ARMENIA 07.0 Public Disclosi Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and Reform Plan Yerevan Municipal Waste Management Analysis Report ORLD BANK uthorized May 2024 City Climate Finance Gap Fund Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Sustainable Development Advisory Group RWA Grou Resources & Waste Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and R ...

ARMENIA o of of Gr Public Disclosu Armenia Waste Sector Reform Plan May 2024 Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK RWA Group Resources & Waste Advisory Group Armenia SWM Sector Assessment and Reform Plan Sector Assessment Report © 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry assessed Core Insights - The interim Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA) conducted by the World Bank estimates that the conflict in Lebanon has caused at least US$3.4 billion in damage and US$5.1 billion in economic losses as of November 2024, significantly impacting various sectors including housing, commerce, and agriculture [23][24][26] - The conflict has led to a projected contraction of real GDP growth by at least 6.6% for 2024, compounding an already severe economic crisis that has seen a 34% contraction in real GDP since 2019 [24][41] Overview - The DaLA assesses damage and losses across key sectors from October 8, 2023, to October 27, 2024, and includes an analysis of the economic impact on Lebanon's GDP and displacement patterns [23][24] Damage Estimate - Total damage is estimated at US$3.4 billion, with the housing sector accounting for approximately 82% of this damage [28][29] - Damage distribution shows that Nabatiyeh and South governorates represent 45% and 38% of total damage, respectively [33] Loss Estimate - Estimated 12-month losses across assessed sectors total US$5.1 billion, with commerce and tourism sectors being the most affected [36][37] - The agriculture sector alone is projected to incur losses of US$1.1 billion due to destruction and displacement [50][51] Macroeconomic Analysis - The conflict is expected to lead to a real GDP contraction of at least 5.7% in 2024, with significant declines in private consumption and tourism [40][41] - The ongoing economic crisis, compounded by the conflict, undermines Lebanon's recovery prospects [41][42] Displacement - Over 1.3 million people have been displaced due to the conflict, exacerbating existing humanitarian challenges [23][44] - The displacement crisis has led to increased pressure on local services and infrastructure [44][46] Sectoral Assessment Findings - **Agriculture**: Damage estimated at US$124 million with losses of US$1.1 billion [50][51] - **Commerce**: Damage of US$178 million and losses of US$1.7 billion [52][54] - **Education**: Losses estimated at US$215 million due to displacement and operational disruptions [55][56] - **Environment**: Damage of US$221 million with losses of US$214 million [58][59] - **Health**: Damage of US$74 million and losses of US$338 million [60][62] - **Housing**: Damage of US$2.8 billion with losses of US$389 million [63][64] - **Tourism and Hospitality**: Damage of US$18 million and losses of US$1.1 billion [66][68] Methodology - The DaLA employs a comprehensive methodology integrating quantitative and qualitative data to assess damage and losses across sectors [70][71] - The assessment relies on high-resolution imagery and publicly available information to ensure data accuracy [71][72] Next Steps - The findings will inform a comprehensive Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) to be conducted once conditions allow, focusing on recovery and reconstruction strategies [74]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The 2022 Colombian Tax Reform mandated the National Tax and Customs Authority (DIAN) to conduct gender-focused studies, leading to the establishment of institutional structures and strategies for sex-disaggregation in tax data [8][20]. - DIAN's experience in sex-disaggregating tax data aims to provide lessons for other revenue administrations and government agencies [8][20]. - The report highlights the importance of integrating gender perspectives into tax policies to promote inclusive economic growth and sustainable development [6][8]. Summary by Sections 1. Tax Data Disaggregation - DIAN has faced limitations in integrating gender-focused analysis into tax data, collaborating with the National Civil Registry to identify taxpayer sex under a restrictive information agreement [9][10]. - The latest strategy for disaggregating personal income tax data by sex involved merging taxpayer and pension data, using ID number rules, and applying a name-based algorithm [10][11]. 2. Data Disaggregation by Gender Identity - Since 2022, DIAN has invited taxpayers to voluntarily report their sex in four categories (male, female, non-binary, transgender) in tax returns, with about 1 million individuals declaring their sex in 2023 [13][14]. - The self-declaration option has been discontinued due to sensitivity concerns, and DIAN now retrieves this data from identity documents in the National Civil Registry [13][50]. 3. Lessons Learned - Key lessons from DIAN's experience include the importance of political commitment, competent technical staff, and inter-agency collaboration for effective data sharing [16][78]. - Challenges include the voluntary nature of self-reporting, sensitivity of information, and the need for accurate prediction models for sex classification [16][80]. 4. Methodologies and Institutional Strategies - DIAN's methodologies for data disaggregation evolved over time, with significant reforms and the establishment of working groups to handle data disaggregation [28][51]. - The report outlines the legal reforms and institutional strategies that facilitated the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data [28][51]. 5. Use of Disaggregated Data - The disaggregated data is utilized for internal analysis and policy evaluation, providing insights into gender differences in income distribution and wealth [59][60]. - Future analyses will focus on various tax regimes and additional factors such as marital status to enhance understanding of tax data by sex [65][66].