□《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》始终贯穿社会主义法治精神，对 协同推进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法作出了全面部署。平稳有序的公共秩序是建设更高 水平平安中国的重要表现，刑法对公共秩序的保护应当切实贯彻《建议》的要求和部署，更好运用法治 力量支撑和服务更高水平平安中国建设。 公共秩序是我国刑法保护的重要法益，对于维护社会稳定，建设平安中国具有重要意义。党的二十届四 中全会审议通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（下称《建 议》），对建设更高水平的社会主义法治国家作出战略部署，充分体现了在法治轨道上全面建设社会主 义现代化国家的鲜明导向。《建议》明确提出"更高水平平安中国建设扎实推进""社会主义法治国家建 设达到更高水平""完善社会治理体系"，为更加突出法治的引领、推动、规范和保障作用，进一步完善 公共秩序的刑法保护指明了方向。 以法治保障稳定，完善公共秩序刑法保护 稳定是改革发展的前提，只有社会稳定，改革发展才能不断推进；只有改革发展不断推进，社会稳定才 能具有坚实基础。为此，维护公共秩序的稳定，一直是我国刑法的重要任务之一。早在1979年刑法 ...

（来源：检察日报正义网 评论员：简平） 细细阅读这批案例，你会发现，其"较真"之处在于不放过每一个细节和模糊地带。无论是缓刑考验期的 扣除，还是减刑起始时间的计算标准，抑或是减刑裁定程序的适用，3件案例关注的问题都比较细微， 看似无足轻重，却是刑罚执行中经常会遇到的问题，是容易被忽视甚至跑偏的问题。所以，这份"较 真"并非吹毛求疵，而是准确适用宽严相济刑事政策和罪责刑相适应原则的积极实践，是服刑人员期待 的权益保护落地，也是社会公众可以理解、愿意支持的司法公正"缩影"。这样的"较真"，很暖也很值。 进一步深入观察，你还会发现，"较真"还体现在杜绝机械司法上。"严格依法"是司法机关一贯的办案准 则。但严格依法不代表机械司法，司法办案并非只依据法律条文办案，更要关注法治精神、法治原则是 否得到有效落实。这样的"较真"，恰恰是司法办案"严格依法"的内在要求。正是这份执着与坚守，有力 推动了纸面上的法律真正转化为现实中的公平正义，让老百姓在每一个案件中真正感受到法治的温度。 司法公正的实现，从来不止于法槌敲下的那一刻，也在于刑罚执行"最后一公里"的打通。 近日，最高人民检察院发布的第六十批指导性案例，用3件聚焦刑罚执 ...

宽严相济刑事政策蕴含深厚文化与哲学底蕴，既有中华优秀传统法律文化的滋养，又有马克思主义哲学 原理的指导，在推进国家治理现代化和犯罪治理科学化中发挥着重要作用。 宽严相济刑事政策是中华传统法律文化与现代法治理念的历史共鸣。中华传统文化中有"宽猛相济""慎 刑""恤刑"等思想，如春秋时期左丘明所著《左传·昭公二十年》所言"宽以济猛，猛以济宽，政是以 和"，说明古人已认识到治理国家不能一味追求严刑峻法，亦不能无原则宽纵，而要宽严互补。传统治 理智慧跨过千年历史长河，仍能激荡起现代司法文明的浪花。现代法治理念强调，刑法要实现惩罚犯罪 与保障人权的有机统一，在立法和司法过程中都要做到宽严相济，如刑事立法以追诉故意犯罪为原则、 追诉过失犯罪为例外，而刑事司法则要求综合判断行为人主观恶性和同期社会治安状况等各种因素，在 法律范围内从宽或从严处罚，确保罚当其罪、罪责刑相适应。因此，宽严相济的政策表达不仅是现代法 治文明理念的表征，更是我国传统治理智慧的传承。 宽严相济刑事政策是马克思主义哲学原理与中国法治实践有机结合的智慧结晶。一方面，宽严相济刑事 政策体现了矛盾的对立统一规律。"宽"与"严"看似对立，实际上却不是非此即彼的 ...

