Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Climate change threatens Djibouti's development goals, potentially leading to economic losses equivalent to nearly four years of current output by mid-century due to increased extreme heat, drought, and floods [49][55] - Policies and investments aimed at climate adaptation can significantly reduce economic damages, with a limited set of priority actions capable of halving potential GDP losses [50][76] - Significant infrastructure investments have been made, but Djibouti must ensure these assets deliver on their promise for resilience and economic diversification [51][56] - Capacity building, economic reform, and skills development are critical for successful adaptation and diversification [53][78] - Additional concessional resources are required for climate adaptation, with estimated needs exceeding US$2.8 billion [54][76] Summary by Sections Chapter 1 – Climate and Development - Djibouti's economic growth has elevated it to lower-middle-income status, driven by political stability, strategic location, and significant foreign direct investment [86] - The economy is heavily reliant on the services sector, particularly trade with Ethiopia, making it vulnerable to external shocks [90] Chapter 2 – Country Climate Commitments, Policies, and Capacities - The report emphasizes the need for a stronger institutional framework to implement climate policies and mobilize financing [83] Chapter 3 – Selected Climate and Development Priorities - Djibouti's interdependence with neighboring countries through trade and migration is crucial for achieving development priorities while enhancing resilience [66] - Investments in water management, urban planning, and health care are essential to safeguard livability [70] Chapter 4 – Macroeconomic and Welfare Implications of Climate Change - Climate impacts could generate a permanent annual loss of up to 6% of GDP by 2050, with cumulative losses estimated at US$14-15 billion [75] - Adaptation investments are necessary to mitigate these impacts, with a focus on fiscal management and mobilizing international support [77] Chapter 5 – Conclusion and Recommendations - Economic reform, capacity building, and investment in skills are critical to the adaptation agenda, ensuring that infrastructure investments yield expected benefits [78]

Digitalization of Human Development Services in Europe and Central Asia Public Disclosure Authorized Ahmet Levent Yener, Jamexis Denise Christian, Samuel Jacques Chicheportiche, Subhashini Rajasekaran, Parviz Ahmadov and Lucia Solbes Castro Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized | --- | --- | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10974 Resolving Puzzles of Monetary Policy Transmission in Emerging Markets Jongrim Ha Dohan Kim M. Ayhan Kose Eswar S. Prasad Public Disclosure Authorized Development Economics Prospects Group November 2024 Policy Research Working Paper 10974 Abstract Conventional empirical models of monetary policy transmission in emerging market economies produce puzzling results: monetary tightening often ...

