Romania Drought Risk Assessment 2024 THE WORLD BANK DANUBE PROGRAM ll ( ©2025 国际复兴开发银行 / 世界银行 1818 H Street NW 华盛顿特区 20433 电话：202-473-1000 互联网：www.worldbank.org 免责声明 本工作为世界银行工作人员及外部贡献者共同创作。本工作中所表达的研究发现、解释和结 论并不一定反映世界银行、其执行董事会或他们所代表的各国的观点。 世界银行不保证本工作中包含的数据的准确性、完整性或时效性，不对信息中的任何错误、 遗漏或差异承担责任，也不对使用或未使用信息、方法、过程或结论承担任何责任。本工作 中所示边界、颜色、名称、链接/脚注和其他信息并不表明世界银行对任何领土的法律地位的 任何判断，也不表示认可或接受此类边界。引用其他作者的作品并不意味着世界银行认可这 些作者的观点或其作品的内容。 本条款内所载内容不得构成、解释或视为对世界银行特权与豁免权的限制或放弃，所有此类 特权与豁免权均予以特别保留。 权利和许可 本工作中的材料受版权保护。由于世界银行鼓励其知识的传播，只要充 ...

公共信息披露授权 教育笔记 第5期 | 2024年11月 指导笔记：在低收入和中收入国家设计和实施高质 量早期学习环境原则 内维恩·纳哈斯，艾亚·贾拉，和玛格雷特·姆齐拉伊 加强学前教育（ECE）的学习环境对于提升儿童的学习 体验至关重要。优质的学前教育学习环境以儿童互动、 协作和探索的动态机会为特点。本指导方针为教师和学 校提供设计和管理优质学前教育学习环境的方法。它概 述了学习环境中质量的关键原则。 说明了可以在低中等收入国家（LMICs）实施的质量要素 ，并提供了来自埃及、坦桑尼亚和约旦的实例。它还描述 了这些质量要素在早期儿童教育（ECE）环境中的可能样 子，以及教育工作者如何在日常工作中利用环境。最后， 这份简报确定了政策制定者和世界银行团队可以应用的要 点考虑，以支持和加强质量学习环境。 框 1. 主要信息 优质的学习环境应提供动态空间，让孩子们能够与教育者和同伴互动，探索材料，并参与各种活动。这些经历是他们社会、 情感和智力成长的核心。 关键要素的质量早期学习应在所有环境中具备，包括以下这些： 为了加强早期学习环境的质量，各国应进行全面的需求评估，以识别结构和流程中的质量差距，并据此进行有针对性 ...

政策简报202 4 不丹的愿望 人、进步和地球：到 2029年实现上中等收 入水平 公共披露授权 公共披露授权 公共披露授权 结论 25 弥合不丹可持续金融架构的差距 公共披露授权 表格内容 目录 01 03 06 面临不丹家庭的社会经济约束 改革之紧迫性 在人力资源上投资 07 投资早期 08 投资于学校教育：小学、中学、高等教育 10 投资于成年期：强化劳动力发展和就业 促进经济发展 13 11 整合卫生与社会保护的服务交付体系 13 提升私营部门参与度 14 不断提高宏观经济稳定性和公共部门效率 15 提升城市的集聚效益、连通性和韧性 促进宜居星球上的可持续发展 18 政策建议 22 最大化可持续的农业、林业和旅游业以促进绿色发展 24 加强气候和环境韧性 21 26 面临不丹家庭的社会经济约束 一种可视化不丹面临问题的方法是，通过 一个虚构但典型的家庭的眼光来看待这些 问题。 因果律是29岁，聪明且勤奋，但他正在考虑离 开不丹。他刚刚收到签证，将前往澳大利亚上 大学，并在那里有清晰的就业前景。在完成移 民程序的同时，他也获得了一个在由他哥哥多 吉领导的不丹电影制作初创公司的实习机会。 但过去两年，这个 ...