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry under review Core Insights - The report emphasizes the importance of building a social contract in Somalia, focusing on state affordability, revenue mobilization, and service delivery in a nascent federal state [6][8] - It highlights that Somalia's domestic revenue-to-GDP ratio is currently the lowest in the world at 2.5%, with the state relying on official development assistance for nearly half of its budget [47][48] - The report outlines key questions for Somali policymakers regarding the type of state that can be afforded, enhancing domestic revenue, and delivering public services to increase trust in the state [47] Overview - The report discusses the challenges of state building in Somalia, particularly in the context of low tax capacity and reliance on donor funds [45][46] - It notes that the social contract is a dynamic agreement between the state and society, which is crucial for gaining legitimacy and maintaining social order [46] - The report indicates that significant progress has been made in state-building efforts over the past decade, including the adoption of a provisional constitution and the establishment of key federal institutions [47] Achieving State Affordability - The report explores the fiscal trends and challenges faced by Somalia in achieving state affordability [5] - It discusses the need for a minimal level of services to ensure state legitimacy, given the current low revenue base [47] Enhancing Domestic Revenue - The report outlines the goal of reaching a 4.5% tax-to-GDP ratio by 2030 and 9% by 2060, emphasizing the need for key revenue reforms [47] - It highlights the importance of fostering tax compliance among citizens and businesses to enhance domestic revenue [47] Delivering Services in a Nascent Federal State - The report addresses the division of labor in service delivery among national, state, and local governments [47] - It emphasizes the need for adequate resources and capacity at each level of government to effectively deliver public services [47]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the procurement industry but emphasizes the importance of enhancing procurement processes to achieve better value for money in World Bank-supported projects [20][21]. Core Insights - The evaluation assesses the World Bank's procurement system and its reforms since 2016, highlighting the need for improved efficiency, integrity, and sustainability in procurement practices [20][21]. - The reforms introduced a new procurement framework aimed at addressing bottlenecks and enhancing value for money, with a focus on client capacity building and the introduction of innovative procurement strategies [21][22]. - The findings indicate that while the reform has shown promising results, consistent implementation across projects and regions remains a challenge, particularly in areas with low client procurement capacity [24][25]. Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - The report outlines the significance of procurement for development and the World Bank's 2016 procurement reform aimed at improving procurement efficiency and effectiveness [20][21]. 2. Improving Procurement Efficiency - Procurement times have improved significantly, with the median turnaround time reduced to about two months from over three months prior to the reform [26][29]. - However, common processing issues and delays still impede project implementation, particularly in high-risk and complex procurements [31][34]. 3. Improving Procurement Economy, Integrity, Transparency, and Fairness - The reform emphasizes the need for enhanced market analysis and competitive approaches to engage qualified suppliers, yet the practical uptake of these principles has been slow [79][80]. - There is a need to balance cost and noncost factors in procurement to improve quality and sustainability [34][35]. 4. Improving Procurement Fit for Purpose and Value for Money - The application of procurement principles has led to better performance, but there is a lack of consistent implementation across projects [24][25]. - Early procurement starts and strategic planning are crucial for maximizing project outcomes [37][38]. 5. Procurement Capacity Strengthening and Support - The report highlights the need for strategic capacity strengthening to address persistent procurement issues and enhance client capabilities [56][58]. - Engaging in country-level dialogue and developing tailored capacity strengthening plans are essential for improving procurement performance [55][56]. 6. Conclusions - The evaluation concludes that while the reform's logic is sound, there is an urgent need to scale up its implementation across the investment project financing portfolio to maximize benefits [24][25].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report outlines pathways for Viet Nam to achieve high-income status by 2045 through leveraging global and regional integration, transitioning from low value-added exports to higher value-added manufacturing and services, and addressing emerging risks and opportunities in the global trade landscape [33][34][59] Summary by Sections Summary - Viet Nam's current growth model, based on labor-intensive exports, is insufficient for achieving high-income status. The country must transition to higher value-added activities through technology, skills, and innovation while navigating changing global dynamics [33][34] Global Trade and Investment - Global trade has significantly contributed to Viet Nam's economic development, but the country faces constraints in its current export model, including limited domestic firm participation in global value chains (GVCs) and a shortage of high-skilled labor [25][29][34] Emerging Constraints - Viet Nam's dual economy limits linkages between foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic firms, with only 18% of firms having GVC linkages, a decline from previous years. This indicates a need for stronger integration of domestic firms into global supply chains [32][41] Global Trade Shifts - The report highlights that global trade shifts present both risks and opportunities for Viet Nam, particularly as demand shifts towards Asia. Viet Nam can diversify its export markets and enhance its participation in digital service trade and automation [44][47] Policy Recommendations - Five policy packages are recommended to facilitate Viet Nam's transition: 1. From tariffs reduction to deep regional trade integration, focusing on reducing non-tariff barriers and enhancing regional connectivity [34][62] 2. From a dual economy to