Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry discussed Core Insights - The report emphasizes the importance of integrating disaster risk into public financial management (PFM) to enhance fiscal resilience and sustainable development as climate change increases disaster impacts [25][48] - Disaster risk-based budgeting (DRBB) is proposed as a systematic approach to embed disaster risk considerations throughout the government budget cycle, addressing the challenges of inadequate financial planning for disasters [30][59] - The report highlights that effective disaster risk finance (DRF) solutions must be part of daily government activities rather than occasional investments, with a focus on proactive measures rather than reactive responses [25][26] Summary by Sections Introduction - The need for disaster risk-based budgeting is underscored due to the growing macroeconomic and fiscal instability caused by disasters, which have been exacerbated by climate change [44][48] - The report identifies binding constraints on managing public finances for disaster risk, including the perception of disasters as unpredictable events and the preference for known expenditures over contingent liabilities [61][64] Disaster Risk-Based Budgeting Entry Points - DRBB is defined as the consideration of disaster risk throughout the budget cycle, which includes strategic planning, budget preparation, approval, execution, accounting, and audit [78][83] - The report outlines various entry points for integrating disaster risk into the budget cycle, emphasizing the need for comprehensive disaster audits and risk-informed public investment [32][33] Governance of DRBB - Effective governance structures are essential for implementing DRBB, with central finance agencies playing a crucial role in ensuring comprehensive and coordinated disaster risk finance [37][38] - The report suggests that DRBB should not be a one-size-fits-all approach but should be tailored to individual country risk profiles and constraints [38][39] Recommendations and Further Study - The report provides recommendations for improving DRBB practices, including the need for regular reviews of DRF instruments and better integration of disaster risk into routine budgeting processes [59][60] - Areas for further research are identified, particularly in understanding the fiscal impacts of climate-induced disasters and enhancing the effectiveness of DRF instruments [39][60]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the tertiary education sector in the South Caucasus region. Core Insights - The tertiary education systems in the South Caucasus are underperforming relative to the region's economic development, with no institutions achieving world-class status [12][40]. - Policymakers are urged to recognize the strategic importance of tertiary education for economic growth, innovation, and skill development to avoid the 'Middle Income Trap' [16][36]. - The report identifies four key policy priorities: improving access and equity, enhancing quality and relevance, increasing funding and efficiency, and fostering scientific research [18][33]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The performance of universities in the South Caucasus is disappointing, with aggregate quality scores significantly below expectations based on GDP per capita [12][13]. - Tertiary education is crucial for providing necessary skills, facilitating innovation, and supporting economic development [15][19]. Policy Priorities - **Policy Priority 1: Improving Opportunities** - Youth enrollment in tertiary education has been volatile due to demographic declines, with significant reductions in the 20-24 age group across Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia [20][70]. - Future projections indicate stabilization in enrollment trends, providing an opportunity for strategic policy development [20][66]. - **Policy Priority 2: Quality and Relevance** - Concerns exist regarding the quality and relevance of tertiary education, with graduates often underprepared for the labor market [23][24]. - There is a mismatch between the skills provided by institutions and the demands of employers, necessitating curriculum reforms [25][49]. - **Policy Priority 3: Funding and Efficiency** - The South Caucasus countries spend significantly less on tertiary education compared to EU averages, relying heavily on tuition fees [26][27]. - Increased public funding is essential for improving educational quality and institutional stability [27][30]. - **Policy Priority 4: Scientific Research Infrastructure** - The region lacks a competitive scientific research infrastructure, which is vital for innovation and economic growth [31][32]. - Governments are encouraged to invest strategically in research capabilities and foster collaboration between universities and industries [32][60]. Importance of Tertiary Education for Economic Growth - Tertiary education is essential for producing advanced skills, driving innovation, and generating economic spillovers [35][46]. - The report emphasizes the need for diverse educational offerings to meet labor market demands, including professional training and micro-credentials [35][46]. Access to Tertiary Education - Enrollment trends in the South Caucasus have been affected by demographic changes, with significant declines in the youth population [64][70]. - There are high levels of inequality in access to tertiary education, particularly for students from disadvantaged backgrounds [66][67].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The Public Asset Insurance Program (ABMN) aims to insure public assets against disasters, established under Minister of Finance Regulation No. 97/PMK.06/2019, as part of Indonesia's Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) strategy [15][49] - The report outlines nine key lessons learned from the implementation of the ABMN program, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder engagement, data management, and adaptability [16][20] Summary by Sections Objective - The ABMN program was launched in 2019 to provide insights on stakeholder management and tackle financial and technical challenges, with three main objectives: informing government officials, supporting DRFI implementation, and global knowledge-sharing [29][31] Introduction - Indonesia faces frequent natural disasters due to its geographic location, with an average of 289 disasters per year over the past 30 years, leading to significant human and economic impacts [34][36] Key Findings - Developing a clear value proposition for risk financing products is essential for program adoption [17] - Regulatory frameworks must be carefully considered to minimize resistance and ensure stakeholder engagement [18] - A staged implementation approach allows for early course correction and minimizes risks [18] - Accurate data management is crucial for informed decision-making [19] - Close collaboration with stakeholders fosters a sustainable system for protecting public assets [19] - Continuous training and knowledge-sharing enhance program effectiveness [20] - A comprehensive strategy combining awareness campaigns and targeted capacity-building is vital for stakeholder engagement [20] - The program's adaptability during unforeseen circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrates its resilience [20] Government Actions - The GoI should clearly define and communicate the benefits of risk mitigation products, involve stakeholders, and develop regulations considering existing frameworks [22] - Valid and complete data collection is necessary for informed program design decisions [22] - Robust governance through monitoring and evaluation processes is essential [22] - Establishing long-term partnerships with key stakeholders ensures program viability [22] - A multifaceted capacity development approach tailored to stakeholder needs is crucial [22] Program Implementation - The ABMN program began with a pilot project in 2019, insuring 1,337 facilities for a total value of IDR 10.73 trillion (US$ 688 million) [58] - By 2023, the number of insured properties increased to 10,920, with a total insured value of IDR 72.64 trillion (US$ 4.6 billion) [58] - The program's insurance policy covers various risks, including natural disasters and terrorism, and is managed directly between the MoF and participating insurance companies [67] Financial Protection Gap - The average annual direct economic costs of disasters are IDR 22.8 trillion (US$ 1.46 billion), while the available disaster reserve fund is only IDR 3.1 billion (US$ 198 million), highlighting a significant financial protection gap [41]