公共披露授权 公共披露授权 公共披露授权 公共披露授权 政策研究工作论文 金融、竞争与投资全球部门 2025年3月 政策研究工作论文 11085 摘要 本文评估了在公共采购中偏袒对私营部门生产力增 长的影响。为此，它结合了三个新颖的微观经济数 据集：包括超过400万家企业-年观测值以及丰富的 财务和所有权信息的公司行政数据；150,000个已 公布合同的公共采购交易数据及其投标信息；以及 一个新组装的公司政治联系数据集，该数据集利用 了资产申报、制裁名单和离岸泄露。这个综合数据 集允许追踪偏袒在分配政府合同到经济增长中的影 响。研究发现，与政治联系紧密的公司赢得公共采 购合同的可能性高出18%至32%。 由于优先获得非竞争性投标的机会，企业签订了合 同。只有当公共采购是通过竞争性投标授予时，它 才会导致后续的生产率和就业增长。通过非竞争程 序获得合同的企业增长平稳但利润率更高。与这些 发现一致，该论文显示，获得非竞争性公共采购合 同的企业从超额支付合同中获得9%至11%的租金 。结果表明，如果没有公共采购中的偏袒，总年度 全要素生产率增长率将提高8%。 本文是财务、竞争与投资全球部门的成果。它是世界银行为提供 ...

Investment Rating - The report indicates a positive outlook for the decarbonization of ammonia and nitrogen fertilizers using clean hydrogen, highlighting its potential to enhance global food security while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Core Insights - The production of synthetic fertilizers is responsible for 1.8–2.4 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and transitioning to clean hydrogen can significantly reduce this carbon intensity [1][2] - Clean hydrogen, produced from renewable sources or low-carbon methods, is essential for decarbonizing ammonia synthesis, which is crucial for fertilizer production [5][17] - The report emphasizes the need for policy adjustments and subsidies to facilitate the transition to cleaner fertilizers and to support farmers in adopting new fertilizer types [24][36] Summary by Sections Decarbonization Potential - The fertilizer industry is vital for global agriculture, but traditional production methods are energy-intensive and reliant on fossil fuels [2][4] - Clean hydrogen can replace fossil fuels in ammonia synthesis, aligning with climate goals such as those set by the Paris Agreement [2][16] Production Challenges - Current estimates for renewable ammonia production costs range from $794 to $1,543 per ton, significantly higher than grey ammonia costs of $121 to $518 per ton [16] - The transition to renewable ammonia production requires stable renewable energy sources and may involve higher costs due to the need for energy storage and infrastructure [14][15] Market Dynamics - Approximately 200 million metric tons of ammonia are produced globally each year, with 170–180 million metric tons used in agricultural fertilizers [25] - The report notes that the prices of natural gas heavily influence ammonia production costs, leading to volatility in the market [27][28] Role of Subsidies - Subsidies are critical in shaping fertilizer prices and supply chains, with conventional fertilizers benefiting from significant government support [36][55] - The report suggests that renewable ammonia will require substantial subsidies to compete with conventional urea, estimated at $500–$1,200 per metric ton by 2030 [36][41] Technological Innovations - Advancements in solar and electrolysis technologies are expected to lower the cost of renewable ammonia, making it a competitive option in agriculture [41] - The report highlights several ongoing renewable and low-carbon ammonia projects globally, showcasing the potential for clean hydrogen in fertilizer production [42][45] Policy Recommendations - Governments should implement robust carbon pricing mechanisms and streamline regulatory processes to support clean hydrogen investments [53][56] - The report recommends addressing the price gap through offtake agreements and developing niche markets for clean fertilizers [57][62]

Public Disclosure Authorized Independent Evaluation Group FY26 Work Program and Budget and FY27-28 Indicative Plan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized | Executive Summary | 4 | | --- | --- | | 1. Introduction | 6 | | a. IEG's Mandate | 6 | | b. IEG Work Program in Global Development Context | 6 | | 2. IEG FY26-28 Work Program and Strategic Framework | 8 | | a. FY26 Work Program proposal | 8 | | b. Strategic Framework | 8 | | c. Thematic Directions | 11 | | ...

