Industry Overview - Agriculture accounts for 70% of global freshwater withdrawals, making it a highly water-intensive sector [3] - Climate change is exacerbating the challenges of producing enough food to feed the planet [3] - The 2030 Water Resources Group (WRG) is driving sustainable water use in agriculture and building climate-resilient food systems [3] WRG's Core Initiatives - WRG is a global public-private partnership hosted by the World Bank, aiming to bridge the gap between water supply and demand [4] - Key focus areas include promoting water-efficient agricultural practices, improving farming methods to reduce GHG emissions, and fostering market innovations [5] - WRG enhances agricultural value chain sustainability, improves market access for farmers, and ensures stable food supplies while protecting water resources [5] Key Projects and Achievements India: Climate-Smart Rice Cultivation - In Uttar Pradesh, WRG is helping smallholder farmers adopt water-saving practices and increase yields [9] - Goals include reaching 1 million smallholder farmers, increasing micro-irrigation coverage by 5x, expanding direct-seeded rice area by 10x, and reducing GHG emissions by 60% over five years [9] Bangladesh: Water-Efficient Agriculture - In water-scarce Barind Tract, WRG supports mango, rice, and other crops through farmer hubs offering advanced irrigation technologies [10] - Over five years, the project has trained 19,500 farmers and impacted 58,500 beneficiaries, increasing rice yields by 400 kg/ha and mango yields by 200x [10] Innovative Irrigation Solutions - WRG has developed and implemented pioneering solutions in Africa and Asia to improve yields and water use efficiency [11] - Examples include the world's first and largest community drip irrigation project in Karnataka, India, benefiting 500 smallholders and saving 24 million cubic meters of water [12] - In Kenya, a new financing model for modern irrigation systems has been piloted, contributing to broader farmer-led irrigation development [12] - In South Africa, an automated water management system has reduced water distribution losses by up to 20% and expanded to 21 major irrigation schemes [12] Future Directions - WRG is leveraging its public-private partnership model to pursue bold solutions, such as low-methane rice programs in South and Southeast Asia [6] - These initiatives aim to significantly reduce global methane emissions while enhancing agricultural productivity and water efficiency at scale [6]

Longitudinal Survey Challenges - Longitudinal surveys face challenges in maintaining accuracy over time due to sample attrition, migration, and sample fatigue, which introduce measurement errors[2] - Sample attrition, caused by deaths and relocations, along with the impact of new populations and migration flows, leads to underrepresentation in surveys[2] - Correct panel survey design and implementation require methods to address these issues at different stages: sampling design, data collection, and estimation[7] Proposed Methodology - The study proposes a weighted sharing method-based estimator that provides more accurate individual-level statistics compared to current estimators used in Uganda's national panel survey[2] - The proposed method shows higher stability when changing samples, particularly in cross-sectional estimates based on transition matrices[2] - The methodology focuses on improving survey quality by addressing sampling design, data collection, and estimation stages[8] Empirical Application - The methodology was experimentally evaluated using data from Uganda's national panel survey and the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS)[2] - The study applied the proposed methodology to LSMS-ISA data, using Uganda's national panel survey waves from 2009, 2013, and 2015 as a case study[10] - The empirical evaluation demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the quality of survey estimates[10] Data Collection and Tracking - Data collection improvements include flexible methods like phone interviews to reach non-responsive populations and minimal variable data collection for attritors[7] - Tracking rules are defined to balance the cost of tracking migrants with the potential bias introduced by their exclusion from the sample[29] - Proxy interviews and minimal variable sets are used to collect data from non-respondents and migrants, reducing sample attrition bias[53] LSMS-ISA Survey Overview - LSMS-ISA surveys are nationally representative longitudinal household surveys focusing on the relationship between living standards and agriculture[58] - The surveys track households and individuals over time, incorporating new members like immigrants and newborns to maintain representativeness[61] - Tracking methods vary across LSMS-ISA surveys, with some focusing on households and others on individuals, impacting representativeness and cost[63] Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS) Case Study - The UNPS is a multi-purpose household panel survey in Uganda, providing data on income dynamics, consumption, and agriculture[71] - The study used UNPS data from 2009/10, 2013/14, and 2015/16 waves, with final datasets including 18,313, 17,377, and 15,905 individuals respectively[72] - The empirical evaluation of UNPS data showed that 45% of individuals from the 2009/10 wave were re-interviewed in 2013/14, with 30% of the sample being new individuals[73]

授权公开披露 授权公开披露 授权公开披露 授权公开披露 政策研究工作文件 11016 通过需求保护野生动物 减少和供应替代方案 金沙萨餐厅的两项实验 Abdoulaye Cis se Gabriel Eng lander Daniel J . Ingram 发展经济学发展研究小组 2025 年 1 月 一个经过验证的可重复性包可在以下网址获取：http: //reproducibility.worldbank.org，点击以直接访问。 here 政策研究工作文件 11016 Abstract 中部非洲城市野生动物消费的总体水平可能正在 耗尽野生动物种群。本研究通过在刚果民主共和 国金沙萨的两家餐馆进行两个随机对照试验，探 讨了需求侧和供给侧干预措施对野肉消费的影响 ：需求侧实验和供给侧实验。在需求侧实验中，5 44名参与者被给予一张他们选择的餐厅的优惠券 ，并随机分配观看一则旨在减少野肉消费的治疗 视频或一则与野肉无关的控制视频。治疗组的参 与者比对照组少31%的可能性订购野肉，但这种 差异并不具有统计显著性，且可能受到社会期望 偏差的影响。在供给侧实验中，研究的问题是随 机降低莫阿姆贝鸡（Moambe Ch ...