男子因诈骗罪获刑3年，法官解读法律依据 北京市东城区人民法院经审理认为，被告人翟某以非法占有为目的，虚构事实，隐瞒真相，骗取公私财 物，且数额巨大，已构成诈骗罪，依法应予惩处。鉴于翟某到案后能够如实供述所犯罪行，认罪认罚， 法院对其予以从轻处罚。最终，判处被告人翟某有期徒刑三年，并处罚金人民币三万元，责令其退赔人 民币16万余元，发还北京市东城区社会保险基金管理中心。 一般情况下，老人去世后应当向社保经办机构申报，终止领取养老金。如果隐瞒不报，继续领取去世亲 人的养老金，其行为可能涉嫌诈骗犯罪。 微信公众号"最高人民法院"消息，12月25日，最高人民法院披露了一起相关案件。文章显示，一男子在 母亲去世后隐瞒不报，在长达两年多的时间里冒领其母养老金，被北京市东城区人民法院判处有期徒 刑。目前，该案已生效。 以下为全文： 男子隐瞒母亲死讯骗取16万养老金，全部用于个人消费 男子翟某无业，与母亲刘老太相依为命。2022年4月，刘老太因病在河北省三河市去世，并在当地火化 安葬。母亲去世后，由于担心失去经济来源，翟某动起了"歪心思"，他并未向北京市东城区社会保险基 金管理中心申报母亲死亡，办理养老待遇终止手续，而是隐瞒 ...

记者12月24日从最高人民检察院获悉，最高检近日发布了一批检察机关常态化开展扫黑除恶斗争典型案 例。这批案例在涉黑涉恶定性上，坚持严格依法、实事求是，既不人为拔高，也不随意降格；在组织成 员的层级、范围认定上，坚持不漏、不凑，准确区分组织者、领导者，骨干成员、积极参加者与一般参 加者。 这批典型案例包括王某等人组织、领导、参加黑社会性质组织案，陶某彬等人组织、领导、参加黑社会 性质组织案，闪某招等人恶势力犯罪团伙案，姚某等人恶势力犯罪团伙案。 最高检普通犯罪检察厅负责人表示，各地检察机关在常态化扫黑除恶斗争中要坚持严格依法、不漏不 凑，全面准确贯彻宽严相济刑事政策。 ——要积极配合纪委监委、协同公安机关做好黑恶势力"保护伞"案件的办理工作，统筹推进扫黑除恶与 破网打伞，不断推进常态化扫黑除恶斗争法治化、规范化、专业化。（记者刘硕） ——对于黑社会性质组织的组织者、领导者、骨干成员及其"保护伞"，要依法从严惩处，严格掌握取保 候审、不起诉、缓刑、减刑、假释和暂予监外执行的适用条件。 ——对于不同的参加者，要根据具体的犯罪事实、情节以及人身危险性、主观恶性、认罪悔罪态度等因 素，依法区别对待。 ...

央视网消息：据最高人民检察院微信公众号消息，最高人民检察院近日印发王某等人组织、领导、 参加黑社会性质案等检察机关常态化开展扫黑除恶斗争典型案例。最高检扫黑办负责人就相关问题回答 了记者的提问。 另一方面，在组织成员的层级、范围认定上，也要坚持不漏、不凑，准确区分组织者、领导者，骨干成 员、积极参加者与一般参加者。本批案例中多起案例涉及组织成员的层级和范围认定问题。如闪某招等 人恶势力犯罪团伙案，犯罪嫌疑人闪某银、闪某山等4人系闪某招宗亲，被闪某招临时纠集、利用，参 与少量违法犯罪活动，无持续参与该团伙违法犯罪的意愿，对团伙无人身或经济依附性，不认定为恶势 力犯罪团伙成员。 问：未成年人参与实施有组织犯罪在一些地方较为突出，检察机关在这类案件办理方面如何把握政策尺 度？ 答：常态化以来，利用、操纵未成年人实施有组织犯罪以及未成年人直接参与实施黑恶犯罪现象在一些 地方较为突出，是新增黑恶势力的重要源头。对于操纵、利用未成年人实施黑恶犯罪的，检察机关坚决 依法从严从重惩处。对于未成年人参与实施的有组织犯罪，是否认定为涉黑涉恶犯罪，是否将未成年人 认定为组织成员，总体上要贯彻"教育、感化、挽救"方针和"教育为主、惩 ...