FINANCE Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Prosperity Insight Series AI FOR RISK-BASED SUPERVISION Another "Nice to Have" Tool or a Game-Changer Matei Dohotaru, Marin Prisacaru, Ji Ho Shin and Yasemin Palta Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized AI FOR RISK-BASED SUPERVISION Another "Nice to Have" Tool or a Game-Changer January 2025 © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Firms in low- and middle-income countries face significant challenges in adapting to climate change, with small and medium-sized firms particularly vulnerable, experiencing a 12% decline in revenues when temperatures exceed historical averages by 0.5°C [3][12][49] - The study highlights the importance of local policy constraints, such as limited access to finance and burdensome regulations, which exacerbate firms' difficulties in adapting to climate change [12][14][28] - The economic impact of rising temperatures is substantial, with small and medium-sized firms in low and lower-middle income countries experiencing revenue losses of approximately 20-22% for a 1 standard deviation increase in temperature [49][50] Summary by Sections Introduction - The report investigates how firms adapt to climate change, focusing on the constraints faced by firms in low- and middle-income countries [7][8] - It combines granular satellite weather data with firm-level data to assess the impact of rising temperatures on firm performance [9][10] Data - The analysis utilizes data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, covering nearly 160,000 firms across 134 countries from 2006 to 2023 [30][31] - The climate data is sourced from the EU Copernicus satellite system, providing detailed geospatial information on temperatures [32][33] Results - Rising temperatures negatively impact labor productivity, leading to lower wages and reduced revenues for firms in low and lower-middle income countries [54][55][60] - The report finds that while large firms in these regions can somewhat mitigate the adverse effects of heat, they still face significant challenges [50][61] - Young firms and those with lower export orientation are more severely affected by temperature shocks, indicating that firm characteristics play a crucial role in adaptive capacity [63][64]

公共披露授权 二〇二五年二月 2025/142 能源与采掘全球实践知识系列 氢及其主要衍生物的安全方面：政策制定者的文献 综述 这份研究报告聚焦于氢及其相关产品的安全问题。 底线。 主要衍生物：氨和甲醇。在对文献和氢安全措施进行全面审查后，本研究总结了由信誉良好的机构制 定的稳健、成熟的规范。本简报强调了遵守这些规范的关键重要性，并鼓励全面实施以确保有效的和 一致的安全实践。 总之… 氢是宇宙中最简单且最丰富的元素。 由于氢在自然界中不以游离状态存在，因此必须进行生产。清洁 氢——通过可再生能源和化石燃料以及负责任的碳捕获和储存生 产——在全球能源转型中可以发挥重要作用，加速全球气候目标 的实现进程。 作为一种能源载体，氢可以用来储存、转移和输送能量。从氢中 还可以获得高附加值衍生物，例如氨或甲醇。这些衍生物能够实 现氢的高效储存和运输，因此在向可持续能源系统转变的过程中 成为关键组件。利用这些技术，产业可以减少其碳足迹，并为更 可持续的未来做出贡献。 清洁氢的部署对于去碳化难以控制的领域，如钢铁生产和长途运 输尤其重要。但随着全球发展清洁氢的努力不断加强，确保有效 管理风险变得至关重要。 作者 是一名能源分 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The carbon market is expected to drive climate financing and help achieve climate goals, with record fiscal revenues of $104 billion generated through carbon taxes and emissions trading systems in 2023 [1] - The integrity of carbon credit markets remains a challenge, particularly in verifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions and removals [1][3] - The Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) process is crucial for ensuring the credibility of climate mitigation project outcomes and supporting financial flows for climate action [2][6] Summary by Sections MRV Process - The MRV process involves several steps, including selecting standards, defining the scope of activities, establishing baselines, and verifying emissions reductions [7][10][12][13] - Accurate, transparent, and verifiable GHG accounting is essential for a high-integrity carbon market [6] World Bank Support - The World Bank provides grants and technical assistance to build capacity for MRV, supporting innovation and the development of new standards and methods [19][20] - The World Bank has helped countries like Rwanda and Costa Rica establish MRV systems, enhancing their ability to track emissions and access climate financing [22][24] Digital MRV Innovations - Digital MRV (D-MRV) tools, such as smart sensors and satellite technology, are being developed to streamline the MRV process and improve data accuracy [20][22] - The implementation of D-MRV systems can minimize human error and provide real-time insights, leading to more reliable and transparent reporting [22] Case Studies - In Rwanda, the World Bank has assisted in establishing a standardized credit framework (SCF) and has successfully issued emission reduction credits [22] - Costa Rica has developed its MRV process with support from the World Bank, enabling access to renewable climate financing and carbon markets [25]