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry [1][2][3] Core Views - The report focuses on estimating poverty levels across 126 districts in Pakistan using a small area estimation (SAE) methodology, which combines data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2018-19 and the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) 2019-20 [3][7][8] - The SAE methodology used in this report differs from standard implementations by using a household survey (PSLM) as the target dataset instead of census data, which provides additional information for modeling but introduces additional uncertainty due to sampling [9][10] - The report highlights significant spatial disparities in poverty rates across districts, with the highest poverty rates found in Sindh and Balochistan provinces, while the lowest rates are concentrated in urban areas such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) [75][76] Methodology - The SAE methodology employed in the report uses the Census Empirical Best (EB) estimator, which is an advanced version of the ELL method, to estimate poverty rates at the district level [14][15][16] - The methodology involves fitting a linear model to predict welfare (consumption) based on household characteristics and then using this model to estimate consumption in the target dataset (PSLM) [17][18][19] - The report uses a Monte Carlo simulation approach to generate multiple welfare vectors and calculate poverty rates, with adjustments made to account for measurement errors in household size [20][21][22] Data Sources - The primary data sources for the report are the HIES 2018-19 and PSLM 2019-20 surveys, which provide detailed consumption and household characteristic data at the provincial and district levels, respectively [24][27][28] - The HIES 2018-19 survey covers 24,809 households across Pakistan, while the PSLM 2019-20 survey includes 170,246 households, allowing for more precise district-level poverty estimates [27][28] - The report notes that the PSLM 2019-20 survey was conducted using Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) technology for the first time, which improved data collection efficiency [30] Key Findings - The report identifies significant spatial disparities in poverty rates across Pakistan, with the highest poverty rates in Sindh and Balochistan provinces and the lowest rates in urban areas such as Karachi, Lahore, and ICT [75][76] - The poverty gap analysis shows that in 69 districts, a relatively small increase in welfare could significantly reduce poverty, as the poverty gap (FGT1) is less than 5% [80][81] - The report also highlights the spatial clustering of poverty, with high-poverty clusters in southern KP and northern Balochistan and low-poverty clusters in the fertile plains of Punjab [87][88] Provincial Results - In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), the poverty map includes former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Frontier Regions (FR) for the first time, with South Waziristan, Mohmand, and Tank districts showing the highest poverty rates [95][96] - Punjab has the lowest poverty rates among the provinces, with the highest poverty rates concentrated in the southwestern districts of Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rahim Yar Khan, and Muzaffargarh [97][98] - Sindh has the highest poverty rates in its southern districts, particularly Tharparkar, which has a poverty rate of 76.9% and a high poverty gap of 19% [99][101] - Balochistan exhibits the highest variability in poverty rates and gaps, with districts like Kech, Zhob, and Sheikh Saedullah (Surab) having both high poverty rates and large poverty gaps [102][103]

Industry Overview - The report focuses on the water data revolution in Africa, particularly addressing the data gaps in transboundary water management [1][2] - Africa's water resources are under increasing pressure due to population growth, economic expansion, and climate change, with 90% of water resources located in 63 international river basins [17][18] - Outdated data systems and limited hydrological monitoring networks hinder effective water resource management, especially in transboundary contexts [19][20] Core Objectives of the Water Data Revolution (WDR) - The WDR aims to enhance regional institutional capacity and improve transboundary water management in Africa through the application of remote sensing (RS) data platforms [31] - The initiative seeks to fill critical data gaps by leveraging advanced technologies like RS, providing scalable and cost-effective solutions for monitoring water resources in remote areas [31] - The project focuses on reducing the cost and complexity of water data collection and analysis, making data accessible to decision-makers and promoting data-driven approaches in sustainable water management [31] Strategic Pillars of the WDR Pillar A: End-User Assessment and Needs Identification - Pillar A assesses the data needs and capabilities of African River Basin Organizations (RBOs), identifying gaps in data collection, technical capacity, and data-sharing practices [34] - The assessment highlights the need for training in RS data, data products, and analytical tools, with a focus on affordability and effectiveness [41] - Key areas of interest for RBOs include water accounting, drought monitoring, and flood management, with water accounting being particularly critical for transboundary decision-making [42][43] Pillar B: Initial Workshops and Capacity Building - Pillar B focuses on enhancing the accessibility and usability of RS data through targeted online training and workshops [36] - Workshops cover topics such as data collection techniques, cloud-based platforms, and interactive dashboards, with