Core Viewpoint - The evolution of the crime of illegal business operations reflects the complexity of economic and social development, transforming from a specific economic regulatory tool into a "catch-all" crime in market economic activities, posing unprecedented challenges for criminal defense [1]. Summary by Sections Legislative Evolution and Normative Structure - The regulatory framework of illegal business operations has evolved from specific to abstract, initially defined in 1997 with three specific scenarios, including unauthorized operation of exclusive goods and serious disruption of market order. This design reflected a clear delineation of economic regulation at that time [2]. - The scope of application has expanded through amendments and judicial interpretations, now encompassing over ten specific types, including illegal payment settlement and telecommunications operations, alongside a catch-all clause for "other serious disruptions to market order" [2]. - The crime's constitutive elements include three key factors: violation of national regulations, engagement in illegal business activities, and severity of circumstances, providing multiple layers of operational space for defense [2]. Typological Analysis: Main Behavior Patterns and Defense Points 1. **Unauthorized Operation of Specific Business Types** - Cases involve sectors like finance and telecommunications, with defense focusing on the scope and validity of administrative licenses. For instance, in illegal payment settlement cases, it is crucial to distinguish between mere fund transfers and professional payment services [3]. - In the publishing sector, the defense should differentiate between content legality and procedural legality, arguing that minor procedural flaws do not warrant criminal penalties [3]. 2. **Use of Prohibited Business Methods** - This category includes behaviors like cashing out via POS machines and pyramid schemes. The defense should accurately determine the nature of the actions and assess the social harm of the methods used [4]. - In credit card cash-out cases, distinguishing between legitimate promotions and illegal cash-outs is essential, while in pyramid scheme cases, the focus should be on the legitimacy of the profit sources [4]. 3. **Application of Other Catch-All Clauses** - For cases invoking the catch-all clause, a cautious approach is necessary, emphasizing the need to assess whether the actions reach a level of social harm comparable to explicitly defined types [5]. Multi-layered Defense Strategies 1. **Legality Level Defense** - Defense should scrutinize the "national regulations" cited in accusations, as only laws and administrative regulations can serve as bases for criminal liability, excluding departmental or local regulations [6]. - It is vital to check if the national regulations explicitly set criminal liability; if only administrative responsibility is mentioned, the principle of "no crime without a clear law" should be invoked [6]. 2. **Business Behavior Level Defense** - The core issue is distinguishing between "unlicensed operation" and "exceeding operational scope," requiring a review of business licenses and administrative permits [7]. - For technical service cases, the defense should argue the legitimate uses of the technology provided, demonstrating that the individual did not specifically support illegal activities [7]. 3. **Subjective Intent Level Defense** - The recognition of subjective intent is crucial, with defense focusing on the individual's professional background and understanding of the legality of their actions [8]. - In cases of joint crime, it is important to differentiate the subjective awareness of each participant, particularly those providing ancillary services [8]. 4. **Circumstantial Recognition Level Defense** - The determination of severity directly impacts the distinction between crime and non-crime, necessitating a detailed examination of quantitative indicators like business revenue and illegal gains [9]. - The defense should also evaluate the social harm of the actions, especially in emerging industries, to argue that exploratory mistakes in business development should not be criminalized [9]. Evidence Examination: Key Strategies - Evidence examination is a critical defense stage, focusing on the completeness of financial materials and the appropriateness of auditing methods [10]. - For electronic evidence, the legality of its extraction and the integrity of the data chain must be scrutinized, as it often plays a key role in determining business models and amounts [10]. - The analysis of testimonial evidence should identify contradictions and doubts to construct a favorable narrative for the defendant [10]. Policy Understanding: Application of Criminal Policy in Defense - Understanding the impact of criminal policy on the application of illegal business operations is essential, particularly in cases involving private enterprises [11]. - The defense should leverage policies encouraging innovation to argue for caution in criminal intervention, presenting industry analysis and expert opinions to highlight the unique nature of the business [11]. - Attention should be paid to established judicial practices and precedents that can support the defense's arguments, especially in contentious areas like the application of catch-all clauses [11]. Conclusion: Balancing Order and Innovation - The defense of illegal business operations fundamentally seeks to balance the maintenance of economic order with the development of market innovation, requiring a deep understanding of social and economic trends [17]. - Successful defense strategies must adhere to the principle of legality while limiting the expansion of catch-all clauses, ensuring that criminal prosecutions do not become overly broad [17]. - Through a typological analysis and refined defense strategies, each case can find the most suitable defense path, achieving a balance between individual justice and legal integrity [17].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the importance of national security as a fundamental aspect of people's well-being and societal stability in China [1] - Over the past five years, China has integrated the overall national security concept into various legal frameworks to ensure public safety and social order [1] - The concept of a "Safe China" has become a significant aspect of the country's image, reflecting the government's commitment to maintaining security [1] Group 2 - International students in Xi'an express a strong sense of safety, highlighting the contrast with their home countries [4][6][8] - The Chinese government has implemented strict measures to enhance public safety, resulting in a significant decrease in criminal activities, with a 25.7% drop in criminal case filings in 2024 compared to the previous year [8] - China is recognized as one of the safest countries globally, with the lowest homicide rate and minimal violent crime incidents [8] Group 3 - The national security agencies have successfully thwarted significant cyberattacks from foreign entities, particularly from the U.S. National Security Agency, which aimed to disrupt critical national infrastructure [10] - The government has actively pursued and dismantled espionage activities, reinforcing the legal framework to protect national security [12] - Community correction programs have been established to rehabilitate offenders, emphasizing the importance of reintegration into society and reducing recidivism rates [26]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the importance of national security in ensuring public safety and social stability in China, highlighting that a secure environment contributes to the happiness of the people [1] - Over the past five years, China has implemented a comprehensive national security strategy, which has led to a significant decrease in criminal activities, with a 25.7% year-on-year reduction in criminal case filings in 2024 [11] - China is recognized as one of the safest countries globally, with the lowest homicide rate of 0.44 per 100,000 people and a continuous decline in serious violent crimes [11] Group 2 - International students in Xi'an express a strong sense of safety, noting that they can freely explore the city at any time, which contrasts with their experiences in their home countries [3][5][7] - The positive atmosphere for foreign students is attributed to the Chinese government's robust public safety measures, which have enhanced the legal framework for ensuring safety [8] - The national security agencies have actively countered threats, including a significant cyberattack planned by the U.S. National Security Agency, demonstrating the effectiveness of China's security measures [11][13] Group 3 - Community correction programs in China aim to reintegrate offenders into society, reducing recidivism through targeted support and rehabilitation efforts [21][22] - The community correction system has provided psychological counseling to 6.637 million individuals and vocational training to 768,000 individuals, facilitating their transition back into lawful citizenship [22][24] - The approach combines supervision with educational support, reflecting a commitment to a balanced criminal justice policy that emphasizes both accountability and rehabilitation [22][24]