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the mental health stigma reduction industry, but it highlights the significant global need for funding and implementation of long-term programs to address mental health stigma and discrimination [156][157] Core Report Findings - Stigma and discrimination related to mental health have severe negative impacts on individuals, families, and communities, including reduced access to healthcare, education, and employment opportunities [18][29] - A global survey found that 80% of people with mental health conditions across 45 countries agreed that stigma and discrimination can be worse than the impact of the mental health condition itself [18][29] - Interventions based on social contact, whether in-person, virtual, or indirect, are the most effective ways to reduce stigma worldwide, especially when adapted to different cultural contexts [18][23] - Long-term programs are necessary for sustainable stigma reduction, and their impact should be assessed through baseline and periodic evaluations [24][26] Summary by Section Executive Summary - Stigma and discrimination violate basic human rights and exacerbate marginalization, reducing access to healthcare and diminishing educational and employment opportunities [18] - The report synthesizes over 260 systematic reviews on stigma reduction and emphasizes the effectiveness of social contact-based interventions [18][23] Importance of Stigma and Discrimination in Mental Health - Stigma and discrimination lead to social exclusion, loss of property, inheritance, and voting rights, and poor-quality healthcare for mental and physical health conditions [29] - These barriers contravene basic human rights and are prevalent across all countries and cultures [29] Defining Stigma and Discrimination - Stigma is defined as a deeply discrediting attribute that reduces a person's value, while discrimination is the unfair treatment of individuals based on specific characteristics [32] - Stigma can be categorized into public stigma, self-stigma, family stigma, and structural stigma [33][34][35][37][38] Evidence on Reducing Mental Health Stigma and Discrimination - Social contact interventions, particularly those involving people with lived experience, are the most effective in reducing stigma [23][110] - Structural stigma can be reduced through policies, community-based treatment, and public education programs [42][43] - Cost-effectiveness studies suggest that stigma reduction programs can yield significant economic benefits, such as increased employment and reduced healthcare costs [125] Case Studies of National-Level Anti-Stigma Programs - Programs like Time to Change (England), Nōku te Ao (New Zealand), and batyr (Australia) have demonstrated significant improvements in public attitudes, mental health knowledge, and reductions in discrimination [131][133][135] - These programs often involve social contact, lived experience champions, and social marketing campaigns, with long-term sustainability being a key factor for success [129][131] Conclusions and Recommendations - The report recommends creating long-term, culturally adapted programs to reduce stigma, with a focus on social contact as the central component [156][157] - Specific target audiences and outcomes should be identified, and programs should involve cross-sectoral support from industries, sports, media, and education [157]

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The impact of the implementation of EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on North Macedonia Policy Note Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized September 2024 Contents Acknowledgments | --- | --- | |-------------------------------------------------------------|-------| | | | | | | | Executive Summary. | | | Policy Context | | | Summary of the CBAM Regulation . | | | The implications of the CBAM Regulation in North Macedonia. | | ...

DATA FOR BETTER GOVERNANCE | --- | --- | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------| | | | | BUILDING GOVERNMENT ANALYTICS ECOSYSTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Juan Francisco Santini, Flavia Sacco Capurro, Daniel Rogger, Timothy Lundy, Galileu Kim, Jorge de León Miranda, Serena Cocciolo, and Chiara Casanova ...