tools like Google Earth Engine and Hydrosheds being key components [51] - The capacity-building efforts aim to equip RBOs with the skills needed for sustainable, data-driven water management, with a focus on practical applications like water allocation and resource planning [36][52] Pillar C: Adapting Innovative Tools for Water Resource Management (WRM) - Pillar C pilots customized, low-cost RS data solutions with selected RBOs, focusing on real-time monitoring through Water Accounting (WA) dashboards [37] - The WA dashboards provide detailed multi-year water accounts, offering insights into water balance components, usage patterns, and climate change impacts [78] - The dashboards are developed using Tableau Desktop, leveraging satellite imagery and RS data to provide interactive and visually appealing data visualizations [79][80] Key Achievements and Strategic Insights - The WDR has made significant progress in addressing data gaps in transboundary water management through targeted capacity-building initiatives and the development of advanced tools like the WA dashboards [99] - Public domain data and cloud-based analytical tools have enabled RBOs to access and analyze critical water resource data, fostering transparency and collaboration across borders [100][101] - The initiative emphasizes the importance of capacity building and data accessibility, with training programs designed to be scalable and sustainable, ensuring long-term technical competence within RBOs [106] - Water accounting tools have proven to be essential for integrated water resource management, providing a comprehensive framework for assessing water availability, usage, and sustainability [108] Future Directions - Future efforts should focus on tailoring tools and capacity-building programs to the specific needs of individual RBOs, considering the varying levels of technical expertise and data availability [109] - Joint training sessions and shared data practices can enhance regional cooperation, fostering mutual understanding and trust among RBOs and their member states [110] - Addressing the mismatch between the needs of individual member states and the services provided by RBOs will be crucial for ensuring equitable and effective transboundary water management [112]

Industry Overview - Youth unemployment is a significant global challenge, particularly in Bhutan where nearly half the population is below the age of 30 [1] - The study focuses on understanding the challenges faced by Bhutanese youth, especially women, in accessing employment opportunities [1] - The research highlights the economic benefits of increasing female labor force participation and identifies challenges across different economic sectors [1] Research Methodology - The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing focus group discussions and key informant interviews across three areas: Thimphu (services), Chukha (industry), and Dagana (agriculture) [4] - Primary and secondary data are used to analyze youth and female unemployment, with a focus on urban and rural issues [4] Key Findings Education and Skills - The education system in Bhutan struggles to equip youth with practical skills needed for the job market, leading to a mismatch between education and employment [5] - There is a notable gender bias in STEM subjects, with fewer females pursuing careers in these fields due to societal expectations [32] - Students with disabilities face significant barriers in accessing education and employment opportunities [46] Female Employment Challenges - Women employees, particularly working mothers, face challenges due to the lack of childcare facilities at workplaces [6] - Women perform 71% of unpaid household and care work, which limits their ability to engage in income-generating activities [35] - Gender pay gaps persist, with females earning less than males in both urban and rural areas [54] Economic Sectors - The agriculture sector employs 49.2% of the labor force but contributes only 20% to GDP, highlighting inefficiencies [18] - The tourism sector, a major contributor to GDP, has been negatively impacted by policy changes such as the increase in the sustainable development fee (SDF) [82] - Technological advancements are reshaping the job market, with many traditional jobs being automated or outsourced [64] Youth Migration - Out-migration of the working-age population, particularly to Australia, is a major concern, with 70% of registered jobseekers seeking overseas employment [70] - This trend could lead to a loss of skilled workers, reduced tax revenues, and underutilization of infrastructure, posing long-term economic challenges [72] Policy Recommendations - Integration of TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) into the mainstream education system to better align skills with market demands [75] - Workplace support for female employees, including childcare services and flexible work arrangements [75] - Addressing social challenges through confidence-building initiatives and mentoring programs to improve youth employability [83] Conclusion - The study provides valuable insights into the complex factors contributing to youth and female unemployment in Bhutan, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to enhance employment opportunities and sustainable development [73][74]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry or specific companies [1][2][3] Core Viewpoints - Vietnam aims to achieve upper middle-income status by 2030 and high-income status by 2045, requiring gross capital investments to account for 32-35% of GDP, with government investment at 7.3% of GDP annually to support infrastructure development [14] - Public investment in Vietnam has declined from 8% of