing, alongside emerging challenges like climate change [11][12]. Methodology - The study combines global fertility data with disaster records from 1950 to 2023, using two measures of disaster exposure: population disruption and lethality [18][19]. - A generalized difference-in-differences design is employed to estimate dynamic fertility responses to disasters [19][20]. Results - Under population disruption, climate-related hazards do not produce systematic fertility declines, while under lethality, they are associated with long-lasting reductions [22][26]. - Disaggregating climate-related hazards reveals that storms and droughts drive significant fertility declines, whereas heat and cold waves are linked to modest increases [23][26]. - Fertility responses vary over time, with lethality effects being modest but consistently negative, and showing little amplification in low-income settings [25][26]. Discussion - The findings indicate that fertility responses to climate-related hazards depend on the type of hazard and the severity dimension, rather than following a uniform pattern [26][27]. - The attenuation of lethality-based effects in recent decades suggests improvements in vulnerability and preparedness [27][30]. Conclusion - The study provides causal estimates of how climate-related hazards affect fertility, emphasizing the need for policies that maintain access to reproductive health care and household stability following severe events [30][34]. - Future research should link fertility more directly to climate anomalies and examine both acute shocks and slow-onset climatic stressors [34].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The study evaluates the impact of socio-emotional skills (SES) training on economic outcomes for agricultural entrepreneurs in Nigeria, revealing that SES training significantly increased women's business profits by over 50% [4][16][20]. - The research indicates that interpersonal skills training, when combined with personal skills training, yields similar economic benefits, with a notable increase in productivity for existing businesses [16][17]. - The findings suggest that while SES training enhances women's economic outcomes, it does not significantly affect their decision-making power or agency, highlighting a gap between economic performance and empowerment [17][24]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Socio-emotional skills are increasingly recognized as key drivers of success in the labor market, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [11][12]. Methodology - A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 4,500 agricultural entrepreneurs in Nigeria, assessing the effects of different types of SES training [12][28]. Results - SES training led to a significant increase in women's economic outcomes, with average business profits rising over 50% [16][20]. - Both interpersonal and combined training approaches produced positive results, but the combined approach had a more pronounced impact on overall business performance [17][24]. - The training improved women's interpersonal skills, while men benefited more from the combined training in terms of internal skills like emotional awareness and perseverance [16][26]. Discussion - The study highlights the importance of gender norms in shaping the effectiveness of SES training, suggesting that supportive community environments enhance the positive impacts of such training [16][24]. - The research contributes to the growing evidence that SES training can significantly improve economic outcomes in LMICs, with a cost of approximately $137 per participant, which is lower than similar programs [20][21]. Conclusion - The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers on the design of SES programs, emphasizing the need to tailor training to gender-specific needs and address structural barriers to empowerment [24][25].

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the importance of inclusive and trustworthy identity systems as a foundation for sustainable development and digital transformation [37]. Core Insights - The publication aims to support policymakers and practitioners in planning, designing, and implementing identity systems that are sensitive to statelessness, considering the circumstances of stateless individuals [37][38]. - It highlights the risks and opportunities presented by the rapid modernization of identity systems, particularly through the adoption of new digital identity forms as part of digital public infrastructure (DPI) [38]. - The report outlines specific measures to make identity systems more inclusive, such as conducting statelessness assessments during project preparation and aligning national frameworks with international standards to prevent and reduce statelessness [35]. Summary by Sections Introduction - Statelessness is defined as individuals who are not considered nationals by any state under the operation of its law [64]. - The report discusses the global prevalence of stateless individuals, particularly in vulnerable regions affected by conflict and violence, with an estimated 4.4 million stateless persons reported by UNHCR [65]. Challenges and Opportunities in Identity Recognition - Key challenges include legal and administrative barriers, data protection and privacy issues, and the need for fair procedures [29][31][32]. - Important opportunities involve identifying stateless individuals, integrating them into identity systems, and improving birth registration systems [35][40]. Strategies for Statelessness-Sensitive and Inclusive Identity Systems - The report suggests assessing statelessness status and adopting context-specific approaches to design identity systems [48][51]. - It emphasizes the need for inclusive ID systems that recognize the rights of stateless individuals and protect their visibility within the system [44]. General Recommendations and Action Items - Recommendations include establishing inclusive ID systems, integrating statelessness analysis early in project planning, and ensuring alignment with international standards [44][46]. - Action plans involve engaging with affected communities, providing legal assistance, and monitoring outcomes to adapt inclusive systems [49][50]. Conclusion - By embedding statelessness sensitivity into identity system planning and implementation, countries can prevent and reduce statelessness while improving service quality for all populations [52].