ARMENIA 07.0 Public Disclosi Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and Reform Plan Yerevan Municipal Waste Management Analysis Report ORLD BANK uthorized May 2024 City Climate Finance Gap Fund Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Sustainable Development Advisory Group RWA Grou Resources & Waste Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and R ...

ARMENIA o of of Gr Public Disclosu Armenia Waste Sector Reform Plan May 2024 Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK RWA Group Resources & Waste Advisory Group Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and Reform Plan Sector Assessment Report © 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry assessed Core Insights - The interim Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA) conducted by the World Bank estimates that the conflict in Lebanon has caused at least US$3.4 billion in damage and US$5.1 billion in economic losses as of November 2024, significantly impacting various sectors including housing, commerce, and agriculture [23][24][26] - The conflict has led to a projected contraction of real GDP growth by at least 6.6% for 2024, compounding an already severe economic crisis that has seen a 34% contraction in real GDP since 2019 [24][41] Overview - The DaLA assesses damage and losses across key sectors from October 8, 2023, to October 27, 2024, and includes an analysis of the economic impact on Lebanon's GDP and displacement patterns [23][24] Damage Estimate - Total damage is estimated at US$3.4 billion, with the housing sector accounting for approximately 82% of this damage [28][29] - Damage distribution shows that Nabatiyeh and South governorates represent 45% and 38% of total damage, respectively [33] Loss Estimate - Estimated 12-month losses across assessed sectors total US$5.1 billion, with commerce and tourism sectors being the most affected [36][37] - The agriculture sector alone is projected to incur losses of US$1.1 billion due to destruction and displacement [50][51] Macroeconomic Analysis - The conflict is expected to lead to a real GDP contraction of at least 5.7% in 2024, with significant declines in private consumption and tourism [40][41] - The ongoing economic crisis, compounded by the conflict, undermines Lebanon's recovery prospects [41][42] Displacement - Over 1.3 million people have been displaced due to the conflict, exacerbating existing humanitarian challenges [23][44] - The displacement crisis has led to increased pressure on local services and infrastructure [44][46] Sectoral Assessment Findings - **Agriculture**: Damage estimated at US$124 million with losses of US$1.1 billion [50][51] - **Commerce**: Damage of US$178 million and losses of US$1.7 billion [52][54] - **Education**: Losses estimated at US$215 million due to displacement and operational disruptions [55][56] - **Environment**: Damage of US$221 million with losses of US$214 million [58][59] - **Health**: Damage of US$74 million and losses of US$338 million [60][62] - **Housing**: Damage of US$2.8 billion with losses of US$389 million [63][64] - **Tourism and Hospitality**: Damage of US$18 million and losses of US$1.1 billion [66][68] Methodology - The DaLA employs a comprehensive methodology integrating quantitative and qualitative data to assess damage and losses across sectors [70][71] - The assessment relies on high-resolution imagery and publicly available information to ensure data accuracy [71][72] Next Steps - The findings will inform a comprehensive Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) to be conducted once conditions allow, focusing on recovery and reconstruction strategies [74]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The 2022 Colombian Tax Reform mandated the National Tax and Customs Authority (DIAN) to conduct gender-focused studies, leading to the establishment of institutional structures and strategies for sex-disaggregation in tax data [8][20]. - DIAN's experience in sex-disaggregating tax data aims to provide lessons for other revenue administrations and government agencies [8][20]. - The report highlights the importance of integrating gender perspectives into tax policies to promote inclusive economic growth and sustainable development [6][8]. Summary by Sections 1. Tax Data Disaggregation - DIAN has faced limitations in integrating gender-focused analysis into tax data, collaborating with the National Civil Registry to identify taxpayer sex under a restrictive information agreement [9][10]. - The latest strategy for disaggregating personal income tax data by sex involved merging taxpayer and pension data, using ID number rules, and applying a name-based algorithm [10][11]. 2. Data Disaggregation by Gender Identity - Since 2022, DIAN has invited taxpayers to voluntarily report their sex in four categories (male, female, non-binary, transgender) in tax returns, with about 1 million individuals declaring their sex in 2023 [13][14]. - The self-declaration option has been discontinued due to sensitivity concerns, and DIAN now retrieves this data from identity documents in the National Civil Registry [13][50]. 3. Lessons Learned - Key lessons from DIAN's experience include the importance of political commitment, competent technical staff, and inter-agency collaboration for effective data sharing [16][78]. - Challenges include the voluntary nature of self-reporting, sensitivity of information, and the need for accurate prediction models for sex classification [16][80]. 4. Methodologies and Institutional Strategies - DIAN's methodologies for data disaggregation evolved over time, with significant reforms and the establishment of working groups to handle data disaggregation [28][51]. - The report outlines the legal reforms and institutional strategies that facilitated the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data [28][51]. 5. Use of Disaggregated Data - The disaggregated data is utilized for internal analysis and policy evaluation, providing insights into gender differences in income distribution and wealth [59][60]. - Future analyses will focus on various tax regimes and additional factors such as marital status to enhance understanding of tax data by sex [65][66].