integrated domestic value chains, strengthening linkages between export firms and the domestic economy [41][62] 3. From labor-intensive assembly to skill- and technology-intensive activities, promoting higher value-added services in exports [46][62] 4. From basic education to a high-skilled workforce, enhancing the supply of skilled labor through targeted education reforms [50][62] 5. From carbon-intensive manufacturing to low-carbon exports, focusing on cleaner production methods and resilience against climate risks [55][62] Conclusion - Viet Nam's successful transition to a high-income economy by 2045 will depend on proactive reforms and strategic investments in human capital and infrastructure, alongside a comprehensive approach to policy implementation [59][60]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - Cambodia's export-driven growth has led to a significant increase in freight demand, with containerized cargo movements increasing more than five-fold over the past 12 years. By 2030, trade volumes are expected to double, but high transport and logistics costs remain major bottlenecks to economic competitiveness [20][21][52]. - The Royal Government of Cambodia has developed the Comprehensive Intermodal Transport and Logistics System (CITLS) Master Plan for 2023–2033 to enhance transport sector performance and efficiency, but many projects are still in the conceptual phase [21][24]. - The report emphasizes the need for immediate investments and policy actions to unlock opportunities along existing transport corridors, focusing on short to medium-term priorities [22][52]. Summary by Sections Chapter 1: Importance of Regional Transport Connectivity - Trade, transport, and logistics efficiency are crucial for Cambodia's growth, with exports and imports by value growing by 340% from 2010 to 2021. Containerized cargo movements increased by 400% from 2010 to 2022 [57][60]. - High logistics costs in Cambodia are estimated at 26% of GDP, significantly higher than regional peers, with transportation costs comprising over 40% of total logistics costs [30][36]. Chapter 2: Overview of the Transport Sector - The transport sector analysis covers roads, inland waterways, maritime transport, and railways, highlighting inefficiencies in border clearance and trade procedures, as well as a significant infrastructure investment gap [30][36]. Chapter 3: Corridor Analysis - Three prioritized transport corridors are identified: - Corridor A: East-West road connecting Laem Chabang to Poipet, with significant development potential [37]. - Corridor B: Inland waterway corridor from Phnom Penh to Cai Mep, which offers lower transport costs [37]. - Corridor C: Existing rail corridor from Poipet to Phnom Penh, which requires upgrades to enhance its role in trade [37]. Chapter 4: Proposed Improvement Directions - Recommendations include improving cross-border transport and trade facilitation, modernizing the truck fleet, and enhancing the capacity and efficiency of inland waterways and railways [45][49]. - Specific actions are proposed for short-term and medium-term priorities, focusing on enhancing cross-border trade movement efficiency and improving road connectivity [49].

The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024 Pathways to Scale Inés Arévalo-Sánchez, Janet Heisey, Sarang Chaudhary, Timothy Clay, Victoria Strokova, Puja Vasudeva Dutta, and Colin Andrews The State of Economic Inclusion Report 2024 Scan the QR code to see this and prior editions of The State of Economic Inclusion Report. | --- | --- | --- | |--------------|--------------------|-------| | | | | | | | | | The State of | | | | | | | | | Economic Inclusion | | | Report 2024 | | | | | Pathways to Scale | | Inés ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the cooperative financial institutions (CFIs) sector Core Insights - Cooperative financial institutions (CFIs) have significant potential to enhance financial inclusion in underserved areas, particularly in rural and marginal urban regions, but face challenges due to inadequate regulation, weak financial safety nets, and limited management capacity [16][17] - The World Bank and Rabo Partnerships project aims to strengthen CFIs by improving their regulatory and supervisory frameworks, as well as their institutional capacities, across Colombia, Ethiopia, and West Africa [17][32] Summary by Sections Background and Objective of the Project - The project focuses on promoting CFIs as a means to enhance financial inclusion and mobilize private capital, particularly in rural areas where CFIs are often the only financial service providers [29][30] - Strengthening CFIs is seen as a cost-effective policy for financial sector development compared to creating new retail networks [23][30] Project Objective and Main Activities - The project employs a parallel approach, with the World Bank focusing on regulatory and supervisory improvements while Rabo Partnerships provides technical support to enhance operational capabilities of CFIs [32][34] Selection Process of Pilot Countries/Jurisdictions - Colombia, Ethiopia, and West Africa were selected based on their potential for public sector engagement and the relevance of the CFI sector for financial inclusion [41][43] Colombia - The cooperative sector in Colombia consists of 176 CFIs serving approximately 3.6 million members, with significant potential for agricultural development [47][44] - The project aims to improve regulatory frameworks and support integration among CFIs to enhance their operational efficiency [50][51] Ethiopia - Ethiopia has around 21,883 SACCOs serving over 6 million members, playing a crucial role in financial inclusion [54][45] - The project identifies the need for a specific SACCO law and improved regulatory frameworks to enhance the sector's effectiveness [55][57] West Africa - The CIF network in West Africa serves 5 million members and aims to enhance its supervisory and safety net functions [62][63] - The project focuses on improving governance and risk management within the CIF network to better serve its members [66][68] Lessons Learned - The project highlights the importance of parallel improvements in regulatory frameworks and institutional capacities for CFIs to thrive [72] - Greater consolidation within the CFI sector is essential for resilience, particularly in contexts affected by fragility, conflict, and violence [70][72]