GDP in 2011 to 6% in 2022, with chronic under-execution of investment budgets and significant delays and cost overruns in major projects [15][16] - Vietnam's infrastructure quality lags behind regional peers, with low expressway density and high road transport costs, which could impact its attractiveness as an FDI destination [19][20] - The public investment management (PIM) and intergovernmental fiscal (IGF) systems in Vietnam suffer from allocative inefficiencies, lack of coordination, and weak enforcement mechanisms, leading to suboptimal investment outcomes [28][29][30] Public Investment Trends - Vietnam's public investment has been declining, with the share of public investment in GDP falling from 8% in 2011 to 6% in 2022, while the economy remains capital-scarce compared to upper middle-income and high-income countries [24][25] - The central government's share in total government investment has decreased from 40% seven years ago to 20% in 2022, with provinces accounting for 80% of infrastructure investment [16][52] - Vietnam's infrastructure quality ranks 77th globally, behind regional peers like China, India, and Malaysia, with road transport costs being the highest in the region [19][20] Inefficiencies in PIM and IGF Systems - Allocative inefficiencies are evident in strategic infrastructure, with provinces over-investing in low-value projects like industrial parks and provincial ports, while national infrastructure spending has been squeezed [16][30] - There is a lack of investment in environmental protection and climate adaptation, with Vietnam being among the top 10 countries most affected by climate change, yet public investment in disaster protection is only 0.05% of GDP [40][41] - Implementation inefficiencies are significant, with an average delay of 5 years and cost overruns double the original budget for large-scale transport projects [42][45] Systemic Problems in Subnational PIM and IGF Systems - The lack of a conducive intergovernmental fiscal framework has led to fragmented investment decisions, with provinces holding 78-85% of public investment resources, leaving the central government with limited capacity to fund national infrastructure [52][53] - There is no enabling legal framework for vertical and horizontal investment coordination, with the State Budget Law banning the transfer of investment funds between provinces, creating financing gaps for regional projects [59][60] - The absence of effective incentive and enforcement mechanisms has resulted in a race-to-the-bottom competition among provinces, leading to wasteful investments in uneconomic projects [62][63] Recommendations and Next Steps - The report recommends rebalancing infrastructure investment from provincial to central levels, addressing legal loopholes, and establishing robust monitoring mechanisms to improve public investment efficiency [16][75] - It suggests adopting effective instruments for vertical and horizontal coordination, such as co-financing arrangements and matching grants, to enhance regional investment coordination [80][81] - The report also calls for a review of expenditure responsibilities and the establishment of a regional Public Investment Program to align with integrated masterplans and improve investment outcomes [78][79]

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Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the necessity for Cambodia to invest in a full-suite Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS) to enhance public sector HR practices and align with public administration reform priorities [28]. Core Insights - Cambodia has made progress in modernizing its government systems, reflected in the increase of its Government Technology Maturity Index (GTMI) score from 0.45 in 2020 to 0.58 in 2022, yet lacks a centralized HRMIS [7][37]. - The absence of a well-functioning HRMIS hampers effective human resource management in the Cambodian civil service, which consists of over 284,484 active and contracted staff [7][8]. - The report outlines a roadmap for HRMIS modernization, which includes a phased approach to developing prioritized modules that can improve HR management and efficiency [29][30]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report highlights the need for Cambodia to operationalize a full-suite HRMIS to improve HR practices and government effectiveness [28]. - It notes that existing HRMIS and payroll systems are outdated and not fully fit for purpose, leading to inefficiencies in HR processes [28]. Introduction - The introduction discusses the global trends in HRMIS and the specific challenges faced by Cambodia in developing an effective HRMIS [13][16]. - It emphasizes the importance of modernizing HR practices to enhance public sector performance [41]. Current Status and Challenges - Despite improvements in the GTMI, Cambodia still lacks a centralized HRMIS, which is critical for managing personnel information effectively [18][37]. - The report identifies the need for a comprehensive HRMIS to streamline HR processes and improve government effectiveness [28][41]. Recommendations - The report recommends adopting the HRMIS modernization roadmap to implement a full-suite HRMIS, which will facilitate process streamlining and improve efficiency in HR-related tasks [29][30]. - It stresses the importance of project management, legal compliance, and user adoption for successful HRMIS implementation [31][32]. Benefits of HRMIS Implementation - The implementation of a full-suite HRMIS can lead to improved decision-making, enhanced employee experience, and cost efficiency through automation of HR processes [43]. - It can also support data-driven policymaking and improve service delivery in the public sector [43][44].