Policy Research Working Paper 10973 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Is There a Gendered Parenthood Penalty in Indonesian Labor Markets? Johanna Fajardo-Gonzalez Ardina Hasanbasri Fernando Rios-Avila Public Disclosure Authorized Poverty and Equity Global Practice November 2024 Policy Research Working Paper 10973 Abstract This paper investigates the parenthood penalty in Indonesian labor markets, with a focus on gender disparities. It uses longitudinal da ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Lake Victoria is facing a significant water quality crisis due to unsustainable land management, human waste, and industrial effluent, which has deteriorated over the last 40 years, impacting livelihoods and health in the basin communities [10][32][34] - The Lakewide Inclusive Sanitation (LWIS) Strategy aims to address sanitation challenges through a coordinated regional approach involving the five Partner States: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi [10][35][41] - An estimated 33 million people in the Lake Victoria Basin lack access to improved sanitation, contributing to pollution and health issues [10][32][33] Summary by Sections Chapter 1: Valuable Regional Resource Under Threat - Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake and a critical resource for over 47 million people, yet its water quality is declining due to urbanization and inadequate sanitation services [10][31][34] - The lake supports significant fisheries, providing livelihoods for around 3 million people, but pollution from urban settlements is a primary concern [10][31][32] Chapter 2: Bringing Communities and Countries Together Around a Common Approach - The LWIS initiative focuses on understanding the impact of poor sanitation and creating solutions through stakeholder engagement across the five countries [10][38][41] - Strategic Sanitation Action Plans (SSAPs) have been developed for selected urban areas to operationalize the LWIS Strategy [10][54][55] Chapter 3: The LWIS Strategy: A Roadmap for Effective Lakewide Sanitation - The LWIS Strategy includes four components: an enabling environment for improved sanitation, integration of planning and service delivery, regional cooperation, and a sustainable sanitation economy [10][40][41] - The strategy aims to enhance vital lake functions and improve access to sanitation services for all communities around Lake Victoria [10][78] Chapter 4: Growing a Sustainable Sanitation Economy - The report highlights the potential for job creation through sanitation SMEs, estimating around 69,000 jobs over a 10-year period [10][56][59] - The estimated cost for transformational sanitation investments to reduce pollution to the lake is around US$1.9 billion [10][66] Chapter 5: A Regional Blueprint for a Healthier Lake - The LWIS approach is expected to improve water quality and resilience against climate change impacts, emphasizing the need for coordinated action and private sector involvement [10][78][80] - Recommendations include enhancing monitoring and data access, supporting policy and regulatory frameworks, and promoting private sector engagement [10][81][84]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The report introduces the "timing versus allocation" trade-off in climate policy, emphasizing the dilemma faced by politically constrained policymakers between delaying decarbonization for optimal sectoral allocation or prioritizing timely investments in abatement [2][11][20]. - It highlights that delaying action in high-emission sectors incurs greater costs compared to mid- to low-emission sectors, suggesting that immediate policy implementation in all sectors is preferable when politically feasible [2][22][23]. Summary by Sections Introduction - The report discusses the challenges of decarbonization in the context of the Paris Agreement and the impact of political economy constraints (PECs) on climate policy implementation [7][8]. Model Framework - A multi-sector modeling framework is presented to analyze the economic implications of various sub-optimal policy approaches to decarbonization, focusing on the effects of PECs on investment timing and emissions allocation [12][15]. Key Findings - The analysis reveals that the economic cost of delaying decarbonization is significantly higher than the cost associated with implementing sub-optimal policies across sectors [18][20]. - The report provides numerical experiments showing that delaying decarbonization in high-emission sectors leads to inflated carbon prices in non-challenged sectors, resulting in a nonlinear increase in overall policy costs [21][22]. Policy Suites - Four policy suites are outlined, illustrating different approaches to managing PECs, including immediate heterogeneous policies, delayed heterogeneous policies, and delayed homogeneous policies [55][58]. - Each policy suite demonstrates the trade-off between optimal timing of abatement investment and optimal allocation of emissions across sectors, influenced by PECs [54][56].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the World Bank Group's activities in Poland. Core Insights - The World Bank Group (WBG) is perceived as a long-term partner and knowledge provider in Poland, with high ratings for its role in sharing knowledge and convening stakeholders [65][66]. - Stakeholders express a desire for the WBG to enhance collaboration with local governments and civil society to increase effectiveness [75][63]. - Trust in the WBG has generally increased among various stakeholder groups, particularly in the private sector and academia [25][32]. Objectives - The survey aimed to understand stakeholder perceptions of the WBG, including familiarity, trust, effectiveness, and alignment with development priorities [6][4]. - Key indicators assessed included the WBG's effectiveness, relevance, and stakeholder engagement [6]. Methodology Overview - The survey was conducted from March to May 2024, with a total of 149 respondents, yielding a 21% response rate [8][7]. - Respondents included various stakeholder groups, with a significant portion from government institutions and academia [9][11]. Overall Context - Familiarity with the WBG has slightly decreased since FY21, with a mean rating of 6.4 out of 10 [16][18]. - Stakeholders from academia and the private sector reported higher familiarity compared to civil society and local government [18][24]. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank Group - Stakeholders believe that the WBG should adapt to local conditions and improve communication about its activities to build trust [13][27]. - The WBG's effectiveness in achieving results in Poland is rated at 6.8, with a positive influence on shaping development policy rated at 6.6 [30][31]. World Bank Group's Support for Development Areas - Key areas for WBG focus include energy, climate change, and jobs/skills development, with climate change remaining a top priority [56][54]. - Stakeholders increasingly prioritize energy, with support for this area rising from 12% in FY21 to 51% in FY24 [56]. Financial Instruments and Knowledge Work - Knowledge and analytical products are viewed as the WBG's greatest values, with 63% of respondents having used its knowledge work and expressing satisfaction with its quality [81][91]. - The demand for financial resources has significantly increased, from 8% in FY21 to 42% in FY24 [81]. The Future Role of the World Bank Group in Poland - Stakeholders suggest that the WBG should enhance its presence in local government and the private sector, focusing on financial and advisory support [79][65]. - There is a call for the WBG to better utilize local expertise and improve responsiveness to country needs [68][70].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry analyzed Core Insights - The analysis indicates that an increase in the employment rate of older persons is significantly associated with an increase in the employment rate of youth and prime-aged persons in Indonesia, suggesting a positive relationship rather than a competitive one [2][17] - The findings support the notion that raising the retirement age can help address challenges faced by an aging society, emphasizing the importance of lifelong learning and reskilling for older workers [2][12] - The report highlights that the employment rate of older persons has increased significantly, with a notable rise of 8.3 percentage points for those aged 65 and older from 2016 to 2023 [22] Summary by Sections Introduction - Indonesia is transitioning into an aging society, with 7% of the population aged 65 or older in 2023, projected to rise to 15% by 2050 [7][11] - The government has begun raising the retirement age from 55 to 65 by 2043 to address income security and pension sustainability [12][14] Labor Market Overview - The employment rate for older persons aged 55 to 64 increased by 3.3 percentage points, while for those aged 65 and older, it rose by 8.3 percentage points between 2016 and 2023 [22] - The employment rate of youth aged 15 to 24 remains the lowest among all age groups, highlighting the need for policies that support youth employment [21] Literature Review - Research in high-income countries shows no adverse relationship between the employment of older and younger persons, with some studies indicating a positive correlation [46][47] - Similar findings are observed in developing countries, where increased employment of older persons correlates positively with the labor market outcomes of younger persons [47][49] Data and Methodology - The analysis utilizes data from the Indonesia Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) from 2016 to 2023, focusing on employment rates, unemployment rates, hours worked, and income across different age groups [54][56] Findings - Regression analysis reveals that a 1 percentage point increase in the employment rate of older persons is associated with a 0.4 percentage point increase in the employment rate of youth and a 0.7 percentage point increase for prime-aged persons [67] - The report concludes that the employment of older persons does not negatively impact the employment opportunities for younger persons, reinforcing the idea that both age groups can coexist in the labor market [17][66]

Policy Research Working Paper 10970 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Weathering Shocks Unraveling the Effects of Short-Term Weather Shocks on Poverty in Paraguay Teresa Janz Franziska Gassmann Lyliana Gayoso de Ervin Poverty and Equity Global Practice November 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10970 Abstract In Paraguay, poverty reduction has stalled since 2014 due to a deceleration in economic growth, which has been argued ...

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10969 Afghanistan's New Economic Landscape Using Nighttime Lights to Understand the Civilian Economy after 2021 Oscar Barriga Cabanillas Walker Kosmidou-Bradley Silvia Redaelli Eigo Tateishi Ivo Teruggi Poverty and Equity Global Practice November 2024 Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 10969 Abstract This study uses nighttime lights to examine the evolution of economic ...