Core Viewpoint - The structure of criminal cases in China is changing significantly, with a notable increase in the proportion of minor offenses, particularly theft, which is a high-frequency crime among minor offenses. The effective handling of minor theft cases is crucial for improving crime governance capabilities and levels [1] Group 1: Legal Framework and Policy - The principle of "leniency for minor crimes" is essential for implementing a balanced criminal policy, emphasizing that serious crimes should be punished strictly while minor crimes should be treated leniently [2] - The introduction of a sealing system for minor crime records aims to address the negative consequences faced by individuals convicted of minor theft, such as employment discrimination and social stigma [2] Group 2: Challenges in Application of the "But Clause" - The application of the "but clause" in theft cases faces challenges due to the legal principle of legality, which complicates the criteria for determining minor theft [3][4] - Judicial interpretations that define "multiple thefts" create a barrier for applying the "but clause," as the criteria for minor theft are often vague and abstract, leading to a preference for clearer legal standards [4] Group 3: Societal and Institutional Influences - The current judicial assessment system and public opinion significantly impact the application of the "but clause," with judges often avoiding its use to prevent negative evaluations of their work [5] - The entrenched belief in retributive justice among the public leads to a preference for punitive measures, making it difficult for judges to apply leniency in minor theft cases [5] Group 4: Recommendations for Improvement - There is a need to clarify the standards for assessing the cumulative amount in "multiple theft" cases to avoid ambiguity in legal interpretations [8] - Enhancing the understanding of social harm characteristics is crucial, requiring a balance between objective harm and subjective danger in assessing minor theft cases [9] - Adjustments to the current performance evaluation system for judicial personnel are necessary to promote the effective application of the "but clause" without rigid adherence to performance metrics [9]